35. The obstacles to Italian unity Pg.236 Frequent warfare and foreign rule led people to identify with local regions (regional loyalty) and

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1 Final Study Guide

2 35. The obstacles to Italian unity Pg.236 Frequent warfare and foreign rule led people to identify with local regions (regional loyalty) and fragmentation into multiple states, foreign interference. The Congress of Vienna divided up parts of Italy among the Hapsburgs, Austria, and France. Rebellions were crushed by the European powers.

3 36.Cavour as Prime Minister Pgs Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik. He improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. His long term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Cavour joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War. He negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon for help to fight Austria in a war. As a result of the war he annexed Lombardy.

4 37.Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Pg.238 Giuseppe Garibaldi was a longtime nationalist and an ally of Marzzini. Like Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. In 1860, Garibaldi recruited 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take Garibaldi and his Red Shirts south to Sicily. There his army won control. His army then crossed to the mainland. He then linked up with the Sardinian army that had overrun the Papal States to take Naples. Garibaldi then turned over Naples and Sicily to Later King Victor Emmanuel II

5 38.The challenges facing the New nation of Italy Pgs Regional differences, disputes between church and state, opposition to a conservative government; the nation also had to deal with social unrest, urbanization, and rapid population growth

6 39.The multinational aspect of the Austro- Hungarian and Nationalist unrest. Pg.242 The Hapsburgs presided over a multi-national empire. Of the 50 million people fewer than ¼ of them were German speaking. Almost half belonged to different Slavic groups, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It also included a number of Hungarians and Italians. The Hapsburgs ignored the nationalist and crushed their revolts. By the 1900s, nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems. It is the nationalist in Serbia that wanted to extend their control over Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian controlled) that led directly to WW1

7 40. The Dual Monarchy Pg.242 Austria s defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought pressure to change from Hungarians within the empire. The Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was a compromise. Under the agreement, Austria and Hungary were separate states. Each had its own constitution and parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both, as Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. The two states also shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas

8 41.The Balkans and the Ottoman empire Pg.244 The Balkans were part of the Ottoman Empire. The Balkans, Serbia won autonomy in 1830, and Southern Greece won independence during the 1830 s. But many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. During the 1800s, various subjects staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to gain their independence. Austria Hungary took control of Bosnia Herzegovina from the Ottoman. This angered the Serbs who wanted to extend into this area.

9 42.What the Crimean revealed about Russia Pg.247 The Crimean war revealed the backwardness of Russia. It had few miles of railroads, and the military bureaucracy was hopelessly inefficient. Many felt that dramatic change was needed

10 43. The Reforms of Alexander II Pgs He emancipated the serfs. This brought its own problems they had to buy their own land and many were too poor to do this. Land allotted was often too small to farm efficiently or to support a family. Peasants remained poor and discontent. As a result many people moved to the cities and began taking factory jobs. Alexander also set up a system of local government. The elected assemblies, called zemstovs, were responsible for matters like roads, schools, and agriculture. The tsar also introduced legal reforms based on the ideas like trial by jury, and eased censorship. Military service terms were reduced, and brutal discipline was limited. He, also, encouraged the growth of industry

11 44. Alexander III response after his father s assassination. Pg.248 After his father s assassination by radicals, Alexander III responded by reviving the harsh methods of Nicolas I. To wipe out the liberals and revolutionaries, he increased the power of the secret police, restored strict censorship, and exiled critics to Siberia. The tsar also launched a program of Russification aimed at suppressing the culture of non-russian people within the empire. Alexander insisted on one language, Russian, and one church Russian Orthodox. Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews, and many others suffered persecution.

12 45. Pogroms Pg.249 Russia had acquired a large Jewish population when it carved up Poland and expanded into the Ukraine. Under Alexander III persecution increased. The tsar limited the number of Jews allowed to study in universities and practices certain professions. He forced them to live in restricted areas. Official persecution encouraged pogroms, or violent mobs attacks on Jewish people. Gangs beat and killed Jewish people and looted and burned their homes and stores. Faced with this many Jewish people left Russia

13 46. Russia and Industrialization Pgs In the 1890s, Tsar Nicholas II s government focused on economic development. It encouraged the building of railroads to connect iron and coal mines with factories and to transport goods across Russia. Political and social problems increased as a result of industrialization. Government officials and business leaders applauded economic growth. Nobles and peasants opposed it, fearing the change it brought. Industrialization created social ills as peasants flocked to the cities to work in factories. Instead of a better life they found long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions, life in the slums, poverty, disease, and discontent. At factory gates, socialists often handed out pamphlets that preached the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx

14 47. Bloody Sunday Pgs After Russia was badly defeated in the Russo-Japanese war in The pent-up discontent was released for the years of oppression. Protestors took to the streets. Workers went on strike demanding shorter hours and better wages. Liberals called for a constitution and reforms to overhaul the government. A young Orthodox priest organized a peaceful march on Sunday, January 22, The marchers flowed through the streets of St. Petersburg towards the tsar s Winter Palace. Chanting prayers and singing hymns, workers carried icons and pictures of the tsar. They also brought a petition for justice and freedom. The tsar fled fearing the marchers. As the people approached they saw a line of soldiers. Gunfire rang out and hundreds of men and women fell dead or wounded in the snow. It marked a turning point for Russians. Bloody Sunday killed the people s faith and trust in the tsar.

15 48. Revolution of 1905 and results Pg. 251 Following Bloody Sunday discontent exploded across Russia. Strikes multiplied. In some cities workers took over local government. In the countryside, peasants revolted and demanded land. Minority nationalities called for autonomy from Russia. Terrorists targeted officials, some assassins were cheered as heroes by discontented Russians. Nicholas was forced to announce sweeping reforms. In the October Manifesto he promised freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union. He agreed to summon the Duma or elected national legislature. He declared that no law would go into effect without the approval of the Duma. The manifesto won over the moderates, leaving the socialists isolated.

16 Continued The Tsar used this division to his advantage. In 1906, the first Duma met, but the tsar quickly dissolved it when it criticized the government. Nicholas appointed a new Prime Minister Peter Stolypin. Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed as the conservatives Stolypin sought to restore order. Stolypin soon realized he needed reforms not repression. To regain peasants support he introduced moderate land reforms. He strengthened the elected assemblies and improved education. These reforms were too limited to meet the broad needs of most Russians. Stolypin was assassinated in Several more Dumas met during this period, but new voting laws made sure they were conservative. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but still simmering with unrest.

17 49. The four motives driving imperialism. Pg Economic interests. The industrial Revolution created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansion. Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and they hoped for new markets of consumers to whom they could sell their factory goods 2. Political and Military. Steam powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. Nationalism played a role in this too. European powers sought to seize as much land as they could. They felt that ruling as much land as possible increased a nation s prestige around the world. This also checked the power of rival countries. Western leader often claimed that colonies were needed for national security.

18 1. Humanitarian and Religious Goals. Many westerners felt a genuine concern for the people in the areas they conquered. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread what they saw as the blessings of western civilization, including medicine, law, and Christian religion. 2. Social Darwinism. A sense that they were somehow racially superior to the people they conquered. European races, they argued, were superior to all others, and imperial domination of weaker races was simply natures was of improving the Human species.

19 50. The reasons why western imperialism spread so rapidly. Pgs Weakness of Non-Western States. While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, and Qing China. In West Africa, wars among Africans peoples and the damaging effects of the slave trade undermined the established empires, kingdoms, and citystates. Newer Africa states were never strong enough to resist the Western onslaught. Western Advantages. The European powers had strong economies, well organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior technologies riverboats, telegraph, medicine, and guns and machineguns. Resistance. Although in some areas the people resisted strongly to European control they could not match the Europeans in their technology. They had no equal to the Maxim machinegun.

20 51. The reasons why western imperialism spread so rapidly. Pgs Weakness of Non-Western States. While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, and Qing China. In West Africa, wars among Africans peoples and the damaging effects of the slave trade undermined the established empires, kingdoms, and citystates. Newer Africa states were never strong enough to resist the Western onslaught. Western Advantages. The European powers had strong economies, well organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior technologies riverboats, telegraph, medicine, and guns and machineguns. Resistance. Although in some areas the people resisted strongly to European control they could not match the Europeans in their technology. They had no equal to the Maxim machinegun.