White Paper: Automating Removal of Advanced Threats/Malware

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1 White Paper: Automating Removal of Advanced Threats/Malware Insights into an industry-wide megatrend June 2014 Inside: CIO, CTO, CISO Views on Automated Response Architectural Megatrends Informing Your Defense Draft Requirements for Automated Remediation

2 CTOlabs.com About This Paper Threat actors are increasingly automating their attacks, making defense harder and overwhelming incident response teams. Defenders have long looked to automated discovery as a means to mitigate this threat, but until recently, mass automation and response/threat removal hasn t been a viable option. However, with changes in technology, enterprise cyber security professionals can now leverage automated in-line response and recovery to enhance security. This approach has been proven to significantly improve enterprise defenses. We believe this is the only way to reduce the impact of malware and breaches in a cost effective way. Sources and Methods The authors of this summary are Bob Gourley, a former government CTO and former leader of intelligence support to cyber defense for the DoD, and Roger Hockenberry, a former government CTO and a former managing partner at Gartner. Our continual engagement with the cyber security community provided a baseline of trends important to this study. We also summarize and cite the most relevant research from the cyber security community. Our Focus is on Government Enterprise Defense Government agencies are under constant attack and defending them is of critical importance. But defending government networks comes with unique challenges. Government agencies must put in place special protections designed to protect citizen privacy. Additionally, most all government agencies have enterprises that have large amounts of heterogeneous legacy technology that will not be upgraded anytime soon. Very unique compliance and reporting regimes are also put in place for government systems. The recommendations we provided here are focused on success in this environment. We also provide suggestions that can help you accelerate the automation of your response capabilities. We also present concepts which can make modernization of defenses very cost effective, even generating cost savings by reducing software license spend. The State Of The Hack The 2014 CheckPoint Software Security Report analyzed over 200,000 hours of monitored traffic from 996 organizations across a broad range of industries and assessed this information against what is known of adversaries and their capabilities. Their conclusion: Almost every enterprise has an infection. And the majority of enterprises host malicious bots. To be more precise, 84% of enterprises had systems infected with malware and 75% of systems had at least one bot in their network. Data shows that in almost every case the malware and bots were running undetected and had been undetected for as long as the data existed to review. The infection rates are up 10% over last year s study. This study is consistent with reports from indecent responders, outsourced security service firms, and even legacy anti-virus vendors. In May 2014, an executive of the largest anti-virus vendor finally admitted what most in the community had know for a long time when he said: anti-virus software is dead. We absolutely agree with this assessment. Old-fashioned ways of 2

3 Automating Defense looking for static infections by scanning for signatures have not worked for years. Manual attempts to thwart infections cannot keep up either. Incident response teams are swamped. Technical research into the nature of malware also reveals important characteristics of the average attack timeline. According to the 2014 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR), in most attacks against an enterprise, attackers get in in a matter of hours or perhaps days. But they then remain undetected for months or perhaps years. Even after their detection, manual removal and restoral processes can take months to push an adversary out. In addition, there is a growth in the use of automated attack capabilities that seek to overwhelm compute resources and damage the ability for an Enterprise to respond to threats. In many cases, these attacks serve as an injection point for additional malware, or serve as a distraction while other, less obvious attacks are carried out. How Do Adversaries Get In? Analysis over 100,000 breach incidents evaluated as part of the DBIR effort indicated successful attacks can be grouped into common attack patterns. For federal enterprises, most successful breaches start with malware penetration which can be from a drive-by download or phishing attack. There are many other attack patterns, but most all result in malware being leveraged to escalate the capabilities and authorities of the intruder. Detecting Bad Actors And Their Code Malware inside an enterprise bypasses traditional perimeter defenses by staying under the radar. Modern malware was designed to be efficient and effective. It can change its signature constantly to avoid detection by old-fashioned anti-virus solutions. It can hop between media, including to flash drives, or to servers or endpoints and network attached storage. And most modern malware can communicate very slowly in ways meant to avoid detection, including via encrypted tunnels. Malware has been spotted communicating using IPv6 in enterprises that did not know IPv6 was enabled in their network. The most sophisticated adversaries and the very best malware are very hard to detect. In most cases, those that are detected are found because of planning prior to breach. Without automation, detection of adversaries and their tools takes time and a well-trained incident response team. We should note, however, that the number of intrusions requiring investigation overwhelms every incident response team. The realities of adversaries today and their malware make it clear. Enterprises have a need to enhance their ability to automate defense. Automation is required in the detection, response to and removal of malicious code. And this needs to be done in a way that helps incident response teams become more effective. Architectural Megatrends Architectural trends underway in enterprises today are laying the foundation for enhanced automation of malware removal. Here are some key considerations: Enterprises are seeking new efficiencies from their IT spend and are increasingly adopting cloud-based services (including internal private clouds). 3

4 CTOlabs.com Enhanced productivity while mobile is also a key factor in many enterprises and new mobility solutions are adding new requirements for enhanced data protection. There is a major security community trend towards smart standards, including standards for the automation of configuration of devices, standards for reporting vulnerabilities and incidents, and guidance for smart sharing of information (seven key standards are presented in the box to the right). A broad trend has been noted regarding improving cyber security related data storage and analysis. Legacy tools quickly reach limits in terms of data storage and analysis. All SIEM solutions must be evaluated carefully for their ability to store data, with many still relying on old RDBMS approaches that limit scalability for collection, storage and analysis. Legacy tools add to the pains of integration of data, and this impacts detection, analysis and remediation. Architecturally, every enterprise is pushing to address the pain point of integration of cyber data. The objective architecture will more fully integrate threat detection, prevention, risk management and business applications and will also integrate with threat removal/remediation capabilities. Increasingly enterprises leverage well thought out defense in depth strategies with the best employing in-line devices for defense. Key Security Information Exchange Standards STIX: Structured Threat Information Expression TAXII: Trusted Automated Exchange of Indicator Information OpenIOC: Open Indicators of Compromise framework VERIS: Vocabulary for Event Recording and Incident Sharing IODEF: Incident Object Description and Exchange Format MAPP: Microsoft Active Protections Program OTX: Open Threat Exchange We believe these trends all point towards a coming period of significantly enhanced enterprise functionality with dramatic improvement in savings based on improved automation. Improving Automation Is Key The concept of enhanced automation for security has taken off like wildfire in the enterprise security community. For a decade we have all been collectively working towards better ways to automate continuous monitoring of our IT infrastructure. Now the conversation around the concept is shifting towards continuous remediation, including the automatic removal of malicious code. Automated detection is still very important, but automated engagement and removal are now seen as the only way to keep up with adversaries that have automated their attacks. The Insight That Made Automation Dreams A Reality One of the key concepts that caused ideas of automated response to coalesce is an idea that came from the red team/penetration testing side of the community the idea that offense informs defense. The advanced techniques, tools, and procedures of attackers, including penetration experts, can and should help shape defense. This key insight helped CISOs across industry realize that: 1) When a motivated adversary wants to get in they will keep trying till they find a way. Assume you will be breached. Plan to detect, respond, restore while containing damage. 4

5 Automating Defense 2) When an adversary gets it they will seek to remain undetected, but no adversary can remain invisible. All leave traces and well-instrumented systems will find them. 3) Adversaries leave tools, including malware and rootkits to make their continued exploitation easier. 4) Integration of all defense related information gives insights that leads better actions. 5) Adversaries are automating and operating in-line. Defenses must automate and operate in-line. 6) Smart defenders can target defense the way smart attackers target attack. With automation there is no need for a sledge hammer approach. Progressive mitigation approaches allow users to still do their work while only the needed countermeasure is deployed and it does not need to interrupt IT functionality or the workforce use of their tools. In practice, defensive systems designed with insights informed by attackers can dramatically enhance defensive posture. Trends in Automation We reviewed four key sources to gather a better sense of community moves towards continuous monitoring for remediation: The 2014 Security for Business Innovation Council report on Transforming Security (capturing the views of leading CISOs on technology innovation) The briefings and interviews of leading enterprise CISOs The research library of the SANS institute (over 6000 research papers on cyber security automation in in the library, we surveyed the 10 most recent) The public information provided by DHS on implementation plans for Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation for the US Government Trends we captured from this review are as follows: Continuous monitoring of all available, instrumentable components of enterprise IT is a goal articulated by every CISO and security practitioner we encounter. This is a consistent, broad, pervasive goal of CISOs in all industries. Leading CISOs agree (as indicated by in the 2014 Security for Business Innovation Council report on Transforming Security), that today s systems must move towards automation of in-line response and containment, noting that the key goal is When the system detects a problem, it automatically provides a response to contain and limit the impact without requiring human intervention. Organizations should understand that adversaries are moving to any reachable part of the IT system, including storing code in volatile memory. RAM must also be searched and monitored, continuously. Organizations are finding that integration of existing sources is a huge pain point. Architecting smartly and choosing systems designed with integration in mind are key. Automation of analysis requires systems built to scale. Old RDBMS approaches do not work on this class of computer science problems. CISOs seek solutions that provide an ability to find malware, anywhere, through continuous monitoring. Enterprise policy should dictate what actions will be taken when a system is out of compliance with a normal state or when malware or a rootkit is found. In some enterprises policy may dictate automated removal, immediately, of bad code. In others, machine-guided responses will assist teams. In all cases, policy must be in control. 5

6 CTOlabs.com Establishing Your Requirements For Automated Removal Of Advanced Threats/Malware Our review of trends presented above leads to recommendations for requirements we believe should be considered for any automated malware removal project. They are presented in table one below: Requirement Enhance Functionality High Speed Analysis Analyze At Scale Efficient Storage Smart Data Diverse Data Operate In-Line Detect Data Flows Automated Removal Automated Policy Description IT exists to support enterprise missions. Your security solutions should enhance overall functionality of your IT to serve the mission. Ensure you architect for high speed, online analysis. Rapid pinpoint search and correlation is required by your incident response team, and they will need an ability to do that across all relevant data, including correlating across events and across sources. Need an ability to conduct quick correlation of seemingly disconnected events to identify threat. Ability to conduct rapid analysis over large data sets requires solution that can load, analyze and correlate data at the right level for your enterprise. Depending on your size that might be 150 million records up to a billion records per day. Even if you start small be ready to scale for the future. Assume you will produce 1TB per day in automated data for analysis. If uncompressed, by the time you have a year of it you will be out of space and paying more to store the data than you are for your incident response team. Look for solutions that are designed to be efficient at storage. Good systems compress data but keep it ready for analysis at all times. Look for solutions that keep the data in native formats and time stamp it as it comes in. This is critically important for both automated analysis and for future forensics. Your solution must be able to work with diverse data types. Your own internal network data is critical, including logs from devices and endpoints and SIEM solutions. However, other external data sources and information feeds, including those that you might not have identified yet, can also be critical to success in resolving complex situations. Your adversary is in-line. Your solution must be as well. Find solutions proven to perform in-line. In-line proof of concepts that can rapidly transition to in-line deployments should be key goals. Must have ability to detect malicious communications, which might include outbound traffic from an internal server or endpoint in the enterprise. Automated ability to detect unauthorized network data flows (for example, a malicious beacon to an external C2 server or lateral movement inside the enterprise). An ability to trace beaconing to its source and when required take action to stop the traffic or even stop the process on the device that is infected. Machine guided or human guided removal of software. Ability to remove the threat, either in an automated fashion or under human control (but machine guided). An ability to automate diagnostics and assess the threat and determine the level of involvement that enterprise policy requires (alert the incident response team or take immediate automated action). 6

7 Automating Defense Cost Effective Ways To Meet These Requirements In this fiscal environment every dollar must be efficiently spent. Even in high priority mission areas like enhancing cyber security it is most important to think through the most cost effective approach. Here are three ways money can be saved while meeting these requirements: 1) The biggest savings we have detected is in reducing the cost of penetration remediation by reducing the instances of adversary breach. 2) Cost savings to the enterprise also comes from speeding the ability to remove malware after breach, thereby reducing recovery costs. 3) In most cases, another large and very real savings can come through acquiring a new automation of removal capability that can cause savings in license cost for existing tools. When solutions like these are a fit in an organization they can be particularly virtuous. Determining if this is going to be the case requires design work and will vary from enterprise to enterprise, but we recommend CISOs, CTOs and CIOs keep this as a front of mind question: Will buying a new capability allow me to cancel old contracts and recoup savings that way? Concluding Thoughts: The complexity, volume and effectiveness of attacks against an enterprise continue to grow. The reality that you will be attacked, successfully, is almost a forgone conclusion. The diversity of end-points and perimeters of an enterprise are increasingly indefensible and advanced threats are getting through. Incident response teams are overwhelmed and cannot effectively respond. There is a real need for security analysts to be able to save time and resources and optimize their efforts through automation. This includes using behavioral analytics and threat intelligence to automatically detect threats in real time. Security teams also need the ability to surgically eliminate the threat while maintaining business continuity. Support to detailed forensics investigations is also a requirement. Malware, viruses and threats can be detected, understood and remediated in near real time before data exfiltration, making incident response teams more effective and allowing them to focus on more pressing issues. Use of integrated platforms to aggregate and use data from existing digital infrastructure is a best practice that reduce cost, making this a particularly virtuous approach. A critical success criteria for any security solution: You should architect for automated removal of malware. 7

8 More Reading For more federal technology and policy issues visit: CTOvision.com- A blog for enterprise technologists with a special focus on Big Data. CTOlabs.com - A reference for research and reporting on all IT issues. FedCyber.com Focused on federal cyber security J.mp/ctonews - Sign up for technology newsletters including the Security Technology Weekly. About the Authors Bob Gourley is a partner and co-founder of Cognito and editor and chief of CTOvision.com He has been active in the cyber defense community since 1998, specializing in intelligence support to cyber operations. His career included service in operational intelligence centers around the globe where his focus was operational all source intelligence analysis. He was the first director of intelligence at DoD s Joint Task Force for Computer Network Defense, served as director of technology for a division of Northrop Grumman and spent three years as the CTO of the Defense Intelligence Agency. Bob serves on numerous government and industry advisory boards. Contact Bob at bob@crucialpointllc.com Roger Hockenberry is a co-founder and partner at Cognitio. Following a two-decade career in industry first as a technology consultant and later as a management consultant and Managing Partner at Gartner Roger took a four-year detour into government service in the intelligence community where he was charged with driving the realization of the vision he had helped craft as a consultant. For More Information If you have questions or would like to discuss this report, please contact us. As advocates for better IT use in enterprises we are committed to keeping this dialogue up open on technologies, processes and best practices that will keep us all continually improving our capabilities and ability to support organizational missions.

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