AJAX. How Ajax Works. Overview. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction
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1 Overview AJAX AJAX is an emerging technology that can be used to create online applications and websites. Online applications may replace many desktop applications, such as office suites and photo editors. AJAX is a nice way to build websites. Many new business opportunities emerging with AJAX, such as subscription and ad-supported software. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Introduction AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML Not a new programming language, but a technique for creating better, faster, and more interactive web applications. With AJAX, your JavaScript can communicate directly with the server, using the JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object. Introduction With XMLHttpRequest, your JavaScript can exchange data with a web server, without reloading the whole page. Allows web pages to request small bits of information from the server instead of whole pages. Makes Internet applications smaller, faster and more user-friendly. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Introduction AJAX is based on: JavaScript XML HTML CSS The web standards used in AJAX are well defined, and supported by all major browsers. AJAX applications are browser and platform independent. How Ajax Works David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
2 How Ajax Works In traditional JavaScript you have to make an HTML form and use GET or POST to exchange data with the server. The user has to click the "Submit" button to send/get the information, wait for the server to respond, and then a new page loads with the results. Because the server returns a new page each time the user submits input, traditional web applications can run slowly and tend to be less user-friendly. How AJAX Works With AJAX, your JavaScript communicates directly with the server, through the JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object. This can be used to load data dynamically in the page, such as the status of online contacts, form completion information, map images, etc. etc. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn AJAX Example Will illustrate with an example taken from the W3Schools AJAX tutorial. Form with two input fields. Typing in the left input field causes the time to be loaded from the server in the right input field. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxfunction() { var xmlhttp; catch (e) { AJAX Example // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); // Internet Explorer xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { alert("your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate==4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp.responsetext; xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); </script> <form name="myform"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxfunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html> David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn AJAX Example Create XMLHttpRequest <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxfunction() { var xmlhttp; catch (e) { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); // Internet Explorer xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { alert("your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate==4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp.responsetext; xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); </script> <form name="myform"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxfunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html> Creating XMLHttpRequest Creates an XMLHttpRequest object that is used to request data from the server. This is done in different ways depending on the browser: Firefox: xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); IE 6.0+: xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); IE 5.5: xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); Try and catch are used to try different ways of creating the object, until one works or they all fail. Could also use browser sniffing for this, which identifies the type of browser being used. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
3 Creating XMLHttpRequest var xmlhttp; // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); catch (e) { // Internet Explorer xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { alert("your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxfunction() { var xmlhttp; catch (e) { AJAX Example - Form // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); // Internet Explorer xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { alert("your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate==4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp.responsetext; xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); </script> <form name="myform"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxfunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html> David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Form Created in the standard way described in the Website Design tutorials. Only difference is that the form contains a function: onkeyup="ajaxfunction(); When the event onkeyup occurs, the JavaScript function ajaxfunction() is called. Note that the second input field has been given the name time. AJAX Example <form name="myform"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxfunction(); name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn AJAX Example Code to Retrieve Time <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function ajaxfunction() { var xmlhttp; catch (e) { // Firefox, Opera 8.0+, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); // Internet Explorer xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); catch (e) { alert("your browser does not support AJAX!"); return false; xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate==4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp.responsetext; xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); </script> <form name="myform"> Name: <input type="text" onkeyup="ajaxfunction();" name="username" /> Time: <input type="text" name="time" /> </form> </body> </html> Code to Retrieve Time When the user types in the left input field the function ajaxfunction() is called. This creates an XMLHttpRequest object as described earlier. This XMLHttpRequest object is set up so that when it receives data it puts that data into the second input field called time : xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate == 4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp. responsetext; David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
4 Code to Retrieve Time Finally the XMLHttpRequest object sends a request to the time.asp script on the server to retrieve the time. xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); Code to Retrieve Time xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readystate == 4) { document.myform.time.value=xmlhttp. responsetext; xmlhttp.open("get","time.asp",true); xmlhttp.send(null); David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Demo See: erscript.asp Supported Browsers The XMLHttpRequest object is supported in: Internet Explorer 5.0+, Safari 1.2 Mozilla 1.0 / Firefox Opera 8+ Netscape 7 David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Traditional Applications Traditional vs Web Applications Installed on the user s own computer. Do not need the Internet to run. Can be a hassle to install and maintain with updates etc. For example Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
5 AJAX Applications Many traditional applications can be implemented using AJAX. For example, , word processing, photo editing. Operate in the user s web browser and generally need the Internet to run. Advantages of AJAX Applications Easier to install and support. Can be easier to develop. Can reach a larger audience. Can make money using a subscription model or by advertising. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Advantages of AJAX Applications Run in the browser. Run on any operating system that supports a sufficiently rich browser. Only need a basic computer that is cheaper to buy and maintain (thin client). This can be good for large corporations. Backup and management of data can also be done centrally. Disadvantages of AJAX Applications Will not work offline (Google and Adobe are working to address this limitation). Security concerns documents could be accessed as they pass across the Internet. Individual users can have less control over the backup of their documents. Currently much less feature rich. Lower performance and delays in loading data. JavaScript may be disabled by some users. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Disadvantages of AJAX Websites Dynamically created page does not register itself with the browser history engine, so triggering the "Back" function of the users' browser might not bring the desired result (some ways of fixing this). Can be difficult for the user to bookmark a state of the website / application. Disadvantages of AJAX Websites Can be tricky to provide dynamically loaded information to search engines. Problems with browser compatibility. Can be tricky to track people s browsing habits using web analytics. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
6 Development Frameworks Development Frameworks Many browser quirks can make it difficult to build AJAX applications from scratch. Number of companies now offer development frameworks for building online applications. Some of these frameworks also support the application when it is offline. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Google Web Toolkit (GWT) Open source Java software development framework for writing AJAX applications. Saves developers from dealing with web browser quirks. You write your application in the Java programming language The GWT compiler converts your Java classes to browser-compliant JavaScript and HTML. GWT Example Blueprint software for documenting processes and distributing information across a company. See: David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Blueprint Features On-Demand - no overhead and accessible anywhere Outlines of process maps and workflow diagrams automatically generated for you Wiki interface enables live editing Chat supports discussion and gathering feedback Version controls enable users to view & restore a version at any time. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Blueprint Features PowerPoint presentations automatically generated Structured inputs and standard format for inputs makes for simple documenting Different views for different needs for example, process map for visibility, workflow for details, and documentation Export to BPDM for use with leading BPM Suites or direct integration with Lombardi Teamworks David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
7 Blueprint Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR) Cross-operating system runtime that allows you to use Flash, HTML and JavaScript to build and deploy web applications and content on the desktop. Currently in public beta, it has a rich set of features, with support for building both HTML and Flash based applications. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn EBay Desktop EBay Desktop Desktop version of EBay website built with Adobe AIR. Adobe AIR used because its capabilities match those typically associated with desktop applications, while it provides an easy-to-use interface and easy integration with real-time web services. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Microsoft Silverlight Microsoft Silverlight Delivers media experiences and rich interactive applications for the Web that incorporate video, animation, interactivity, and attractive user interfaces. User needs to install plugin to view pages created with Silverlight. Similar to Flash, but with more of an emphasis on programming using Microsoft.NET framework. Can be used with conventional AJAX techniques. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
8 Applications of AJAX Applications of AJAX David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Real-time form data validation: Form data such as user IDs, serial numbers, postal codes, or even special coupon codes that require server-side validation can be validated before the user submits the form. Auto-completion: A specific portion of form data such as an address, name, or city name may be autocompleted as the user types. Load on demand: Based on a client event, an HTML page can fetch more data in the background, allowing the browser to load pages more quickly. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Applications Sophisticated user interface controls and effects: Controls such as trees, menus, data tables, rich text editors, calendars, and progress bars allow for better user interaction and interaction with HTML pages, generally without requiring the user to reload the page. Refreshing data: HTML pages may poll data from a server for up-to-date data such as scores, stock quotes, weather, or application-specific data. Partial submit: An HTML page can submit form data as needed without requiring a full page refresh. Applications Page as an application: Ajax techniques can be made to create single-page applications that look and feel much like a desktop application. Mashups: An HTML page can mix external data with your application's or your service's data. For example, you can mix content or data from a third-party application such as Google Maps with your own application. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Mashup Combine data from more than one source into a single integrated page. For example, use cartographic data from Google Maps to add location information to real-estate data from Craigslist, thereby creating a new and distinct web service that was not originally provided by either source. Mashup Example Terrapass site integrates data from Google Maps to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide generated by your flight. See ml David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
9 Mashup Example Google Suggest As you type in your search query, AJAX is used to suggest possible keywords. See: 1&hl=en David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Google Suggest Meebo Web site that enables you to use a number of different types of instant messaging without any additional software. Supports: AIM Yahoo! MSN, Google Talk ICQ Jabber See: David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Meebo Gmail Online application. You can download from a number of different accounts and send s from different accounts. s are grouped as conversations. Chat is also supported. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
10 Gmail Google Maps Online map application displaying satellite, road and hybrid views. Click and drag interface. See Google Maps API enables you to embed Google maps on your site using JavaScript: David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Google Maps Google Maps Street View Google are implementing a street view map. Can move around the city and view it at street level. Only available for a few US cities. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Google Maps Street View AJAX Office Suites A number of online AJAX office applications are emerging, for example: Google docs ( FCKeditor ( thinkfree ( Gliffy ( David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
11 Google Docs Future Directions David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Future Directions As Internet speeds increase more applications will move to AJAX. Probable transition from purchasing and downloading software to subscribing to an online version. For example, online Photoshop coming soon. Increasing integration between online and offline applications for example, Google Google Gears Open source browser extension that lets developers create web applications that run offline. Provides three key features: A local server, to cache and serve application resources (HTML, JavaScript, images, etc.) without needing to contact a server A database, to store and access data from within the browser A worker thread pool, to make web applications more responsive by performing expensive operations in the background See: Gears, Adobe AIR, Prism. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Prism Prism Bridges the divide between web and desktop applications. Lets users add their favorite web applications to their desktop environment. When invoked, these applications run in their own window. Users can still access these applications from any web browser when they are away from their own computers. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
12 Conclusions AJAX is an emerging combination of web technologies that is likely to become increasingly important in the future. Changes our conception of how applications can be created. Blurs the boundary between the user s computer and the web. Conclusions Some really impressive online applications have already been created with AJAX. Opens up many new online business opportunities. Well worth thinking about if you are involved in any application development. David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Questions? Resources David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Resources W3Schools AJAX tutorial: p Website dedicated to AJAX: Mozilla information on AJAX: Resources Development Platforms Google web toolkit: Adobe AIR: Microsoft Silverlight: _ns.aspx David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
13 Resources Awards for the best mashups: Mashup site: Article on EBay Desktop: views/news/2007/10/ebay_desktop Article on online version of Photoshop: Resources AJAX Office Suites Google docs: FCKeditor: thinkfree Gliffy: David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn Resources Google Maps: Google Gears: Mozilla Prism: David Gamez IUA Week 9 Autumn
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