Effects of tree diversity, host and neighbourhood density on foliar fungal pathogens

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1 Effects of tree diversity, host and neighbourhood density on foliar fungal pathogens L Hantsch 1, S Bien 1, Radatz 1, H Auge 2, U Braun 1, H Bruelheide 1,3 1 Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany 2 Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Germany 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Germany 3rd International Planted Forest Congress Workshop Bordeaux

2 Introduction Local neighbourhood Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Tree diversity

3 Introduction Local neighbourhood Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Tree diversity Specific fungal pathogen species

4 Introduction Local neighbourhood Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Pathogen transmission Disease risk Tree diversity Specific fungal pathogen species

5 Introduction Local neighbourhood Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Pathogen transmission Disease risk Specific fungal pathogen species Annual variation Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Tree diversity

6 Introduction Local neighbourhood Neighbour density effects Monoculture Mixture Specific fungal pathogen species

7 Introduction Local neighbourhood Neighbour density effects Monoculture Mixture Pathogen facilitation Host facilitation No effect? Specific fungal pathogen species Positive effects Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Negative effects Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Neutral effects ± Pathogen diversity ± Pathogen load

8 Hypotheses 1. Increasing tree diversity affects fungal species diversity and pathogen load negatively. 2. Increasing host density affects pathogen load positively. 3. Fungal species diversity and pathogen load depend on the presence and density of particular neighbour tree species. 4. Inter-annual variation in fungal species diversity and pathogen load decreases with increasing tree diversity.

9 Material & Methods Kreinitz experiment Location 2013 Google

10 Material & Methods Kreinitz experiment Experimental design A1 A7 B1 B7 A8 B8 A15 B15 A22 B22 A29 WS B29 A36 A43 A49 B43 B49 B36 Number of plots 98 = Control-Plots (no trees) = Monocultures = 2-species mixtures WS = Weather station = 3-species mixtures = 5-species mixtures = 6-species mixture Tree species Quercus petraea Tilia cordata Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Picea abies Pinus sylvestris Harald Auge

11 Material & Methods Kreinitz experiment Experimental design A1 A7 B1 B7 A8 B8 A15 B15 A22 B22 A29 WS B29 A36 A43 A49 B43 B49 B36 Number of plots 98 = Control-Plots (no trees) = Monocultures = 2-species mixtures WS = Weather station Harald Auge = 3-species mixtures = 5-species mixtures = 6-species mixture Tree species Quercus petraea Tilia cordata Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Picea abies Pinus sylvestris Plot size 5 x 5 m²

12 Material & Methods Random sampling design Tree species mixture Nr. plots Ind./plot Σ 94 Individuals * 2 Species * 3 years Σ 564 Individuals Tree species Quercus petraea Tilia cordata Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Picea abies Pinus sylvestris

13 Material & Methods Random sampling design Tree species mixture Nr. plots Ind./plot Σ 94 Individuals * 2 Species * 3 years Σ 564 Individuals Leaf sampling 4 Branches/Σ 20 leaves Drying at 60 C Tree species Quercus petraea Tilia cordata Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Picea abies Pinus sylvestris

14 Material & Methods Random sampling design Macro- & microscopic analyses Tree species mixture Nr. plots Ind./plot Σ 94 Individuals * 2 Species * 3 years Σ 564 Individuals Leaf sampling 4 Branches/Σ 20 leaves Drying at 60 C Macro- and microscopic analyses Subset of 10 leaves/ind. 1-5 % 6-10 % % Tree species Quercus petraea Tilia cordata Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Picea abies Pinus sylvestris % % %

15 Material & Methods Statistics Tree species level Fungus species level Specific fungal pathogen species

16 Material & Methods Statistics Tree species level Fungus species level Linear mixed-effect models Explanatory variables Tree diversity Host density Neighbour density Inter-annual variation Dependent variables Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Specific fungal pathogen species

17 Results Fungi on Quercus petraea 5mm 1mm Fungi on Tilia cordata Erysiphe alphitoides Erysiphe hypophylla 5mm 5mm 1mm 1mm Passalora microsora Paraconiothyrium tiliae Zygosporium spec. Ramichloridium spec. 1mm 5mm 1mm Apiognomonia errabunda Ascomycete Ascomycete

18 Results Tree species level Tree diversity effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea No tree diversity effects on pathogen diversity!

19 Results Tree species level Tree diversity effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea No tree diversity effects on pathogen diversity! 2010 cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 = 0.484, p = 0.047, n = 282 No tree diversity effects on pathogen load!

20 Results Tree species level Tree diversity effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea No tree diversity effects on pathogen diversity! 2012 highest pathogen diversity cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 = 0.484, p = 0.047, n = 282 No tree diversity effects on pathogen load! 2010 highest pathogen load

21 Results Tree species level Host density effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Estimate p Estimate p Estimate p Estimate p Intercept + *** + *** + *** + *** Host density - n.s. + n.s. - n.s. - n.s. Yr n.s. - *** + *** + *** Yr * - *** + *** + * Host density * Yr n.s. - n.s. - n.s. + n.s. Host density * Yr *** + n.s. + n.s. - n.s. No host density effects on pathogen diversity + pathogen load!

22 Results Tree species level Neighbour density effects Tilia cordata Neighbour tree species reduced pathogen diversity + pathogen load in a particular year. Quercus petraea Neighbour tree species either enhanced or reduced pathogen diversity + pathogen load in a particular year. Fraxinus excelsior neighbourhood 2010 cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 =,0.429 p = 0.004, n = 282

23 Results Fungus species level Tree diversity effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea Passalora microsora 2010 cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 = 0.495, p = 0.028, n = 282 No tree diversity effects on pathogen load of fungus species!

24 Results Fungus species level Tree diversity effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea Passalora microsora 2010 cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 = 0.495, p = 0.028, n = 282 No tree diversity effects on pathogen load of fungus species! 2010 highest pathogen load A. tiliae, Ascomycete

25 Results Fungus species level Host density effects Tilia cordata Quercus petraea No host density effects on pathogen load of fungus species!

26 Results Fungus species level Neighbour density effects Tilia cordata Neighbour tree species either enhanced or reduced pathogen load of a particular fungus species in a particular year. Quercus petraea Neighbour tree species either enhanced or reduced pathogen load of a particular fungus species in a particular year. Erysiphe alphitoides Fraxinus excelsior neighbourhood 2010 cold + wet 2011 intermediate 2012 warm + dry R 2 =,0.339 p = 0.001, n = 282

27 Conclusion x 1. x Increasing tree diversity affects fungal species diversity and pathogen load negatively. 2. Increasing host density affects pathogen load positively. 3. Fungal species richness and pathogen load depend on the presence and density of particular neighbour tree species. x 4. Inter-annual variation in fungal species richness and pathogen load decreases with increasing tree diversity.

28 Conclusion Take home for local scale perspective within planted forests High tree species diversity can reduce pathogen infestation of foliar fungal pathogens in particular of the main fungi on Tilia cordata (+ Quercus petraea). Presence of non-host neighbour tree species may facilitate or block pathogen infestation by altering microclimatic conditions. Most neighbour species reduces pathogen infestation on T. cordata + Q. petraea. Mixing tree species at the scale of the local neighbourhood can reduce pathogen transmission and infection!

29 Thank you for listening!

30 FunDivEUROPE 1. BIOTREE EXP. Species div Functional div 2. SATAKUNTA EXP. Species div Intraspecific div 4. FunDivEU EXP. Species div Climatic zones 3. KREINITZ EXP. Species div Time variability

31 Introduction Community level Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Tree diversity

32 Introduction Community level Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Pathogen load Pathogen transmission Disease risk Tree diversity Pathogen diversity Specific fungal pathogen species

33 Introduction Community level Tree diversity + host density effects Monoculture Mixture Host density Pathogen load Pathogen transmission Disease risk Specific fungal pathogen species Annual variation Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Tree diversity Pathogen diversity

34 Introduction Community level Tree species identity effects Monoculture Mixture Disease-prone Less disease-prone Specific fungal pathogen species Positive effects Pathogen diversity Pathogen load Neutral or negative effects Pathogen diversity Pathogen load

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