239~ Advances in Psychological Science DNA B849 DNA [1,2] 2 DNA. photospread

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1 239~ Advances in Psychological Science DNA B849 1 DNA [1,2] 2 DNA photospread b_pp@sina.com 239

2 ORB ORB 3 Wright [7] estimator variable system [3] ORB variable [4] ORB * MacLin [8] race own-race ** ORB bias ORB weapon focus [5] Meissner Christian * Steblay [9] ** own-race effect cross-race fect ef [6] ORB

3 [14,15] [16] Sporer CA CA 0.28 CA CA 0.37 CA moderator variable CA malleability Pickel [10 11] [17] [18] [19] [20] CA CA Shaw [12] Skolnick Pickel confidence CA confidence-accuracy relation CA O'Rourke [21] [13] CA

4 Wells [22] 3.2. Cutler Penrod Martens [24] culprit -present v.s culprit-absent lineup content Wells [23] foil distractor 54% 6 32% Wells -suspect strategy fit-to-description strategy instructions mock witness control

5 McQuiston Malpass [25] Wells lineup presentation method simultane ous lineup Wells double-blind sequential lineup Steblay [26] 24 56% base vs. rate 48% elimination lineup H feedback 0.50

6 [30] [31] Cutler Penrod [27] CA Wells Olson [28] Janet Reno 34 Eyewitness evidence a guide for law 4.2 enforcement [29] showup

7 Yullie(1993) [32] Wagstaff [33] Behrman Davey [34] 271 Steven Penrod Valentine, Pickering Darling [35] [1] Connors E, Lundregan T, Miller N, McEwen T. Convicted by ORB juries exonerated by science: case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria Virginia: US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice, 1996 [2] Wells G L, Small M, Penrod S J, Malpass R S, Fulero S M, Brimacombe C A E. Eyewitness identification procedures: recommendations for lineups and photospreads. Law and Human Behavior, 1998, 22: 603~647 [3] Cutler B L, Penrod S D, Martens T K. The reliability of eyewitness identifications: the role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 1987, 11: 233~258 [4] Wells G L, Wright E F, Bradfield A L, Witnesses to crime: social and cognitive factors governing the validity of people s reports. In: R Roesch, S Hart (Eds), Psychology and law: state of the discipline. New York: Plenum Press, ~87 [5] Platz S J, Hosch H M. Cross-racial/ethnic eyewitness identification: A field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988, 18 (11): 972~984 [6] Meissner C A, Brigham J C. Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: a meta-analytic review DNA DNA 28 Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 2001, 7(1): 3~35 [7] Wright, Boyd, Tredoux. A field study of own-race bias in South Africa and England. Psychology Public Police and Law,

8 , 7(1): 119~133 [8] MacLin O H, MacLin M K, Malpass R S. Race arousal attention exposure and delay: an examination of factors moderating face recognition. Psychology Public Policy and Law, 2001, 7(1): 134~152 [9] Steblay N M. A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 1992, 16(4): 413~424 10] Pickel K L. Unusualness and threat as possible causes of "weapon focus". Memory, 1998, 6(3): 277~295 [11] Pickel K L. The influence of context on the "weapon focus" effect. Law Human Behavior, 1999, 23(3): 299~311 [12] Shaw J I, Skolnick P. Weapon focus and gender differences in eyewitness accuracy: arousal versus salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1999, 29(11): 2328~2341 [13] Studebaker C, Devenport J, Penrod S. Perspectives on jury decision making: cases with pretrial publicity and cases based on eyewitness identifications. In: F Durso (eds). Handbook of Law and Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1999 [14] Cutler B L, Penrod S D. Forensically relevant moderators of the relation between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989,74: 650~653 [15] Penrod S, Cutler B. Witness confidence and witness accuracy: assessing their forensic relation. Psychology Public Policy and Law, 1995, 1: 817~845 [16] Sporer S, Penrod S D, Read D, Cutler B L. Choosing confidence and accuracy: a meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 1995, 118: 315~327 [17] Luus C A, Wells G L. The malleability of eyewitness confidence: co-witness and perseverance effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1994, 79(5): 714~723 [18] Shaw J S III. Increases in eyewitness confidence resulting from post-event questioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1996, 2(2): 126~146 [19] Wells G L, Bradfield A L. Distortions in eyewitnesses' recollections: can the post-identification feedback effect be moderated? Psychological Science, 1999, 10: 138~144 [20] Wells G L, Olson E, Charman S. Distorted retrospective eyewitness reports as functions of feedback and delay. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2003, 9: 42~52 [21] O'Rourke T, Penrod S D, Cutler B L, Stuve T E. The external validity of eyewitness identification research: generalizing across age groups. Law and Human Behavior, 1989, 13: 385~396 [22] Wells G L, Olson E. Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 2003, 54: 277~295 [23] Wells G L. What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 1993, 48: 553~571 [24] Cutler B L, Penrod S D, Martens T K. Improving the reliability of eyewitness identifications: putting context into context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987, 72: 629~637 [25] McQuiston D E, Malpass R S. Validity of the mock witness paradigm: testing the assumptions. Law and Human Behavior, 2002, 26: 439~453 26] Steblay N, Dysart J, Fulero S, Lindsay R C L. Eyewitness accuracy rats in sequential and simultaneous lineup presentations: a meta-analytic comparison. Law and Human Behavior, 2001, 25: 459~473 [27] Cutler B L, Penrod S D. Moderators of the confidence -accuracy correlation in eyewitness identifications: the role of information processing and base-rates. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1989, 3: 95~107 [28] Wells G L, Olson E. Eyewitness identification: information gain from incriminating and exonerating behaviors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2002, 8: 155~167 [29] Technical Working Group for Eyewitness. Evidence Eyewitness evidence: A guide for law enforcement. Washington DC: U S Department of Justice, 1999 [30] Kebbell M R, Wagstaff G F. Face value? Evaluating the accuracy of eyewitness information. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit: Police Research Series Paper 102 London Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, 1999 [31] Difrancesco D T, Farmer J J. Attorney general guidelines for preparing and conducting photo and live lineup identification procedures. State of New Jersey, 2001 [32] Yuille J C. We must study forensic eyewitnesses to know about them. American Psychologist, 1993, 48: 572~573 [33] Wagstaff G, Macveigh J, Boston R, Scott L, Brunas-Wagstaff J, Cole J. Can laboratory findings on eyewitness testimony be generalized to the real world? An archival analysis of the influence of violence weapon presence and age on eyewitness accuracy. Journal of

9 Psychology, 2003, 137: 17~28 [34] Behrman B W, Davey S L. Eyewitness identification in actual criminal cases: an archival analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 2001, 25: 475~491 [35] Valentine T, Pickering A, Darling S. Characteristics of eyewitness identification that predict the outcome of real lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2003, 17: 969~993 Review on the Researches of Eyewitness Identification Wu Gao Institute of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, , China Abstract: Eyewitness identification plays an important role in court judge. DNA evidence shows that identification maybe not reliable. Psychologists try to understand variables influence the accuracy of identification. This article introduces the development of eyewitness identification in the west, analyzes estimator variables and system variables that influence the performance of eyewitness identification, and then discusses the problems of theory relevant and external validity. Key word: eyewitness identification, estimator variable, system variable, base rate. ***************************************************************************** MMPI 2 TONI 2 SCL-90 16PF EPQ mmpi-2@psych.ac.cn