Exploring the Relationship of Small Tube Diameters and Laminar Flow. Nicole Kowtko Harvey Mudd College Physics 22 Section 1 20 April 2012.
|
|
- Brian Bradford
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Exploring the Relationship of Small Tube Diameters and Laminar Flow Nicole Kowtko Harvey Mudd College Physics 22 Section 1 20 April 2012 Abstract The flow rate of water through 4 ± 0.03 m tubes at 2 ± 0.01 psi and four diameters (1/8, 8/47, 3/16, 1/4") was measured by recording the times to reach 150 ± 10 ml in order to explore whether smaller diameter tubes cause a water circuit to stray into laminar flow. The flow rate was found to be proportional to the tube diameter to the 2.95 ± 0.14 power, with the dominant error from the resolution uncertainty of the volume readings. This exponent was greater than the previous experiment s result of 2.43 ± 0.04, and closer to the laminar flow value of 4. The 8/47 diameter tube still demonstrated a lower flow rate than expected, and is suspected to have an incorrectly labeled diameter. Introduction This experiment deals with water circuits, and the relationship between flow rate and small tube diameters in a transitional regime between turbulent and laminar flow. The water circuit contains a pump that provides pressure P (psi) to a connected tube with length L (cm) and an inner diameter d (in). The rate at which the water exits the tube is the flow rate Q (ml/sec). The pressure of the water exiting the tube was considered negligible and the input pressure was assumed to be approximately equal to the pressure drop across the tube. In a previous experiment comparing the relationship between flow rate and tube diameter of 1 ±.013 m tubes at 1.5 ± 0.01 psi, the smallest tube used, 8/47 diameter, exhibited a lower flow rate than expected. When this point was included in the data set, it increased the slope of ln(q) vs. ln(d) from 2.43 ± 0.04 to 2.72 ± and increased the reduced chi-square value from 4.92 to 57.2, demonstrating how the inclusion of this point did not produce the best relationship [2]. The current experiment arose from interest in whether this increased slope was due to the system falling into laminar flow, which is when the fluid moves along in perfectly smooth layers and exhibits proportionality to pressure, tube length, and tube diameter according to the following equation [1]: Q Pd 4 L (1) 1
2 Laminar flow does not occur in everyday water circuits, though lower flow rates can approach laminar flow. Because water circuits vary depending on the specific tube length, diameter, and pressure being used, knowing the limits of laminar flow would be useful to help engineers know when the laminar flow proportionalities can be used in water circuit design. These limits would allow an increased predictability of water circuits. When dealing with power-law relationships such as Q = Adα (2) where A is a constant and α is the unknown exponent, the data can be revisualized as: ln(q) = ln(a) + α ln(d) (3) or as a log-log plot [1]. On a log-log plot the exponent is simply the slope of the graph. Based on this context, the outlier point in the previous experiment suggested a possible stray into laminar flow because it increased the slope of the graph, and thus increased the exponent α relating flow rate to tube diameter in Eq. 2. The larger slope was closer to the laminar flow exponent of 4. In order to test this hypothesis, it was attempted to induce laminar flow by decreasing the flow rate by using longer 4 ± 0.03 m tubes, smaller diameter tubes, and the relatively low pressure of 2 ± 0.01 psi in order to observe if the smaller tube diameter of 8/47 was straying into laminar flow. Experiment The apparatus for the experiment is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 Apparatus used to measure the flow rate of a water circuit. A pump is connected to a pressure-regulating valve that is attached to a pressure gauge. The shutoff valve turns the flow of water on or off. A tube adapter connects the tube to the apparatus, which is placed in a smaller tub filled with water. The graduated beaker is placed in the encompassing larger tub, and a stopwatch is used to measure time. 2
3 Throughout the entire experiment the pump was kept submerged underwater. After attaching the tube the valve was turned on to start water flow through the tube. Because water pressure varies with height, the pressure was adjusted to 2 ± 0.1 psi while the tube was raised to the height of the beaker. Then the tube was suspended over the graduated beaker, and the timer started. The timer was stopped when the graduated beaker read 150 ± 10 ml through the side of the large tube at eye level. This volume was chosen because at small diameters the flow was so low that any greater volume would not have allowed enough time to collect an appropriate data set during the one Physics Lab period appropriated for data taking. Each time the beaker was emptied as well as possible. Before taking any measurements, the length of the four tubes (1/8, 8/47, 3/16, 1/4") was measured with a tape measure by taping down one end to the edge of the measure, and stretching out the tube to its full extent so no bumps remained in the tube. Each was measured four times, and the lengths were averaged to give a final value. The tube length is defined in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 The tube length is measured from the end of the tube adapter within the tube to the end of the tube. The tube adapter was used to normalize the tube lengths by inserting or removing it as necessary to make each tube within ±0.03 m of 4 meters. Results The data was collected through 8 trials per diameter with the exception of 1/8 with only 6 trials. The pressure was measured as the constant volume 150 ± 10 ml, divided by the time it took to reach this volume based on the stopwatch, which varied for each trial. Because of the assumption that the diameter readings for the tubes were accurate, there are no diameter uncertainties and therefore the flow rate was plotted on the y-axis with its corresponding uncertainties. The volume uncertainty δv was simply the resolution error of 10 ml, which was calculated based on the graduated beaker s tick marks. The time uncertainty δt was calculated through adding the resolution error from the stopwatch sec and the standard error in quadrature as follows: δt = std.err 2 + res.err 2 3 (4)
4 δq and δln(q) were calculated through error propagation of δv and δt values according to these equations: δq = δv 1 2 $ ' & ) + δt V 2 $ ' & % T ( T 2 ) % ( δ ln(q) = δq Q (5) (6) The following are log-log graphs of flow rate versus tube diameter for the old and new data: (a) Old Flow Rate vs. Tube Diameter Log-Log Plot (b) New Flow Rate vs. Tube Diameter Log-Log Plot lnq = 7.26 ± ( 2.43 ± 0.04) ln(d) χ 2 = 4.92(4.92 /DoF) P(>) = Fig. 3: Natural log of flow rate (Q) as a function of the natural log of the tube diameter (d). These are linear fits where the slope (the number preceding ln(d)), represents the exponent of proportionality between Q and d or. (a) This graph demonstrates the relationship for the previous experiment s data, in which 8/47 was excluded. The upper panel shows the residuals, which appear to be random. (b) This graph demonstrates the relationship from the new experiment s data, showing the flow rate for 8/47 is below the fitted line as in the previous experiment; however, when this point was removed the slope was not affected. The data from the new experiment, graphed in Fig. 3b, suggests that the natural log of flow rate and tube diameter for Q measured in ml/sec, d measured in inches, a tube length of 4 ± 0.03 m, and a pressure of 2 ± 0.01psi are related in the following manner: lnq = 7.87 ± ( 2.95 ± 0.14) ln(d) (7) The new data exhibits an increased slope, 2.95 ± 0.14, compared to the old experiment, shown in Fig. 3a, with slope 2.43 ± 0.04 [2]. This exponent is closer to the expected exponent of 4 for laminar flow compared to the old data. These slopes differ by 3.57 standard deviations, demonstrating that they are statistically different. σ was calculated according to the following equation: σ new&old data = α new α old δα new δα old = lnq = 7.87 ± ( 2.95 ± 0.14) ln(d) χ 2 =10.1(5.06 /DoF) P(>) = = 3.57σ With a χ 2 of 5.06, this relationship seems reasonable, suggesting that at a reduced flow rate, Q d 2.95±0.14 (9) Q d α (8) 4
5 The tube diameter of 8/47 still exhibits a lower flow rate than the trend, as shown in Fig. 3b, similar to the previous experiment. The data was plotted excluding this point, and the corresponding fit was used to calculate an expected tube diameter for the corresponding flow rate in order to determine if the tube diameter of 8/47 could have been labeled incorrectly (Fig. 4). Flow Rate vs. Tube Diameter Log-Log Plot Excluding 8/47 lnq = 7.88 ± ( 2.92 ± 0.14) ln(d) χ 2 = 0.174(0.174 /DoF) P(>) = 0.68 Fig. 4: Natural log of flow rate (Q) as a function of the natural log of the tube diameter (d) of the new data, excluding the data point for 8/47 tube diameter. The fit for this graph was used to calculate the expected tube diameter for a flow rate of ml/sec, which was assumed to correspond to a diameter of 8/47 during experimentation. With random residuals and a χ 2 of 0.174, somewhat close to the ideal value of 1, the fit is reasonable, though it seems that the errors were overestimated. The dominant error was the volume uncertainty; the first half of Eq. 5 was at least three times larger than the second portion for each of the four data points. This error could have been reduced through the use of a graduated beaker with finer tick marks or by allowing the water to flow for a longer period of time, though an increase in time would decrease the second half of δq twice as fast as the first half. However, the fit from Fig. 4 was good enough to be used to predict a tube diameter for the flow rate corresponding to the assumed diameter of 8/47 or The fit gave a tube diameter of for the flow rate of ml/sec. The fit from Fig. 3a was also used to predict a tube diameter for the old data s flow rate corresponding to the assumed diameter of 8/47 or 0.17 in order to determine whether the predicted diameter from the new data could be realistic. Fig. 3a predicted a tube diameter of for the flow rate of ml/sec. Fig. 3a and 4 predict an average tube diameter of as opposed to 8/47 or 0.17, but when included in the new 5
6 data s graph, the corrected version did not exhibit a significant change in slope. For this reason the corrected data point was not included in Fig. 3b. Conclusion The slope of the graph for 4 ± 0.03 m tubes at 2 ± 0.01 psi and small diameters is greater than 1 ±.013 m tubes at 1.5 ± 0.01 psi, which supports the hypothesis that smaller tube diameters and overall lower flow rates will stray into laminar flow, for the exponent in Eq. 9 approached the laminar relationship of d 4 in Eq. 1. However, the basis for the hypothesis is still not resolved. The tube diameter of 8/47 still exhibited a lower flow rate than predicted by data from diameters above and below it, so the old data was not exhibiting a progression into laminar flow. However, the fitted lines from Fig. 3a and Fig. 4 were used to calculate predicted tube diameters for the flow rates corresponding to the supposed tube diameter of 8/47. The result was and respectively, both of which are lower than the listed value of 8/47 or The data confirms that smaller tube diameters do tend towards laminar flow, and that the flow rate for 4 ± 0.03 m long tubes at 2 ± 0.01 psi is proportional to d 2.95 ± One systematic error could be an incorrectly high tube diameter labeling for 8/47, causing a lower than expected flow rate. A more prominent systematic error could be the level at which the tube was raised when filling the graduated beaker. The pressure was adjusted when the tube was held at a height level to the lip of the beaker, but when filling the beaker the tube tended to be held slightly lower than the lip, causing a decreased pressure gauge reading. However, even though the gauge s pressure reading decreases, the water pressure due to gravity increases more, causing a higher flow rate. Ambient pressure is another systematic error; if the pressure in the room were higher during this experiment than previously, the flow rate would likely be slightly lower because there would be a lower pressure difference between the ambient air and the water in the tube. However, the assumption was made that the change in pressure due to water exiting the tube was insignificant. This experiment applies to the real world because it demonstrates that water circuits do tend to approach idealized laws as they approach laminar flow. With more experimentation it could possibly be determined if this is asymptotic, or if there is some threshold pressure after which the circuit truly exhibits laminar flow. These results already suggest a general predictability of a water circuit s flow based on tube diameter: the lower the flow, the closer the exponent will be to 4. More experimentation could also help reveal if there is an equation that will predict the exponent of proportionality between flow rate and tube 6
7 diameter, which would allow further predictability of water circuits. This could have practical applications in robotics by informing engineers of the minimum tube diameter allowed for a certain flow rate in hydraulics systems. References [1] Connolly E., A. Esin, S. Gerbode, E. Henriksen, Physics 22 Introduction to Experimental Physics: Laboratory Course Manual. Spring P [2] Kowtko, Nicole. Physics 22 Lab Notebook. P
A Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion
A Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion Objective In the experiment you will determine the cart acceleration, a, and the friction force, f, experimentally for
More informationPrelab Exercises: Hooke's Law and the Behavior of Springs
59 Prelab Exercises: Hooke's Law and the Behavior of Springs Study the description of the experiment that follows and answer the following questions.. (3 marks) Explain why a mass suspended vertically
More informationExperiment 3 Pipe Friction
EML 316L Experiment 3 Pipe Friction Laboratory Manual Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department College of Engineering FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Nomenclature Symbol Description Unit A cross-sectional
More informationThe University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory
The University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory Permeability Testing - 1 Constant and Falling Head Tests Introduction In 1856 the French engineer Henri D arcy demonstrated by experiment that it is possible
More informationThe Viscosity of Fluids
Experiment #11 The Viscosity of Fluids References: 1. Your first year physics textbook. 2. D. Tabor, Gases, Liquids and Solids: and Other States of Matter (Cambridge Press, 1991). 3. J.R. Van Wazer et
More informationPressure in Fluids. Introduction
Pressure in Fluids Introduction In this laboratory we begin to study another important physical quantity associated with fluids: pressure. For the time being we will concentrate on static pressure: pressure
More informationBuoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle
Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle Introduction: Buoyant forces keep Supertankers from sinking and party balloons floating. An object that is more dense than a liquid will sink in that liquid. If
More informationAP Physics 1 and 2 Lab Investigations
AP Physics 1 and 2 Lab Investigations Student Guide to Data Analysis New York, NY. College Board, Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks
More informationPhysics Lab Report Guidelines
Physics Lab Report Guidelines Summary The following is an outline of the requirements for a physics lab report. A. Experimental Description 1. Provide a statement of the physical theory or principle observed
More informationCHI-SQUARE: TESTING FOR GOODNESS OF FIT
CHI-SQUARE: TESTING FOR GOODNESS OF FIT In the previous chapter we discussed procedures for fitting a hypothesized function to a set of experimental data points. Such procedures involve minimizing a quantity
More informationAP1 Oscillations. 1. Which of the following statements about a spring-block oscillator in simple harmonic motion about its equilibrium point is false?
1. Which of the following statements about a spring-block oscillator in simple harmonic motion about its equilibrium point is false? (A) The displacement is directly related to the acceleration. (B) The
More informationFLOW MEASUREMENT 2001 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DERIVATION OF AN EXPANSIBILITY FACTOR FOR THE V-CONE METER
FLOW MEASUREMENT 200 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DERIVATION OF AN EXPANSIBILITY FACTOR FOR THE V-CONE METER Dr D G Stewart, NEL Dr M Reader-Harris, NEL Dr R J W Peters, McCrometer Inc INTRODUCTION The V-Cone
More informationBungee Constant per Unit Length & Bungees in Parallel. Skipping school to bungee jump will get you suspended.
Name: Johanna Goergen Section: 05 Date: 10/28/14 Partner: Lydia Barit Introduction: Bungee Constant per Unit Length & Bungees in Parallel Skipping school to bungee jump will get you suspended. The purpose
More informationHOOKE S LAW AND OSCILLATIONS
9 HOOKE S LAW AND OSCILLATIONS OBJECTIVE To measure the effect of amplitude, mass, and spring constant on the period of a spring-mass oscillator. INTRODUCTION The force which restores a spring to its equilibrium
More informationKinetic Friction. Experiment #13
Kinetic Friction Experiment #13 Joe Solution E01234567 Partner- Jane Answers PHY 221 Lab Instructor- Nathaniel Franklin Wednesday, 11 AM-1 PM Lecture Instructor Dr. Jacobs Abstract The purpose of this
More informationEXPERIMENT 3 Analysis of a freely falling body Dependence of speed and position on time Objectives
EXPERIMENT 3 Analysis of a freely falling body Dependence of speed and position on time Objectives to verify how the distance of a freely-falling body varies with time to investigate whether the velocity
More informationELASTIC FORCES and HOOKE S LAW
PHYS-101 LAB-03 ELASTIC FORCES and HOOKE S LAW 1. Objective The objective of this lab is to show that the response of a spring when an external agent changes its equilibrium length by x can be described
More informationFREE FALL. Introduction. Reference Young and Freedman, University Physics, 12 th Edition: Chapter 2, section 2.5
Physics 161 FREE FALL Introduction This experiment is designed to study the motion of an object that is accelerated by the force of gravity. It also serves as an introduction to the data analysis capabilities
More informationBecause the slope is, a slope of 5 would mean that for every 1cm increase in diameter, the circumference would increase by 5cm.
Measurement Lab You will be graphing circumference (cm) vs. diameter (cm) for several different circular objects, and finding the slope of the line of best fit using the CapStone program. Write out or
More informationDetermining the Acceleration Due to Gravity
Chabot College Physics Lab Scott Hildreth Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity Introduction In this experiment, you ll determine the acceleration due to earth s gravitational force with three different
More informationSpring Force Constant Determination as a Learning Tool for Graphing and Modeling
NCSU PHYSICS 205 SECTION 11 LAB II 9 FEBRUARY 2002 Spring Force Constant Determination as a Learning Tool for Graphing and Modeling Newton, I. 1*, Galilei, G. 1, & Einstein, A. 1 (1. PY205_011 Group 4C;
More informationThe Viscosity of Fluids
Experiment #11 The Viscosity of Fluids References: 1. Your first year physics textbook. 2. D. Tabor, Gases, Liquids and Solids: and Other States of Matter (Cambridge Press, 1991). 3. J.R. Van Wazer et
More informationExperiment 9. The Pendulum
Experiment 9 The Pendulum 9.1 Objectives Investigate the functional dependence of the period (τ) 1 of a pendulum on its length (L), the mass of its bob (m), and the starting angle (θ 0 ). Use a pendulum
More informationSpectrophotometry and the Beer-Lambert Law: An Important Analytical Technique in Chemistry
Spectrophotometry and the Beer-Lambert Law: An Important Analytical Technique in Chemistry Jon H. Hardesty, PhD and Bassam Attili, PhD Collin College Department of Chemistry Introduction: In the last lab
More informationAirways Resistance and Airflow through the Tracheobronchial Tree
Airways Resistance and Airflow through the Tracheobronchial Tree Lecturer: Sally Osborne, Ph.D. Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences Email: sosborne@interchange.ubc.ca Useful links: www.sallyosborne.com
More informationGeneral Physics Lab: Atwood s Machine
General Physics Lab: Atwood s Machine Introduction One may study Newton s second law using a device known as Atwood s machine, shown below. It consists of a pulley and two hanging masses. The difference
More informationPENDULUM PERIODS. First Last. Partners: student1, student2, and student3
PENDULUM PERIODS First Last Partners: student1, student2, and student3 Governor s School for Science and Technology 520 Butler Farm Road, Hampton, VA 23666 April 13, 2011 ABSTRACT The effect of amplitude,
More informationDetermination of g using a spring
INTRODUCTION UNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Level 1 Laboratory: Introduction Experiment Determination of g using a spring This experiment is designed to get you confident in using the quantitative
More informationBuoyant Force. Goals and Introduction
Buoyant Force Goals and Introduction When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. While the downward gravitational force, F g, still acts on the object, an object in a fluid is also
More information2 Spectrophotometry and the Analysis of Riboflavin
2 Spectrophotometry and the Analysis of Riboflavin Objectives: A) To become familiar with operating the Platereader; B) to learn how to use the Platereader in determining the absorption spectrum of a compound
More informationMATLAB AS A PROTOTYPING TOOL FOR HYDRONIC NETWORKS BALANCING
MATLAB AS A PROTOTYPING TOOL FOR HYDRONIC NETWORKS BALANCING J. Pekař, P. Trnka, V. Havlena* Abstract The objective of this note is to describe the prototyping stage of development of a system that is
More informationME 315 - Heat Transfer Laboratory. Experiment No. 7 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCED CONCENTRIC TUBE AND SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
ME 315 - Heat Transfer Laboratory Nomenclature Experiment No. 7 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCED CONCENTRIC TUBE AND SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS A heat exchange area, m 2 C max maximum specific heat rate, J/(s
More informationPhysics 3 Summer 1989 Lab 7 - Elasticity
Physics 3 Summer 1989 Lab 7 - Elasticity Theory All materials deform to some extent when subjected to a stress (a force per unit area). Elastic materials have internal forces which restore the size and
More informationCEE 370 Fall 2015. Laboratory #3 Open Channel Flow
CEE 70 Fall 015 Laboratory # Open Channel Flow Objective: The objective of this experiment is to measure the flow of fluid through open channels using a V-notch weir and a hydraulic jump. Introduction:
More informationThree Methods for Calculating the Buoyant Force Gleue: Physics
Three Methods for Calculating the Buoyant Force Gleue: Physics Name Hr. The Buoyant Force (F b ) is the apparent loss of weight for an object submerged in a fluid. For example if you have an object immersed
More informationCarbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture. Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Stephen Lucas 05/11/10
Carbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Stephen Lucas 05/11/10 Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture
More informationHead Loss in Pipe Flow ME 123: Mechanical Engineering Laboratory II: Fluids
Head Loss in Pipe Flow ME 123: Mechanical Engineering Laboratory II: Fluids Dr. J. M. Meyers Dr. D. G. Fletcher Dr. Y. Dubief 1. Introduction Last lab you investigated flow loss in a pipe due to the roughness
More informationPhysics 41, Winter 1998 Lab 1 - The Current Balance. Theory
Physics 41, Winter 1998 Lab 1 - The Current Balance Theory Consider a point at a perpendicular distance d from a long straight wire carrying a current I as shown in figure 1. If the wire is very long compared
More informationPressure -Temperature Relationship in Gases. Evaluation copy. Figure 1. 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Vernier computer interface
Pressure -Temperature Relationship in Gases Computer 7 Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant motion and exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container. The velocity and
More informationExperiment #9, Magnetic Forces Using the Current Balance
Physics 182 - Fall 2014 - Experiment #9 1 Experiment #9, Magnetic Forces Using the Current Balance 1 Purpose 1. To demonstrate and measure the magnetic forces between current carrying wires. 2. To verify
More informationSample lab procedure and report. The Simple Pendulum
Sample lab procedure and report The Simple Pendulum In this laboratory, you will investigate the effects of a few different physical variables on the period of a simple pendulum. The variables we consider
More informationUsing a Pendulum to Measure Gravity s Acceleration Elizabeth B. Chesick
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON FILE Revised Edition 6.33-1 Using a Pendulum to Measure Gravity s Acceleration Elizabeth B. Chesick Topic Motion of a pendulum; gravity Time 1 2 hour! Safety Please click on the
More informationAP Physics 1. Calculating the value of Pi Example 2015 2016 1 2
AP Physics 1 Kevin J. Kukla 201 2016 1 AP Physics 1 Lab Journal Guidelines Calculating the value of Pi Example 201 2016 1 2 Lab Journal Guidelines (I) Purpose of Lab Lab Question: The purpose of this lab
More informationACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
EXPERIMENT 1 PHYSICS 107 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY Skills you will learn or practice: Calculate velocity and acceleration from experimental measurements of x vs t (spark positions) Find average velocities
More informationExperiment #1, Analyze Data using Excel, Calculator and Graphs.
Physics 182 - Fall 2014 - Experiment #1 1 Experiment #1, Analyze Data using Excel, Calculator and Graphs. 1 Purpose (5 Points, Including Title. Points apply to your lab report.) Before we start measuring
More informationNotes on Polymer Rheology Outline
1 Why is rheology important? Examples of its importance Summary of important variables Description of the flow equations Flow regimes - laminar vs. turbulent - Reynolds number - definition of viscosity
More informationActivity P13: Buoyant Force (Force Sensor)
July 21 Buoyant Force 1 Activity P13: Buoyant Force (Force Sensor) Concept DataStudio ScienceWorkshop (Mac) ScienceWorkshop (Win) Archimedes Principle P13 Buoyant Force.DS P18 Buoyant Force P18_BUOY.SWS
More informationExperiment # 3: Pipe Flow
ME 05 Mechanical Engineering Lab Page ME 05 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Spring Quarter 00 Experiment # 3: Pipe Flow Objectives: a) Calibrate a pressure transducer and two different flowmeters (paddlewheel
More informationMETHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF GRANULAR SOILS
Laboratory Testing Manual Date: 99 06 21 Page 1 of 7 METHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF GRANULAR SOILS 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability
More informationChemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to explore the relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of water. determine the molar
More informationGENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 5 THE SPRING CONSTANT
GENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 5 THE SPRING CONSTANT Objective: To determine the spring constant of a spiral spring Apparatus: Pendulum clamp, aluminum pole, large clamp, assorted masses,
More informationDetermination of Acceleration due to Gravity
Experiment 2 24 Kuwait University Physics 105 Physics Department Determination of Acceleration due to Gravity Introduction In this experiment the acceleration due to gravity (g) is determined using two
More informationEXPERIMENT 11 UV/VIS Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Potassium Permanganate Solutions.
EXPERIMENT 11 UV/VIS Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Potassium Permanganate Solutions. Outcomes After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: 1. Prepare
More informationFall 2004 Ali Shakouri
University of California at Santa Cruz Jack Baskin School of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department EE-145L: Properties of Materials Laboratory Lab 5b: Temperature Dependence of Semiconductor Conductivity
More information99.37, 99.38, 99.38, 99.39, 99.39, 99.39, 99.39, 99.40, 99.41, 99.42 cm
Error Analysis and the Gaussian Distribution In experimental science theory lives or dies based on the results of experimental evidence and thus the analysis of this evidence is a critical part of the
More informationThe Precharge Calculator
5116 Bissonnet #341, Bellaire, TX 77401 Telephone and Fax: (713) 663-6361 www.mcadamsengineering.com The Precharge Calculator Purpose: The Precharge Calculator by Interlink Systems, Inc. is a Windows based
More informationFLUID FLOW Introduction General Description
FLUID FLOW Introduction Fluid flow is an important part of many processes, including transporting materials from one point to another, mixing of materials, and chemical reactions. In this experiment, you
More informationLab 8: Ballistic Pendulum
Lab 8: Ballistic Pendulum Equipment: Ballistic pendulum apparatus, 2 meter ruler, 30 cm ruler, blank paper, carbon paper, masking tape, scale. Caution In this experiment a steel ball is projected horizontally
More informationSwissmetro travels at high speeds through a tunnel at low pressure. It will therefore undergo friction that can be due to:
I. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT. Swissmetro travels at high speeds through a tunnel at low pressure. It will therefore undergo friction that can be due to: 1) Viscosity of gas (cf. "Viscosity of gas" experiment)
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Computer 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationPhysics 42 Lab 4 Fall 2012 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Physics 42 Lab 4 Fall 202 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) PRE-LAB Read the background information in the lab below and then derive this formula for the deflection. D = LPV defl 2 SV accel () Redraw the diagram
More informationScience Project. Ideal Trajectory of Air Pump Rockets
Science Project Ideal Trajectory of Air Pump Rockets Physics Lopez Island High School March 3, 2014 Fletcher Moore Abstract This experiment uses model air rockets to test the ideal trajectory a rocket
More informationObjectives. Experimentally determine the yield strength, tensile strength, and modules of elasticity and ductility of given materials.
Lab 3 Tension Test Objectives Concepts Background Experimental Procedure Report Requirements Discussion Objectives Experimentally determine the yield strength, tensile strength, and modules of elasticity
More informationExperiment #4 Sugar in Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices. Laboratory Overview CHEM 1361. August 2010
Experiment #4 Sugar in Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices Laboratory Overview CHEM 1361 August 2010 Gary S. Buckley, Ph.D. Department of Physical Sciences Cameron University Learning Objectives Relate density
More informationVAPOR PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. This laboratory covers material presented in section 11.8 of the 9 th Ed. of the Chang text.
VAPOR PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE Objectives: (1) Observe and measure the change in the vapor pressure (dependent variable) as a function of temperature (independent variable). (2) Analyze the
More information17. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION II
17. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION II The Model In linear regression analysis, we assume that the relationship between X and Y is linear. This does not mean, however, that Y can be perfectly predicted from X.
More informationLAB IV. SILICON DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
LAB IV. SILICON DIODE CHARACTERISTICS 1. OBJECTIVE In this lab you are to measure I-V characteristics of rectifier and Zener diodes in both forward and reverse-bias mode, as well as learn to recognize
More informationPLOTTING DATA AND INTERPRETING GRAPHS
PLOTTING DATA AND INTERPRETING GRAPHS Fundamentals of Graphing One of the most important sets of skills in science and mathematics is the ability to construct graphs and to interpret the information they
More informationPOWDER PROPERTIES LABORATORY
Ground Rules POWDER PROPERTIES LABORATORY You will work as a team of no more than 6 students. At the end of this laboratory session each team will turn in a single report. The report will be reviewed,
More informationActivity P13: Buoyant Force (Force Sensor)
Activity P13: Buoyant Force (Force Sensor) Equipment Needed Qty Equipment Needed Qty Economy Force Sensor (CI-6746) 1 Mass and Hanger Set (ME-9348) 1 Base and Support Rod (ME-9355) 1 Ruler, metric 1 Beaker,
More informationCurve Fitting, Loglog Plots, and Semilog Plots 1
Curve Fitting, Loglog Plots, and Semilog Plots 1 In this MATLAB exercise, you will learn how to plot data and how to fit lines to your data. Suppose you are measuring the height h of a seedling as it grows.
More informationSIZE OF A MOLECULE FROM A VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
Experiment 8, page 1 Version of April 25, 216 Experiment 446.8 SIZE OF A MOLECULE FROM A VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT Theory Viscous Flow. Fluids attempt to minimize flow gradients by exerting a frictional force,
More informationOne- and Two-dimensional Motion
PHYS-101 LAB-02 One- and Two-dimensional Motion 1. Objective The objectives of this experiment are: to measure the acceleration of gravity using one-dimensional motion to demonstrate the independence of
More informationUpon completion of this lab, the student will be able to:
1 Learning Outcomes EXPERIMENT B4: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Upon completion of this lab, the student will be able to: 1) Analyze the absorbance spectrum of a sample. 2) Calculate the equilibrium constant for
More informationNuclear Physics Lab I: Geiger-Müller Counter and Nuclear Counting Statistics
Nuclear Physics Lab I: Geiger-Müller Counter and Nuclear Counting Statistics PART I Geiger Tube: Optimal Operating Voltage and Resolving Time Objective: To become acquainted with the operation and characteristics
More informationChapter 10. Key Ideas Correlation, Correlation Coefficient (r),
Chapter 0 Key Ideas Correlation, Correlation Coefficient (r), Section 0-: Overview We have already explored the basics of describing single variable data sets. However, when two quantitative variables
More informationConfidence Intervals for One Standard Deviation Using Standard Deviation
Chapter 640 Confidence Intervals for One Standard Deviation Using Standard Deviation Introduction This routine calculates the sample size necessary to achieve a specified interval width or distance from
More informationMeasurement and Calibration
Adapted from: H. A. Neidig and J. N. Spencer Modular Laboratory Program in Chemistry Thompson Learning;, University of Pittsburgh Chemistry 0110 Laboratory Manual, 1998. Purpose To gain an understanding
More informationTo learn the proper method for conducting and analyzing a laboratory experiment. To determine the value of pi.
Name Date Regents Physics Lab #3R Period Mrs. Nadworny Partners: (1 pt) Circumference vs. Diameter Due Date Purpose To learn the proper method for conducting and analyzing a laboratory experiment. To determine
More informationHydraulics Laboratory Experiment Report
Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment Report Name: Ahmed Essam Mansour Section: "1", Monday 2-5 pm Title: Flow in open channel Date: 13 November-2006 Objectives: Calculate the Chezy and Manning coefficients
More informationOsmosis. Evaluation copy
Osmosis Computer 5 In order to survive, all organisms need to move molecules in and out of their cells. Molecules such as gases (e.g., O 2, CO 2 ), water, food, and wastes pass across the cell membrane.
More informationTHE LABORATORY NOTEBOOK
THE LABORATORY NOTEBOOK In scientific work keeping a permanent record of all raw data, observations, calculations, et cetera obtained during an experiment is important. Therefore, a student must become
More informationAP Physics C. Oscillations/SHM Review Packet
AP Physics C Oscillations/SHM Review Packet 1. A 0.5 kg mass on a spring has a displacement as a function of time given by the equation x(t) = 0.8Cos(πt). Find the following: a. The time for one complete
More informationRotational Motion: Moment of Inertia
Experiment 8 Rotational Motion: Moment of Inertia 8.1 Objectives Familiarize yourself with the concept of moment of inertia, I, which plays the same role in the description of the rotation of a rigid body
More informationVISCOSITY OF A LIQUID. To determine the viscosity of a lubricating oil. Time permitting, the temperature variation of viscosity can also be studied.
VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID August 19, 004 OBJECTIVE: EQUIPMENT: To determine the viscosity of a lubricating oil. Time permitting, the temperature variation of viscosity can also be studied. Viscosity apparatus
More informationAcid Dissociation Constants and the Titration of a Weak Acid
Acid Dissociation Constants and the Titration of a Weak Acid One of the most important applications of equilibria is the chemistry of acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory defines an acid
More informationE/M Experiment: Electrons in a Magnetic Field.
E/M Experiment: Electrons in a Magnetic Field. PRE-LAB You will be doing this experiment before we cover the relevant material in class. But there are only two fundamental concepts that you need to understand.
More informationMTH 140 Statistics Videos
MTH 140 Statistics Videos Chapter 1 Picturing Distributions with Graphs Individuals and Variables Categorical Variables: Pie Charts and Bar Graphs Categorical Variables: Pie Charts and Bar Graphs Quantitative
More informationVaporization of Liquid Nitrogen
Vaporization of Liquid Nitrogen Goals and Introduction As a system exchanges thermal energy with its surroundings, the temperature of the system will usually increase or decrease, depending on the direction
More informationPhysical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water
Physical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water The chemical and physical properties of a substance characterize it as a unique substance, and the determination of these properties can often allow one to
More informationSimple Harmonic Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion 1 Object To determine the period of motion of objects that are executing simple harmonic motion and to check the theoretical prediction of such periods. 2 Apparatus Assorted weights
More informationLaboratory Report Scoring and Cover Sheet
Laboratory Report Scoring and Cover Sheet Title of Lab _Newton s Laws Course and Lab Section Number: PHY 1103-100 Date _23 Sept 2014 Principle Investigator _Thomas Edison Co-Investigator _Nikola Tesla
More informationThe Bending Strength of Pasta
The Bending Strength of Pasta 1.105 Lab #1 Louis L. Bucciarelli 9 September, 2003 Lab Partners: [Name1] [Name2] Data File: Tgroup3.txt On the cover page, include your name, the names of your lab partners,
More informationBarbie Bungee Jump Lab
Cyriax, Pereira, Ritota 1 Georgia Cyriax, Sophia Pereira, and Michelle Ritota Mrs. Rakowski Honors Physics: Period 3 11 March 2014 Purpose: Barbie Bungee Jump Lab The purpose is to design a bungee jump
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationPART I SIEVE ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL RETAINED ON THE 425 M (NO. 40) SIEVE
Test Procedure for PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS TxDOT Designation: Tex-110-E Effective Date: August 1999 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method covers the quantitative determination of the distribution of particle
More informationPhysics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle
Physics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle 1 Purpose 1. To determine the density of a fluid, such as water, by measurement of its mass when
More informationIntroduction to Solid Modeling Using SolidWorks 2012 SolidWorks Simulation Tutorial Page 1
Introduction to Solid Modeling Using SolidWorks 2012 SolidWorks Simulation Tutorial Page 1 In this tutorial, we will use the SolidWorks Simulation finite element analysis (FEA) program to analyze the response
More informationExperiment 9 Electrochemistry I Galvanic Cell
9-1 Experiment 9 Electrochemistry I Galvanic Cell Introduction: Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another are called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
More information