Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers
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1 Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers George Neville-Neil May 6, 2009 George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
2 A Guide to Today s Class Quick Ethernet Overview Basic Data Structures Break Device Startup and Initialization Break Packet Reception Packet Transmission Break Device Control Special Features George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
3 Overview Introduction Networking begins and ends and the driver layer A day in the life of a packet Look into many code files in the kernel We will use FreeBSD 7.2 (STABLE) as our reference George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
4 Overview Device Driver Section Intro Lowest level of code in the kernel Deal directly with the hardware Use a well defined API when interfacing to the kernel Are rarely written from scratch We will only describe Ethernet drivers in this class George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
5 Overview Network Layering Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
6 Overview Network Layering Application (All) Presentation (Protocols) Session (Should) Transport (Transport) Network (Network) Data Link (Data) Physical (Properly) George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
7 Overview The Four Paths Packets traverse four possible paths in the network code Inbound (for this host) Outbound (from this host) Forwarding (between two interfaces on this host) Error George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
8 Overview Four Paths Through The Stack Network Protocol IPv4, v6, etc. interface0 forward interface1 inbound outbound inbound outbound George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
9 Overview Ethernet Overview Data Link Layer Protocol The most common form of wired networking Available in many speeds, now up to 10Gbps A simple header followed by data George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
10 Overview Ethernet Packet and Encapsulation Dest Source Type IP Header TCP Header Data... George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
11 Data Structures Memory for Packets Packets need to be stored for reception and transmission The basic packet memory stuctures are the mbuf and cluster mbuf structures have several types and purposes Clusters hold only data History dictates that mbufs are named m In the kernel we will see many pointers to mbufs George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
12 Data Structures Types of mbufs Wholly contained Packet Header Using a cluster George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
13 Data Structures Welcome to SMP FreeBSD is a multi-threaded, re-entrant kernel Only way to scale on multicore and multi-processor systems Kernel is full of cooperating tasks Inter process synchronization is required George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
14 Data Structures Kernel Synchronization Primitives Spin Locks Mutexes Reader/Writer Locks Shared/Exclusive Locks Drivers use mostly spin locks or mutexes See locking(9) for more information George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
15 Data Structures Ethernet Drivers, an Overview Implemented in the kernel May be kernel loadable modules (KLD) Responsible for getting packets into and out of the system Follow a well known set of Kernel APIs May drop packets George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
16 Data Structures Introducing, the Intel Gigabit Ethernet Driver Supports modern Intel ethernet hardware Parts available on motherboards and PCI cards A typical example of a modern Ethernet chip Driver is well written and maintained by an Intel developer A good example to start with Data book available at intel.com Referred to as igb for short The em driver is the previous incarnation George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
17 Data Structures IGB Features Various types of media support MSI-X Interrupts Jumbo Frames Adaptive Interrupt Modulation IEEE-1588 (some chips only) George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
18 Data Structures Code Overview All FreeBSD device drivers are kept in /usr/src/sys/dev The IGB driver resides in /usr/src/sys/dev/e1000/if_igb.[ch] Other supporting files also exist but will not be necssary for this class The main data structures are in the header file and the main body of the driver is in if_igb.c Generic code to support all network drivers is in the /usr/src/sys/net* directories George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
19 Data Structures Network Driver Data Structures There are two main data-structures in every network driver ifnet and adapter The ifnet structure is used to hook the device into the network protocols The adapter structure is private to the device. The adapter structure is often called the softc George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
20 Data Structures Objects in C and the BSD Kernels Since the early days of the BSDs many kernel data structures have contained both data and function pointers A clever and cheap way to get the benefits of object orientation without paying for unwanted features Function pointers in structures are used throughout the kernel, not just in the network devices. No need to be alarmed George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
21 Data Structures ifnet Overview The main interface between the driver and the kernel Contains data and functions that are generic to all network devices Each device instance must have at least one ifnet George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
22 Data Structures adapter Contains device specific data Hardware registers Device control functions Pointers to packet rings Interrupt vectors Statistics Always points back to the ifnet structure George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
23 Data Structures IGB adapter structure George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
24 Data Structures Break Please take a 10 minute break George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
25 Device Initialization Relevant APIs igb_attach() igb_ioctl() igb_msix_rx() igb_msix_tx() igb_msix_link() George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
26 Device Initialization attach() Each device driver must have a way to connect to the kernel The igb_attach routine is used to activate a device Setup sysctl variables Allocate memory Set up device registers Hook function pointers into place Start the device running George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
27 Device Initialization Setup Control Variables Kenel code can expose controls via sysctl Tunables are like sysctls but can only be set at boot Used mostly to communicate integers into and out of the kernel Also support more complex data structures George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
28 Device Initialization Tunables George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
29 Device Initialization sysctls George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
30 Device Initialization Rings of Packets CPU and device share a ring of packet descriptors Each descriptor points to a packet buffer Used for transmission and reception Allows decoupling of the CPU and the device George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
31 Device Initialization Packet Ring Structures descriptor packet descriptor packet descriptor packet descriptor packet descriptor packet descriptor packet George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
32 Device Initialization Tx Ring Allocation George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
33 Device Initialization Allocate Receive Ring George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
34 Device Initialization Set Device Registers George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
35 Device Initialization Hook in function pointers George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
36 Device Initialization Set device capabilities and Media Type George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
37 Device Initialization Add Media Types George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
38 Device Initialization Start the device George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
39 Device Initialization Break Please enjoy a 15 minute break George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
40 Packet Reception rx() Interrupt processing Work deferral Handling basic errors Passing packets into the kernel George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
41 Packet Reception Message Signalled Interrupts (MSI/X) Old style interrupts required raising a line on a chip Old style interrupt routine had to be all things to all people MSI allows for different functions to be assigned to different channels The IGB driver has one channel per receive or transmit queue and a single interrupt for link state changes George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
42 Packet Reception Receive Interrupt George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
43 Packet Reception Recieving a Frame George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
44 Packet Reception Recieving a Frame (End of Packet) George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
45 Packet Reception Passing in the Packet George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
46 Packet Transmission tx() Packets from above Work deferral Error handling George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
47 Packet Transmission Protocols Pass Packets Down ip_output() ether_output() ether_output_frame() IFQ_HANDOFF()/IFQ_HANDOFF_ADJ() George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
48 Packet Transmission Handing a Packet Off George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
49 Packet Transmission A word about queues Queues of packets are used throughout the networking stack Prevent overuse of resources Allow for work deferral A good way to connect lightly related modules Allow the administrator to tune the system George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
50 Packet Transmission The IGB start routine George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
51 Packet Transmission Draining the Queue George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
52 Packet Transmission Watchdogs and Drivers Hardware is not as perfect as software One failure mode is freezing up Watchdog routines can be quite harsh Continuously resetting a device is not the best way to fix it Reading igb_watchdog is left to the reader George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
53 Packet Transmission Cleaning up first George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
54 Packet Transmission Checksum Offloading Many protocols required a packet checksum calculation Math is hard, and also expensive Many 1Gig chips can calculate the checksum in hardware For 10Gig this is required to operate at full speed A layering violation in the stack George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
55 Packet Transmission Checksum Offload Code George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
56 Packet Transmission Setup the Transmit Descriptors George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
57 Packet Transmission Really transmit the packet George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
58 Packet Transmission Break Please enjoy a 10 minute break George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
59 Device Control Controlling the Device Devices need to be controlled Setting network layer addresses Bringing the interface up and down Retrieving the device state The ioctl routine is the conduit for control messages and data George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
60 Device Control Data in/data out George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
61 Device Control The Big Switch George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
62 Device Control Setting the MTU George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
63 Special Features Special Features Multicast Interrupt Moderation Checksumming George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
64 Special Features Multicast One to many transmission Mostly handled by hardware Table size is important for performance George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
65 Special Features Interrupt Moderation System can easily be overwhelmed by interrupts Different types of traffic have different needs Low Latency Average Latency Bulk Transmission George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
66 Special Features Checksumming Difficult to get line rate TCP without hardware help Leads to a layering violation TCP must be aware of hardware checksumming abilities George Neville-Neil (gnn@neville-neil.com) Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
67 Special Features Section Summary All networking device drivers have similar structure The hardware details should be hidden Drivers are rarely written from scratch Copy when write George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
68 Special Features Questions? George Neville-Neil Networking from the Bottom Up: Device Drivers May 6, / 68
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