Nationalism Triumphs in Europe, German Unification, Italy Unites, The Ottoman Empire collapses, & Russian Reform

Transcription

1 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe, German Unification, Italy Unites, The Ottoman Empire collapses, & Russian Reform

2 Sect. 1 Building a German Nation! Early 1800s German people live in a number of different sized states which were part of Prussia & the Austrian Hapsburg empire! Napoleon formed a weak league of German state called the Rhine Confederation (helped nationalism)! Congress of Vienna: Metternich points out that a unified German state would only happen if smaller governments dissolved! 1830 unification: economic union achieved but political fragmentation remained! Zoll erein (1830 s): economic union of German states by removing tariff

3 Sect. 1 Building a German Nation! 1848 Frankfurt Assembly: liberals demanded German unification offered throne to William IV of Prussia he arrogantly refused the throne because it was offered by the people! Otto von Bismarck: rose out of junker class - conservative landowning nobles! Served as a diplomat, prime minister &.! Chancellor - highest political official under monarch (King William I named him in 1862)! Delivered famous blood & iron speech wherein he pushed for a foreign policy governed by force to meet the country s needs

4 Sect. 1 Building a German Nation! Realpolitik: name for the policy put forth in Bismarck s blood & iron speech politics based on the needs of the state (honest aggression)! Bismarck s true loyalty lay with the Hohenzollerns-the ruling dynasty of Prussia! Built up the army by forcing funding through the liberal & reluctant legislature! Austro-Prussian War: 7 weeks of fighting a er Bismarck goes back on an alliance with Austria! Prussia annexes several no. states, but avoids war w/ Austria! Franco-Prussian War of 1870: Bismarck plays dirty trick & edits Ems dispatch between King William I & Napoleon III - France crushed

5 Sect. 1: Birth of the German Empire! e Second Reich (1872): No. German Confederation convinces William I to accept the title of kaiser (emperor)! Reich: or empire, considered 2 nd reich as heir to the Holy Roman Empire! Constitution dra ed by Bismarck est. a bicameral legislature:! Bundesrat: upper house (nobility) of bicameral legislature outlined in Bismarck s constitution total veto power over decisions of the.! Reichstag: lower house elected through universal suffrage

6 Sect 2: Germany Strengthens! French domination of Europe has ended! 3 dominate German Industries: Chemical & electrical industry & shipping 2 nd only to Great Britain! Germany emerges as an industrial giant during the later half of 1800 s b/c: (same reasons as Britain)! Mineral resources! Infrastructure:harbors, riverways, roads! Labor source (population boom)! And finally, political stability & bureaucratic efficiency

7 Sect 2: Germany Strengthens! House of Krupp - steel & weapons complex exploded in growth a er 1871! August yssen - steel magnate (70 employees to 50,000)! Carl Zeiss - optics inventor & industrialist giant through to today - telescopes, microscopes, & cameras! FORWARD THINKING from the gov. on down! Recognized value of applied science to development of new products! standardized currency! Private & subsidized R & D! protective economic policies (tariffs) helped protect against depressions

8 Sect 2: Germany Strengthens (Bismarck - the Iron Chancellor)! Set out to keep France weak & form alliances with Austria & Russia! Targeted Socialists & the Catholic Church as potential adversaries! Kulturkampf: battle for civilization a move to supplant the influence of the Catholic Church thru legislation! supervise education & priest appointments! Force out the Jesuits! Required civil marriages! LOST: u don t mess with peoples faith! Destroyed Socialist movement by: dissolving newspaper, socialist groups, banned meetings! Since workers remained united Bismarck changed course and Germany became a European leader in work reform! Asked to resign by egotistical grandson of William I - William II in 1890

9 Sect. 3: Unifying Italy (Mazzini founds a Young Italy)! Count Camillo Cavour: shrewd, ruthless politician who pushed for Italian unification! Obstacles to Italian Unity:! Battleground of foreign dignitaries! Parochial identification by the people! Congress of Vienna outcomes further marginalized Italian efforts - Prince Metternich of Austria found the notion of an independent & unified Italy laughable! nationalist revolts subdued by Austrian troops in North- Secret societies began to emerge amongst the people to combat French (Rome and S. Italy) and Austrian (No. Italy) occupation

10 Sect. 3: Unifying Italy (Mazzini founds a Young Italy)! Young Italy: a secret society formed by Giuseppe Mazzini to create a free Italian state (1830s)! Logical reasons for unity: language, geography, common history (ancient Rome & papacy), & economic sense (remove trade barriers on peninsula! Risorgimento: Italian National Movement, moved to Sardinia post 1848! Victor Emmanuel II: constitutional monarch of Sardinia who aspired to increasing his kingdom, appointed Camillo Cavour his PM in 1852! Ct. Camillo Cavour s background & efforts: came from a noble family, flexible, cra y, by any means necessary type of leader, monarchist who believed in realpolitik! improved infrastructure and supported free trade & end Austrian power in No.

11 Sect. 3: Unifying Italy (Garibaldi Leads the Red Shirts)! Giuseppe Garibaldi: longtime nationalist and ally of Mazzini! Accepted aid from the monarchist Cavour! Utilizing his recruited army of 1,000 Red Shirts he used weapons & boats provided by Cavour to take Sicily & Naples in short order! How was he able to do this with so few?! In a patriotic move Garibaldi handed over Naples & Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II who was crowned King of Italy in 1861

12 Sect. 3: Unifying Italy (Challenges Facing a New Nation)! Regional Differences: No vs. So: North wealthier, more developed, So. More pastoral & rural; Italy vs. RCC: anger over seizure of the papal states (reduced to the Vatican! Turmoil: const. monarchy w/ bicameral leg. (king apptd upper, elected lower), radicals on le fought cons. gov.! Anarchists: people against any gov. turned violent! Economic Progress: Italy did make progress & took advantage of coal resources! Emigration: population boom took advantage of opportunities to move (namely America)

13 Sect. 4: Nationalism reatens Old Empires (Austria s slow decline)! In 1800, Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe! Austrian Emperor Francis I and foreign minister Metternich ruled through conservative devotion to the old ways! Francis Joseph inherits the throne amidst nationalist revolts in 1848! Concedes a partial legislature which is dominated by Germans and satisfies few of the 50 mil subjects! By 1866, the Hungarians were demanding representation and Ferenc Deak a moderate Hungary proposes a dual monarchy - separate states and constitutions/legislatures both ruled by Emperor & King Francis Joseph/finance, defense, & foreign affairs shared le Slavic peoples restless

14 Sect. 4: Nationalism reatens Old Empires ( e Ottoman Empire Collapses)! Balkan States: rest between the Adriatic sea & Black Sea in S.E. Europe! Balkan Nationalism: Serbian independence in 1830 & later Greek independence kick started nationalist fervor amongst the other ethnic minorities of the region ruled by the Ottomans! the sick man of Europe : European powers came to see the Ottomans as weak & scrambled to divide up the empire created a web of competing interests

15 Sect. 4: Nationalism reatens Old Empires (War in the Balkans)! Russia pushed south towards Black Sea & Constantinople (Istanbul)! Austria-Hungary gained control of the Bosnian and Herzegovina provinces angering the Serbs! Britain & France focused on pieces of No. Africa & e Middle East! All of these countries were involved in numerous conflicts, using the local people as pawns, and this led to. the! Balkan Powder Keg : the long slow fuse which burned until 1914

16 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction (Conditions in Russia)! Conditions in Russia:! Immense natural resources largely untapped! the West looked upon Russia w/ unease autocracy w/ expansionist leanings! Continued to lag in terms of development leadership resistant to reforms! Russian Social Structure: too rigid landowning nobles rejected change, middle class too small, serfs too unorganized! Ruling w/ Absolute Power: Tsars held on tightly & small attempts to loosen their grip were brief Enlightenment & Fr. Rev, had almost no effect

17 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction (Emancipation & Stirrings of Revolution)! Alexander II (gained throne in 1855) - met rebellion with reform & repression (emancipated all peasants in 1861 a er a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War vs. Ottoman Turks, Brits, & French)! Freedom & land reform led to urban migration forcing further reform! Zemstvos: reform effort at local level elected assemblies handled local infrastructure! Alexander II was assassinated (1881) by terrorists unhappy with his move from reform back towards repression! Alexander III arrives with an iron fist and wipes out all liberals and revolutionaries and begins a program of Russification - Better hope your Russian!? 1 language (Russian) & 1 Church (Russian Orthodox) critics sent to Siberia

18 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction (Persecution & Pogroms)! Russia acquired a large Jewish population thru the Partition of Poland & expansion into the Ukraine under Alex III Jewish access to education & certain professions was limited, living restrictions! Pogroms: government encouraged riots of ethnic cleansing (primarily Jews, but also other ethnic minorities)! Refugees: people who flee their homeland to find safety

19 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction ( e Drive to Industrialize)! Under Alexander III & Nicholas II Russia finally entered the Ind. Age in 1890s focused on infrastructure to link resources to labor pools/factories & secured foreign investment! Trans-Siberian Railroad: epic RR which connected European Russia w/ the Pacific Ocean! Urbanization (Problems?): slums developed as peasants flocked to cities for work, radicals & socialists fought for the support of overworked laborers

20 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction (Crisis & Revolution)! Russia v. Japan (1904): Nicholas II led a misguided war that resulted in a humiliating the hands of a much more developed adversary (1 st Asia country to defeat a European one)! Bloody Sunday: a peaceful march organized by an orthodox priest ends in bloodshed as the protesters are gunned down by fearful soldiers ended faith in the tsar & the Church

21 Sect. 5: Russia: Reform & Reaction (Crisis & Revolution)! Revolution of following the massacre discontent explodes - workers strike/peasants demand land and Nicholas is forced into the October Manifesto (sweeping reforms) promising simple freedoms and a Duma - elected national legislature to pass all laws! Peter Stolypin: prime minister who began tenure w/ repression to restore order (arrests, pogroms, and executions), but eventually brought about reforms:! Moderate land reforms to gain support of the peasantry! Strengthened zemstvos! Improved education! Not enough - assassinated in 1911 and by 1914 Russia was ripe for revolution - but what kind?