A History of Knowledge
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1 A History of Knowledge Oldest Knowledge What the Sumerians knew What the Babylonians knew What the Hittites knew What the Persians knew What the Egyptians knew What the Indians knew What the Chinese knew What the Greeks knew What the Phoenicians knew What the Romans knew What the Barbarians knew What the Jews knew What the Christians knew Tang & Sung China What the Japanese knew What the Muslims knew The Middle Ages Ming & Manchu China The Renaissance The Industrial Age The Victorian Age The Modern World 1
2 What the Romans knew Piero Scaruffi 2004 "We declare, proclaim and define that subjection to the Roman authority is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature" (Pope Boniface, 1302) 2
3 What the Romans knew Bibliography Henri Sierlin: The Roman Empire (2002 David Abulafia: The Mediterranean in History (2003) Duby & Perrot: A History of Women in the West vol 1 (1992) John Norwich: A short history of Byzantium (1995) Kevin Butcher: Roman Syria (2003) Tomlinson: Greek And Roman Architecture (1995) Giovanni Becatti: The Art of Ancient Greece and Rome (1968) Marvin Tameanko: Monumental Coins (1999) 3 Will Durant: Caesar and Christ (1944)
4 The Villanovans 1000 BC: Iron civilization lives in northern Italy, probably not Indo-European Cremation of the dead, and urns for ashes 1000 BC: Indo-Europeans invade northern Italy 4
5 The Etruscans 850 BC: Middle-eastern people (Villanovans?) settle intuscany 750 BC: first Etruscan inscriptions Only one manuscript survives Not Indo-European Confederation of city states Elevated status of women Cremation and house-like urns (9th-8th c) Monumental cemeteries modeled after cities (8th on): Cerveteri (7th c - 4th c), Tarquinia (150 painted tombs 550BC-450BC) 5
6 The Etruscans 6th c: Etruscan expansion in the Po Valley (Celts) 540 BC: Naval battle of the Sardinian Sea (Greeks of Massalia/Marseilles against Etruscans and Carthage) 474 BC: Syracuse defeats the Etruscans at Cumae 283 BC: Rome conquers all of Etruria 6
7 The Etruscans Cerveteri 7
8 The Etruscans Norchia Riva di Puglia 8
9 Etruria: the Middle-eastern influence Hut-shaped funerary Urn (9th c BC, Tarquinia Museum) Gold bracelets (7th c BC, Vatican Museum) 9
10 What the Etruscans knew Sculpture: Apollo of Veii (500 BC) Marte di Todi (380 BC) (Musei Vaticani, Roma) 10 (Villa Giulia, Roma)
11 What the Etruscans knew Importance of women Public life of Etruscan women scandalizes the Greeks (Villa Giulia, Roma) Sacrophagus from Vulci 11330BC (Boston Museum of Fine Arts)
12 What the Etruscans knew Sex Most Greek vases with explicit sex scenes were found in Etruria Sex scenes common on Etruscan funerary monuments Sarcophagus of 330 BC (Boston) Tarquinia: Tomb of the Bulls 12
13 What the Etruscans knew Gold: Fibula (from Palestrina s Bernardini tomb, 660 BC) 13
14 What the Etruscans knew Painting: Tomb of the Leopards (Tarquinia, 480 BC) Tomb of the Baron (Tarquinia, 510 BC) 14
15 Painting: Tomb of the Augurs (Tarquinia, 480 BC) Tomb of the Augurs 15
16 What the Etruscans knew Alphabet Etruscan was written from right to left Latin (like Greek) was written left-to-right 16
17 What the Etruscans knew Alphabet (Metropolitan museum, BC) 17
18 The Roman Republic 753 BC: Roma (Rome) is founded by Romulus 616 BC: Tarquinius I becomes an Etruscan king of Rome 600 BC: the Forum is built 600 BC: oldest Latin inscriptions 509 BC: the last king is expelled: republic 18
19 The Roman Empire Ethnic groups of 5th c BC Europe 19
20 The Roman Republic 450 BC: the Twelve Tables of the Roman law 390 BC: the Gauls/Celts sack Rome 326 BC: the Circus Maximus opens 312 BC: the Via Appia is opened 295 BC: Rome defeats the Celts of northern Italy 275 BC: Rome conquers southern Italy (Greek colonies) 202 BC: Scipio defeats Carthage and Rome annexes Spain 146 BC: Rome conquers Greece at the battle of Corinth 20
21 The Roman Republic 21
22 The Roman Republic 64 BC: Syria becomes a Roman province (end of Seleucid empire) 63 BC: Pompeus captures Jerusalem and annexes Palestine 53 BC: the first war against Persia (Parthia) 49 BC: Julius Caesar becomes dictator 47 BC: Caesar invades Egypt and appoints Cleopatra queen 44 BC: Caesar is killed 31 BC: Octavianus (Augustus) becomes the first emperor 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 22
23 The Roman Empire Julius Caesar Raided 800 cities Killed one million people Took prisoner one million more 23
24 Map of Roman Empire 24
25 The Roman Empire 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is inaugurated 1st c AD: Hippalos in Greece discovers the Arab secret of sailing in the monsoon regions (increase in voyages to India) 116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital 25
26 The Roman Empire 26
27 The Roman Empire AD four empires in Eurasia: Han (Buddhist and Taoist) Roman (Christian) Parthian (Zoroastrian) Kushan (Buddhist) 27
28 The Roman empire 28
29 Ancient Roma 29
30 The Roman Empire 136: emperor Hadrian definitely crushes a Jewish rebellion, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship to all free people who live in the Roman Empire 250: Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 284: Diocletian becomes emperor ruling from Nicomedia (Thrace) 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 330: Constantine rebuilds Byzantium and renames it Constantinopolis 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") is declared emperor by his German troops 30
31 The Roman empire 31
32 Ancient Roma The Palatino 32
33 Ancient Roma 33
34 The Roman Empire 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires (Milan and Constantinople) 34
35 The Roman empire on the last year before it was split in two Map of 395 The Roman Empire 35
36 The Roman Empire 402: the western empire moves its capital to Ravenna 410: the Visigoths sack Rome 450: Marcian is the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Rome 476: Odoacer, a mercenary leader of the Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, deposes the western Roman emperor and thereby terminates the western Roman empire 36
37 37
38 The Roman Empire 529: Eastern Roman emperor Justinian shuts down the Academia of Plato 533: Justinian's code of law ("Corpus Juri Civilis") 534: Justinian's general Belisarius destroys the Vandals and reconquers southern Spain and northern Africa 540: Belisarius reconquers Italy 600: Constantinople (Byzantium) has 500,000 inhabitants 602: the Persians (Sassanids) attack the eastern Roman empire in Asia Minor 627: the Sassanids are defeated 636: the Arabs invade the southern provinces 800: Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned emperor by Pope Leo III and founds the Holy Roman Empire 38
39 Roman empire
40 The Roman Empire 509BC-264 BC: Roman republic 264BC-49BC: Phoenician and Greek annexions 49BC-313: Roman Empire : Christian Rome : Barbarian invasions : Byzantine expansion : Persian wars : Arab wars : Seljuk wars : Crusades : Latin empire : Greek empire 40
41 What the Romans knew Continues on Part II 41
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