Julius Caesar Commentary provides a comprehensive description of every act with explanations and translations for all important quotes.

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1 Julius Caesar Commentary provides a comprehensive description of every act with explanations and translations for all important quotes. Act I. Scene I. - Rome. A Street. Flavius: "Who else would soar above the view of men / And keep us all in servile fearfulness." Two Tribunes, Marullus and Flavius scold Roman citizens for worshipping Caesar almost blindly. Their conversation reveals deep-seated fears that Caesar is growing too powerful, too arrogant and must be stopped. Hoping to reduce the blind worship of Caesar by Roman citizens, the two men remove scarves off Caesar's images or statues despite the obvious danger... The date by history is 44 BC. Again by historical record we know that Caesar has just returned from his victory in the land we now call Spain against the sons of Pompey the Great, an enemy Caesar has already killed. The play begins with two tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, questioning why several tradesmen are not about their work, but instead appear to be idle. The First Commoner, a carpenter by trade, answers the two tribunes politely as to his trade, but the Second Commoner, a cobbler, angers Marullus with his cryptic replies to Marullus' straightforward questioning (Lines 12-35). Flavius being more patient, eventually learns that the tradesman are idle (not busy about their work) because they have chosen to take a holiday "to see Caesar and to rejoice in his triumph" (Line 34). Marullus now sums up the fear other tribunes and officials like himself are having of Caesar's growing popularity. He asks why the people of Rome should be rejoicing, asking, "What conquest brings he home? What tributaries follow him to Rome / To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?" (Lines 35-37). Marullus now asks why the people of Rome have so quickly forgotten Pompey, remarking on how so many a time, these very same citizens would climb walls, their infants in their arms, waiting to hear this great man speak. Marullus then recalls how Roman citizens would roar their approval so loudly of Pompey, that the "Tiber [a river inside Rome] trembled underneath her banks," (Line 49) and yet these same people now come out in their best attire or best clothes to "strew flowers" in the way of the man who killed Pompey, Julius Caesar (Lines 52-54). Marullus says such people should be gone and that these cruel Romans should "Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, / Pray to the gods to intermit the plague / That needs must light on this ingratitude" (Lines 57-59).

2 Flavius echoes Marullus's sentiments, telling these same countrymen to "Assemble all the poor men of your sort;" (Line 61) to the banks of the river Tiber where they can weep their tears into the channel of this river "till the lowest stream / Do kiss the most exalted shores of all" (Lines 63-64). Seemingly convinced, the commoners now depart, leaving Marullus and Flavius to talk further. Flavius comments on how the commoners have vanished "tongue-tied in their guiltiness" (Line 66) and now he suggests that both he and Marullus should head their separate ways where they will both, "Disrobe the images" (remove ceremonial decorations from Caesar statues), (Line 68) should they find them "deck'd with ceremonies" (covered in celebration of Caesar's triumph in Spain), (Line 69). Marullus has his doubts. Is it a wise to take down decorations when it is the Feast of Lupercal (an ancient Roman day of celebration), he asks? Flavius is certain it must be done, telling Marullus, "let no images / Be hung with Caesar's trophies" (Line 72). Flavius "will drive away the vulgar from the streets:" as should his friend (Line 74). Flavius now explains his reasons for disrobing the ceremonial images... Flavius: "These growing feathers pluck'd [removed] from Caesar's wing / Will make him fly an ordinary pitch [stop him from flying too high], / Who else would soar above the view of men / And keep us all in servile fearfulness" (Lines 76-End of Scene). If men like Flavius do not clip Caesar's ambitions quickly, he may rise so high that they may never be able to stop him and instead of stopping Caesar, they will instead become his servants... Act I. Scene II. - The Same. A Public Place. The Soothsayer: "Beware the ides of March." Caesar leads a procession through the streets of Rome. A Soothsayer or fortuneteller tells Caesar to beware the "ides of March" a warning that Caesar will die on this day. It is ignored. Cassius starts to recruit Brutus towards a conspiracy by implying that Caesar is becoming too powerful... Brutus is suspicious but tells Cassius that he will think it over... Casca reveals information to Brutus that suggests Caesar may be getting more ambitious... Accompanied to the sounds of music, Caesar and his train now appear. Caesar's train is extensive, numbering his close friend Mark Antony, his wife Calphurnia, Brutus' wife Portia, Decius Brutus (not to be confused with Marcus Brutus, known as Brutus), Cicero, Brutus, Cassius and Casca. A large crowd follows Caesar, among them a Soothsayer (Fortune teller).

3 Caesar now commands his wife Calphurnia to stand in Mark Antony's way and he instructs Mark Antony who is soon to become a holy runner for running in the race of Lupercal, "To touch Calphurnia;" (Line 6). Like many of his time, Caesar, believed that "The barren [Calphurnia, his wife], touched in this holy chase," [touched by Mark Antony who will be running in the race of Lupercal] will be able to shake off her "sterile curse" (Calphurnia's sterility), (Line 8). A Soothsayer calls out Caesar's name, and the crowd, once noisy, is made silent at Casca's demand on Caesar's behalf (Lines 12-16). Caesar turns to hear this voice "shriller than all the music," (Line 16), and this same Soothsayer tells Caesar to "Beware the ides of March [the 15th of March]" (Line 18). These prophetic words are now immediately dismissed by Casca as the words of a "dreamer;" and the procession continues along its way (Line 25). With the rest of the procession continuing along its way, Brutus and Cassius are left alone to ponder the day's events... When Cassius asks Brutus (full name Marcus Brutus), "Will you go see the order of the course?" (will you see the rest of the procession), (Line 25), we learn that Brutus will not and we see the first hints that all may not be well between Caesar and his good friend Brutus... Cassius, intrigued, urges his friend to do so, but Brutus politely explains that he lacks in some part "that quick spirit that is in Antony" (Line 29). He tells Cassius that he does not want to hinder Cassius' desires and prepares to leave Cassius (Lines 29-31). Cassius, however is not so quickly dismissed, and wants to know more from his good friend Brutus... Cassius now begins to probe Brutus as to where his loyalties truly lie. He notes that he has not seen from Brutus' eyes,"that gentleness / And show of love as I was wont to have:" (Line 33). Instead Cassius sees that Brutus now bears "too stubborn and too strange a hand / Over your friend [Cassius] that loves you" (Line 35). Brutus tries to downplay his change of character to Cassius... Brutus :"Cassius, / Be not deceiv'd: if I have veiled my look, I turn the trouble of my countenance / Merely upon myself" (Line 36). Brutus tells Cassius that he has been troubled lately "with passions of some difference," (Line 40). Cassius however should not be overly concerned. He still loves his friends of which he counts Cassius as one.

4 Cassius now concedes that he must have misinterpreted Brutus' behavior and now Cassius asks Brutus "can you see your face?" (Line 51). Brutus replies no, since an eye cannot see itself. Cassius now agrees, adding that this is a shame for it prevents Brutus from seeing his own worthiness, this being so great that Cassius explains that Brutus' virtue is exceeded only by "immortal Caesar,-" himself (Line 60). Brutus is now very skeptical, asking Cassius, "Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius / That you would have me seek into myself / For that which is not in me?" (into what dangers or for what reasons Cassius are you trying to make me seek out what is not in my nature?), (Line 63). Cassius interrupted now by shouting, returns to his conversation with Brutus, Brutus telling Cassius that, "I do fear the people / Choose Caesar for their king" (Line 79). Seizing his chance, Cassius now asks Brutus whether he would fear this and crucially that he must think Brutus would prefer this not to happen (Line 80). Now Brutus in his first major speech explains to Cassius that yes he would prefer Caesar not to be made king and yes, he does love Caesar well, but to what end is Cassius holding him and to tell him what information? Brutus now adds in a major insight into his character that if it is for the common good, he is supportive, for as Brutus explains, "I love / The name of honour more than I fear death" (Line 89). Cassius now replies that yes, he knows this virtue to be within Brutus and now Cassius starts to say more, describing his subject as one dealing with honor. Cassius explains that, "I was born free as Caesar; so were you:", they have both been fed as well and they both can "Endure the winter's cold as well as he:" (Lines 96-99). Cassius now explains how once both he and Caesar crossed "The troubled Tiber [a river within Rome] chafing [crashing / beating] with her shores" (Line 101), where Caesar himself begged for Cassius' help in their crossing. Yet now this man, who once was so frail and vulnerable, is now a god? (Line 116). Cassius also adds that this "god," was sick with fever in Spain, acting more like "a sick girl" than a so-called "god," (Line 128). Cassius continues his criticism of Caesar, adding amidst the odd shouts of the procession, that Caesar has become "Like a Collosus; and we petty men / Walk under his huge legs, and peep about / To find ourselves dishonorable graves" (Lines ). Famously Cassius finishes his Caesar attack by famously remarking that this problem is of their own doing...

5 Cassius: "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, / But in ourselves, that we are underlings" (the fault dear Brutus lies not in our stars or our fate or destiny but in ourselves that we have become underlings or subordinates to Caesar), (Line 139). Cassius now asks how the name Caesar is any better than Brutus and wonders aloud as to exactly when Rome lost her breed of "noble bloods!" (Line 150) and how suddenly a city the size of Rome could ever become so small as to only have room enough for "one man?" (Caesar). Cassius closes for the kill, adding that "There was a Brutus once that would have brook'd [fought / challenged] / Th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome / As easily as a king" (Line 157). Brutus replies that he is touched that Cassius sees him as an honorable man and he decides to think over what Cassius has said and will meet Cassius again to discuss such matters. For now, Brutus will leave Cassius with this one thought... Brutus: "Brutus had rather be a villager / Than to repute [call] himself a son of Rome / Under these hard conditions as this time / Is like to lay upon us" (Line 171). Cassius now is pleased that his concerns have been so well received by Brutus and seeing Caesar and his procession arrive again, tells Brutus to tug Casca's sleeve to learn more of note from the days proceedings. Caesar returns and speaks with Brutus noting that "Cassius has a lean and hungry look; / He thinks too much: such men are dangerous" (Line 193). This is important, since it shows that even Caesar has reason to fear Cassius. Interestingly, Brutus assures his friend Caesar that this is not the case and once Caesar and company have once again departed, Brutus learns more from Casca. Specifically, Brutus learns that Mark Antony offered Julius Caesar what appeared to be a crown: "'twas [it was] one of these coronets;" (Line 235). This was offered to Caesar three times and each time Mark Antony presented it, Caesar would refuse to wear it. The first time Caesar was offered the crown, he refused it, but in Casca's opinion "he would fain have had it" (Line 241). The second time Caesar was offered the crown, "he was very loath [reluctant] to lay his fingers off it" and the third time, Caesar refused the crown, it was despite the obvious approval of the masses who clapped and shouted and "uttered such a deal of stinking breath because Caesar refused the crown, that it had almost choked Caesar;" (Lines ) for Caesar then "swounded and fell down at it [the crown]:" (Line 249). Casca reports that Caesar also appeared to be suffering from "the falling-sickness" (Line 257). Now Casca adds that Caesar briefly appeared to lose coherence, such that when he thought that the crowds were glad that he refused the crown, "he plucked me ope his doublet and offered them his throat to cut" a sure sign that Caesar must want power (Line 265).

6 Later, when Caesar regained his composure, he told Casca to write off his actions to the people as infirmity. Caesar also spoke Greek, from which we derive the expression "it was Greek to me" from Casca when he is questioned by Brutus as to what Caesar said (Line 287). Casca also reports that Marullus and Flavius, the two tribunes introduced at the beginning of the play were "put to silence [executed]" for "pulling scarfs off Caesar's images," further proof that Caesar could be becoming more ambitious (Line 291). This almost vain action and Caesar's reluctance not to be crowned, fuel Casca's and Cassius' growing fear of Caesar... With Brutus still in attendance, Cassius now makes plans to meet with Casca tomorrow, which Casca agrees to, providing, as he says, he is still alive and Brutus also makes plans to speak tomorrow with Cassius as well (Lines ). Now alone, Cassius explains his need of Brutus; Brutus is noble and his good name will do much to legitimize and further their cause (Lines ). Act I. Scene III. - The Same. A Street. Cassius: "I have mov'd already / Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans / To undergo with me an enterprise / Of honourable-dangerous consequence;" (Caesar's assassination). Cassius recruits a suspicious Casca to their cause against Caesar by pointing out that several strange occurrences are omens warning them against Caesar... Cassius has Cinna place some forged letters where Brutus will find them since these should further convince Brutus to join their conspiracy. Cinna reveals that Brutus' good name will be an asset to their conspiracy... To the sounds of thunder and lightning, Cicero appears, wondering why Casca should be so breathless and is staring at him so much... Casca now explains why, describing "scolding winds", an "ambitious ocean swell " with "rage and foam," and "threat'ning clouds:" (Line 8), all suggesting in Cassius' words either "civil strife in heaven," (Line 11), "Or else the world, too saucy [unfavored] with the gods, / Incenses [angers] them to send destruction" this suggesting that Caesar's actions are causing strife in nature, a widely held belief at the time to be proof that something must be wrong. Cicero now asks if Casca saw anything, a little more convincing or "more wonderful?" (Line 14) as Cicero tactfully but skeptically puts it. Casca does not disappoint, and explains to Cicero how he saw a slave well known to Cicero, light fire from his hand without his hand being burnt, and that he saw a lion by the "Capitol" which merely glared at him with mild disdain and then "went surly by," (Line 21) without even bothering to attack Casca...

7 Casca continues but Cicero is a man of wisdom. He remarks that "men may construe [interpret] things after their fashion, [to their own ends] / Clean from the purpose of the things themselves" (men can construe or see things they way they wish which may be completely different from the reason or purpose of the things themselves / people can see what it is in their interests to see), (Line 35). Cicero asks whether Caesar will come by the "Capitol" tomorrow and learning this, Cicero and Casca head their separate ways... Casca now meets Cassius and announces himself to a suspicious Cassius patriotically as "A Roman" (Line 42). Casca recalls again the most unnatural things he has seen... Cassius not impressed that Casca cannot see the obvious tells Casca that he is "dull, [not smart]" (Line 57). Is it not obvious that the true cause of these most unnatural occurrences is "That heaven hath infus'd them with these spirits / To make them instruments of fear and warning / Unto some monstrous state" (heaven has infused nature with spirits to make these unnatural events serve as a warning to us that something monstrous might soon happen), (Lines 69-71). Cassius now explains that he can "name to thee a man [Caesar] / Most like this dreadful night, / That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars / As doth [does] the lion in the Capitol, / A man no mightier than thyself [you] or me" and as fearful as these unnatural occurrences are (Lines 72-78). Casca now asks if Cassius means Caesar and realizing this to be the case, Casca mentions that "they say the senators to-morrow / Mean [intend] to establish Caesar as king; / And he shall wear his crown by sea and land, / In every place, save here in Italy" (Line 85). Cassius declares that he will wear his dagger then (Line 89) and Cassius' conviction convinces Casca that he too must act against Caesar for "every bondman in his own hands bears / The power to cancel [stop] his captivity" (Line 100). Cassius further fuels the hatred of Caesar, remarking that Caesar would not be a wolf but for the fact that he knows the Romans to be sheep (Line 104). With Casca now an ally, Cassius explains to him that "I have mov'd [moved] already / Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans / To undergo with me an enterprise / Of honourabledangerous consequence;" (Caesar's assassination), (Lines ). Cinna now arrives and repeats the great value Brutus would represent to their conspiracy, were he to join them. Cassius tells Cinna not to worry, but instead to take a paper given to him by Cassius and to "look you lay it in the praetor's chair, / Where Brutus may but find it; and throw this / In at his window; set this up with wax / Upon old Brutus' statue:" (Lines ).

8 This task completed, Cinna is to meet up with Cassius at "Pompey's porch," where Decius Brutus (not to be confused with Marcus Brutus known as Brutus), and Trebonius will also be present. With Cinna now departed, Cassius brings Casca up to speed with current events; both he and Casca will see Brutus at his house, Cassius adding that "three parts of him [Brutus] / Is ours already, and the man entire / Upon the next encounter yields [gives] him ours [to us] " (Line 154). Realizing that it is now past midnight, Cassius and Casca decide to head their separate ways, tomorrow they will awaken Brutus and be sure of his allegiance to them in their dangerous act... Act II. Scene I. - Rome. Brutus' Orchard. Brutus: "Shall Rome stand under one man's awe?" Brutus cannot sleep, revealing for the first time his own true fears that Caesar may be growing too powerful. A letter is discovered, which Brutus reads, convincing him to join the conspiracy. The complete group of conspirators meets at Brutus' house, discussing Caesar's assassination. Brutus argues against Caesar's right hand man, Mark Antony being killed as well. Cassius and Trebonius have their doubts but go along with Brutus. Brutus' wife Portia tries to find out what her husband is planning, worried for him... Brutus is having difficulty sleeping. Awaking, he calls out the name of Lucius, his servant and bids him to bring a taper (torch) to him in his study. Now alone, Brutus thinks about his greatest fears for Caesar as king... He has no personal grudge against Caesar, but Brutus is still very troubled; he knows that power can corrupt and absolute power can corrupt absolutely. Already Brutus is thinking of Caesar's death as not necessarily being a bad thing:. I know no personal cause to spurn [hurt / slight / attack] at him [Caesar], / But for the general [general good]. He would be crown'd: / How that might change his nature, there's the question: / It is the bright day that brings forth the adder [snake]; / And that craves wary walking [one then must be careful]. Crown him?-that! / And then, I grant, we put a sting in him, / That at his will he may do danger with. The abuse of greatness is when it disjoins [separates] / Remorse from power... (Lines 11-33) Lucius now reenters and announces that not only is the taper burning in Brutus' closet as desired (it is night), but that Lucius has also found a paper sealed up by the window (Lines 35-45). Opening it, the letter tells Brutus to awaken: "Brutus, thou sleep'st: awake and see thyself. Shall Rome, &c. Speak, strike, redress! Brutus, thou sleep'st: awake!" (Lines 45-48). Brutus remarks that often such "instigations" have been placed where he would find them and he ponders the letters' contents thinking that yes he will stop Caesar. "Shall Rome stand under one

9 man's awe?" Brutus asks (Line 52) and Brutus remembers his ancestors who drove out the Tarquin "when he was call'd [called] a king" (Line 54). Brutus will now act: "If the redress will follow, thou receiv'st / Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus!" (Line 57). Lucius now returns, announcing that fourteen days of March have been wasted, it is the 14th of March just one day before "the ides of March" the day the Soothsayer warned Caesar about... Brutus now hears knocking telling his servant to attend to it. Alone again, Brutus remembers that he has not slept well since Cassius first warned him of Caesar (Lines 61). Lucius reappears, announcing several men at Brutus' door and Brutus lets in men he knows are part of a conspiracy (Lines 69-84). Interestingly, though Brutus is now almost one of them, he wonders whether they can find a cavern dark enough to hide the monstrous visage (look), (Line 81) of what these men represent despite Brutus already beginning to see an assassination as necessary for the good of Rome. The conspirators Cassius, Casca, Decius (full name Decius Brutus not to be confused with Brutus, Caesar's friend), Cinna, Metellus Cimber and Trebonius enter and when Cassius suggests they all take an oath to swear their loyalty to the assassination, Brutus refuses. He explains that as Romans they have no need for this and this speech perhaps best sums up Brutus' noble character (Lines ). Cassius asks of Cicero's loyalty and finds it is with their conspiracy; his high social standing according to Metellus Cimber will also earn them respect instead of hatred for their actions since Cicero is well regarded in Rome (Lines ). Brutus however disagrees, arguing that Cicero "will never follow anything" (Line 150). Cassius agrees to leave Cicero out of their conspiracy... The Cicero issue settled, some very important decisions are made. First Mark Antony, the dear friend of Caesar is to be spared not killed. Cassius thinks he should be killed (Lines ) since Mark Antony is "A shrewd contriver [a cunning manipulator / person not to be trusted];" who could cause them all problems later (Line 158). Brutus disagrees, arguing that if Caesar is the head of a man then Mark Antony would be its limbs. Therefore in Brutus' eyes, hacking the head (killing Caesar) should make Mark Antony powerless. Additionally if they kill Mark Antony as well as Caesar they may appear cruel when they want Romans to see their actions as the bare necessity to stop Caesar becoming too powerful (killing his right hand man as well might appear vindictive). Brutus makes this clear when he argues killing Mark Antony will lead to their band being called murderers not purgers telling Caius, "Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius. We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar; / And in the spirit of men there is no blood:" (Lines )

10 To kill Caesar without appearing vindictive, Brutus explains that they must sacrifice Caesar, not butcher him and that they should do this "boldly, but not wrathfully;" (Line 172). They must bleed Caesar and carve him up as a dish "fit for the gods," not "as a carcase fit for hounds:" (Line 173). Cassius is not convinced, remarking "yet I fear him [Mark Antony];" (Line 184). Brutus though, has his way arguing that Mark Antony loves wildness, sports and much company; Caesar is not the only thing he loves. He may not be such a threat. Trebonius is not so naive, saying that by not killing him "he will live, and laugh at this [the conspirators not assassinating him too] hereafter [ever after]" (Line 191). Cassius now outlines the plan to kill Caesar in the Capitol. He is however still worried. Caesar has grown quite superstitious lately and may not turn up. Decius tells them not to worry; he knows Caesar's fatal flaw; he is vain and a pushover for flattery (Lines ). Brutus now dismisses his group, telling them all to be like actors and hide their dark purpose (the assassination). Portia, Brutus' wife now appears and is worried for her husband. She has noticed that he is not as hungry as usual and has had great difficulty sleeping. Brutus tells his wife he is fine but Portia wants to know the truth, does the vow of marriage her status as "A woman well-reputed," and as "Cato's daughter" not entitle her to this? (Lines ). Lucius now announces another visitor, a Caius Ligarius, saving Brutus from further "discussion" with his understandably upset wife. Caius Ligarius has been recently sick but upon speaking with Brutus, Ligarius announces that "I here discard my sickness" (Line 321). Brutus explains to Ligarius that they will do "A piece of work that will make sick men whole" (Line 327) adding that they must make someone sick (Caesar) to do so. Ligarius ends the scene pledging to do something he does not know, but adding that it is sufficient that the noble Brutus leads him on... Act II. Scene II. - The Same. Caesar's House. Calphurnia: "'Help, ho! They murder Caesar!'" Calphurnia, Caesar's wife, wakes Caesar up after herself awakening from a terrible nightmare. She tells Caesar, that her dream foretells doom and succeeds in convincing Caesar not go to the Senate on the "ides of March [March 15]" which is tomorrow. Decius Brutus arrives and hearing that Caesar will not be at the Senate tomorrow, flatters Caesar into going so as not to show fear (allowing Brutus and company to kill him there). The scene begins to the sights and sound of thunder and lightning. As Caesar puts it, "Nor heaven nor earth have been at peace to-night:" (Line 1) since Calphurnia, Caesar's wife has thrice (three times) cried, "'Help, ho! They murder Caesar!'" (Line 2).

11 This concerns Caesar who instructs a servant to tell his priests to make a sacrifice and then report their findings to him (Lines 4-6). Calphurnia, however is certain that her dream represents only disaster for her husband. She tells Caesar that in her opinion, Caesar "shall [should] not stir [leave] out of your [Caesar's] house today" (Line 9). Calphurnia explains that though she "never stood on ceremonies," (Line 13), she is sure her dream plus other strange happenings in Rome can only mean disaster (Lines 12-25). Caesar however, arrogantly believes that in "The face of Caesar, they [these threatening things] are vanished" (Line 12) Caesar argues that he cannot avoid his fate (Lines 25-37). Caesar remarks that "Cowards die many times before their deaths;" adding "The valiant never taste of death but once" (Line 33). Only the news from the priests that advise Caesar not to leave the house, forces Caesar's hand into staying at home and avoiding going to the Capitol on the 15th of March (the ides of March), (Lines 37-56). Calphurnia suggests that Caesar say to Mark Antony that he is ill which Caesar agrees with if only he says, to humor his wife (Lines 48-56). Decius Brutus (not Marcus Brutus, Caesar's friend) now enters and hearing Caesar's new plans, fears the worst; the conspiracy will not be able to kill Caesar if he is not at the Capitol (specifically the Senate). Moving quickly he flatters Caesar and when Calphurnia again suggests Caesar say he is sick, Caesar hesitates. Can Caesar lie he asks? Decius suggests that saying he is sick will result only in his mockery by the other senators. This, the vain Caesar finds intolerable. Caesar now tells Decius the bad news of the prophets but Decius turns this around, suggesting that Calphurnia's dream of Caesar's statue spouting blood (Lines 76-89) is not a premonition of his death but that Caesar's presence at the "senate-house [The Senate]," will revitalize Rome. From Caesar's blood Rome will renew itself, Decius says (Lines 83-89). Decius now moves in for the kill, suggesting that if Caesar does not turn up at the Capitol he cannot receive the crown the Senate have decided to give him (Lines ). Knowing all too well Caesar's weakness of his supreme vanity, Decius remarks that should "Caesar" not appear at the Capitol, "shall they [the Senate] not whisper 'Lo! Caesar is afraid?'" before slyly apologizing for insulting Caesar; he says this for Caesar's own good and out of "love" for him (Line 101) Scolding his wife for making him think foolish thoughts, Caesar now prepares to head off to the Capitol and to his doom... Before leaving however, Caesar meets with Mark Antony. Caesar greets his friend by saying "See! Antony, that revels long o'nights," emphasizing Brutus' opinion that Mark Antony likes parties. Caesar now also speaks with Trebonius says in an aside (private speech) that he will be so near "That your best friends shall wish I had been further [away]" suggesting that he is a

12 friend Caesar may be well be happy to be away from in a few moments (Lines ). Brutus ends the scene mourning that the men his friend Caesar has just called friends will soon assassinate him (Line 128). Act II. Scene III. - The Same. A Street near the Capitol. Artemidorus waits in a street hoping to avert Caesar's assassination... The scene begins with Artemidorus reading a newspaper. In a letter he reads, he warns Caesar to beware of the conspirators which he names (Brutus, Cassius, Casca, Cinna, Trebonius, Metellus Cimber, Decius Brutus, Caius Ligarius) though he has yet to warn Caesar in person. Artemidorus plans to give his letter to Caesar as he passes on his way to the Capitol, thus warning him of the fate that awaits him. Artemidorus: "If thou [Caesar] read this [his warning], O Caesar! thou [you] mayst [might] live; / If not, the Fates with traitors [the conspirators] do contrive [will succeed]" (Line 15). Will Artemidorus be able to warn Caesar in time? Act II. Scene IV. - The Same. Another Part of the same Street, before the House of Brutus. Portia worries for her husband, hoping his "enterprise" today will succeed. The Soothsayer waits in a narrow street hoping to warn Caesar of imminent danger... Portia, Brutus' wife is speaking with Lucius, a boy she commands to run the errand of going to the "senate-house;" to report to her how her husband is and how Caesar is and what "the suitors press to him [Caesar]." and then to return to her immediately with what news he has. She fears for her husband; when he left this morning "he went sickly forth;" (Line 13). Portia laments that "I have a man's mind, but a women's might. How hard it is for a women to keep counsel!" (Line 8). The Soothsayer now meets Portia and the two talk. Portia asks the Soothsayer what his "suit" is to Caesar, Portia asking the Soothsayer if he knows of any harm intended towards Caesar. The Soothsayer replies "None that I know will be, much that I fear may chance [may happen]" (Line 32). We learn from the Soothsayer that he intends to wait in a narrow street for Caesar where hopefully he can warn him of the danger that lies ahead. Portia now hopes her boy (Lucius) will bring her news quickly of her husband wishing him well in his "enterprise" whilst adding that "Brutus hath [has] a suit request] / That Caesar will not grant" (Line 43). Portia also tells Lucius to run quickly so that he may report to Brutus that his wife is well. Act III. Scene I.- Rome. Before the Capitol; the Senate sitting above. Caesar: "Et tu, Brute?"

13 Caesar arrogantly tells the Soothsayer that today is the "ides of March [the 15th of March]" but the Soothsayer tells him the day is not over yet... Artemidorus nearly warns Caesar but Decius Brutus prevents this. Popilius wishes the conspirators good luck, terrifying them that Caesar knows their plans. Metellus Cimber petitions Caesar to lift his brother's banishment order. Caesar refuses and the conspirators kill Caesar. Mark Antony flees. Mark Antony pretends to treat Caesar's murderers as friends. He asks to speak at Caesar's funeral. Cassius thinks this is dangerous, Brutus, disagreeing, lets Mark Antony speak at the funeral. Mark Antony reveals his true hatred for the conspirators. Octavius, Mark Antony's ally is to stay safe outside of Rome a little longer... We see a crowd of people, numbering amongst them, Artemidorus, The Soothsayer, Caesar and several of his would-be murderers. These would-be murders are Brutus, Cassius, Casca, Decius Brutus, Metellus, Trebonius and Cinna. Mark Antony, Lepidus Popilius, Publius and others are also present. Caesar opens the scene by remarking to the Soothsayer that "The ides of March are come" to which the Soothsayer replies they the day is not over yet: "Ay, Caesar; but not yet gone" (Lines 1-2). Artemidorus hails Caesar, asking him to read his schedule, which of course is his warning letter (Line 3). Decius tries to distract Caesar, telling him to read it when he has the time, but Artemidorus demands that his schedule (his warning letter) be read immediately (Line 9). Caesar now ignores it, telling him to instead come to the Capitol rather than petition him in the street (Lines 11-12). With Caesar entering the Senate house, Popilius wishes Cassius that his enterprise will "thrive [be successful]" (Line 13). This worries Brutus and Cassius no end, but Casca tells them to keep going, they cannot turn back now. Popilius Lena now speaks with Caesar but Brutus warns them not to worry since Caesar's expression has not changed (Line 24). This would mean Caesar would have been told their plan. Trebonius now draws Mark Antony away and Metellus Cimber addresses Caesar (Lines 24-33). Metellus asks that the banishment of his brother be repealed, Cassius joining this petition for Publius Cimber (Lines 36-55). Caesar refuses, famously saying "I am constant as the northern star," (Line 60) and so refuses this request (Lines 57-73). Cinna, Decius Brutus and Casca now all move in closer, seemingly begging Caesar to change his mind; instead they stab Caesar (Line 76).

14 Caesar falls, saying "Et tu, Brute? (and you Brutus, why?) and then dies, exclaiming "Then fall, Caesar!" (Line 77). Cinna now pronounces "Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!" (Line 78) and Brutus tells the remaining senators to be calm, "ambitions debt [Caesar] is paid" (Line 82). Brutus now tells a shocked Publius that neither he nor any other Roman has anything to fear from Brutus and the conspirators (Lines 84-92). Trebonius tells us that Mark Antony has fled to his house amazed and Brutus tells the other conspirators to "Stoop," adding "And let us bathe our hands in Caesar's blood" adding that "waving our red weapons o'er [over] our heads, / Let's all cry, 'Peace, freedom, and liberty!'" (Lines ). A servant of Mark Antony's arrives and securing Brutus' assurance that Mark Antony will not be harmed, Mark Antony arrives to speak with Brutus. Mark Antony, overwhelmed by the sight of his dead friend, begs to join him but Brutus tells Mark Antony not to, explaining that their hearts are pitiful; they killed Caesar for Rome (Lines ). Brutus now asks Mark Antony to be patient; once the multitudes (crowds) have calmed down, he will explain "Why I, that did love Caesar when I struck him, / Have thus proceeded [killed him]" (I, that loved Caesar chose to join the assassination), (Line 182). Mark Antony, wishing to stay alive, diplomatically explains that "I doubt not of your wisdom" (Line 183), asking each man to render (offer) him his bloody hand which he then shakes. First he shakes Marcus Brutus' hand, then the hands of Caius Cassius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber, Cinna, Casca and finally Trebonius. Now Mark Antony announces that "My credit now stands on such slippery ground, / That one of two bad ways you must conceit me, / Either a coward or a flatterer" (Line 191). He explains that he loved Caesar dearly and that it should grieve Caesar's spirit more than death to see Mark Antony now make peace with his enemies but he explains that Caesar must forgive him. Cassius interrupts, but Mark Antony says the enemies of Caesar will see him this way for forgetting Caesar's name so quickly (Lines ). Cassius now asks Mark Antony whether they can consider him a friend or someone they cannot depend on... Antony explains that he shook the conspirator's hands because though he was swayed by the sight of Caesar, he must assume the conspirators whom he loves as friends, must have had a good reason for their actions (Lines ). Brutus finishes Mark Antony's reasoning by suggesting that their actions would indeed be savage were it not for the fact that they acted for very good reasons which even if Mark Antony were the son of Caesar, would he be satisfied (Lines ).

15 Antony answers that he can ask for nothing more but to also speak at Caesar's funeral. Cassius now advises against this: "You know not what you do; do not consent / That Antony speak in his [Caesar's] funeral: / Know you how much the people may be mov'd / By that which he will utter?" (you do not realize what you are doing if you let Mark Antony speak at the funeral. Do you realize how moved the people could be by his words?), (Lines ). Cassius fears that Antony with his gift of the gab may turn the Romans against them. Can Brutus be sure of what Antony will say? Brutus disagrees, giving Mark Antony permission against the wishes of a very nervous Cassius. As a precaution however, Brutus will speak first; this should guarantee the support of Rome. Additionally, Antony will not blame them but will only be able to speak "all good you can devise of Caesar," (only the good things you can say about Caesar), (Line 246, ). With Mark Antony now alone, we learn his true feelings (Lines ). He is extremely upset that "these butchers;" (Line 255) have killed Caesar and again begging Caesar's forgiveness, fears all of Italy shall be plunged into domestic strife and that Caesar's spirit, full of rage and fury, shall "Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war;" (Line 273). A Servant now greets Antony. He comes from Octavius and by word of mouth, tells us that Octavius is not far away, lying within "seven leagues of Rome" (Line 286). Antony tells the Servant to tell Octavius what has happened, also telling Octavius to stay outside Rome for a little while longer; Rome is still dangerous for the adopted son of Caesar. Additionally Mark Antony tells this servant to stay in Rome just a little longer before returning to Octavius so he can tell Octavius of the state of the people of Rome after Mark Antony has made his speech. Following this, Mark Antony and the Servant exit, carrying away Caesar's body. (Lines ). Act III. Scene II. - The Same. The Forum. Mark Antony: "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him." Brutus and Cassius explain to the Citizens of Rome why they killed Caesar, gaining their support. Mark Antony turns the citizens of Rome against Brutus and Cassius by making the Citizens feel remorse for Caesar's cruel death and by bribing then with the news that Caesar's will gives each citizen money. Mark Antony uses this fact to suggest Caesar was a great man who should not have been murdered. The crowd, now an angry, crazed mob, go after the conspirators including Brutus and Cassius who flee in fear... The scene begins with Brutus and Cassius surrounded by a "throng of Citizens." These demand to be satisfied. The Citizens intend to hear the reasoning of both Brutus and Cassius and then will make up their minds on the worthiness of their reasons for killing Caesar (Lines 1-11).

16 Brutus now takes to the pulpit and begins his speech justifying the assassination (Lines 12-68). Telling his audience to "Be patient to the last [end] " he begins with the lines, "Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause; and be silent, that you may hear: believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour, that you may believe: censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may the better judge" (Lines 12-17). Having told his audience to awaken their senses and be silent so they may better judge him, Brutus explains that there is no one in the audience who could say the loved Caesar any more than Brutus. He then adds that should anyone in the audience then ask why "Brutus rose against Caesar," he famously answers: "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." Brutus now asks whether the crowd before him would prefer to be slaves under Caesar's rule rather than have Caesar dead and be free? "Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men?" Brutus asks. Brutus explains that "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him." He adds that within him, "There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valor; and death for his ambition" asking "Who is here so base [vulgar] that would be a bondman?" Brutus asking if there is anyone here he has offended, asks, "Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman?" and "Who is here so vile that will not love his country?" telling the crowd that he pauses to wait for a reply. The Citizens in unison answer "None Brutus, none" (Line 38). Satisfied, Brutus adds that since he has not offended anyone, he explains that he has done no more to Caesar than the crowd should do to him, Brutus. With Caesar's body now entering the forum, Brutus introduces Mark Antony, explaining that he had no part in the assassination. He adds that he will now leave and just as he killed Caesar for the good of Rome, Brutus will now kill himself when required, with the same dagger. Brutus: "With this I depart: that, as I slew my best lover [Caesar] for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for myself, when it shall please my country to need my death" (Lines 48-52). The Citizens say no, suggesting that he should have a statue, be named Caesar and arguing that "Caesar's better parts / Shall be crown'd in Brutus" (Line 57). Brutus tells the crowd to let him now leave, but that they should pay tribute to Caesar's corpse and to hear Mark Antony's speech,"which Mark Antony, / By our permission, is allowed to make. I do entreat [ask] you, not a man depart," (Lines 64-67).

17 The Citizens are convinced. "This Caesar was a tyrant" (Line 75), the First Citizen says, whilst other citizens warn that Mark Antony had better not speak badly of Brutus (Line 74). Mark Antony asks for silence with the words "You gentle Romans, -" and moments later famously begins his speech: "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him" (Line 79). Antony now adds that "The evil that men do lives after them, / The good is oft [often] interred with their bones; / So let it be with Caesar" (Line 83). Mark Antony now begins his attack, not by attacking Brutus but rather by questioning Brutus' credibility: The noble Brutus / Hath told you Caesar was ambitious; / If it were so, it was a grievous fault, / And grievously hath [has] Caesar answered it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,- / For Brutus is an honourable man; / So are they all honourable men... (Lines 83-89) Antony sarcastically explains that he is here today to speak at Caesar's funeral since "He was my friend, faithful and just to me: / But Brutus says he was ambitious; / And Brutus is an honourable man" (Lines 91-93). Mark Antony now adds that Caesar brought "many captives home to Rome, / Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:" asking if making Rome rich is ambitious? (Lines 92-96). Antony now builds up Caesar remarking how when the poor cried, "Caesar hath wept;" adding that "Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:" (Line 98). Yet Mark Antony sarcastically explains again that Brutus says that Caesar was ambitious, again suggesting that Brutus cannot be wrong for "Brutus is an honourable man" (Line 100). Antony reminds the audience now how they saw this all for themselves at the Lupercal, (Caesar's procession in Act I, Scene II). Three times Mark Antony presented Caesar with a crown and three times Caesar refused it: "was this ambition?" (Line 103) Antony asks, ending again with the line that for sure, Brutus is "an honourable man" (Lines ). Now Antony explains that he is not here to disprove what Brutus has said but to "speak what I do know" (Line 106). Antony now finishes up his speech, saying that since the Romans loved Caesar once, what should stop them from mourning this man now: You all did love him [Caesar] once, not without cause: / What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? O judgement! thou [you] art [are] fled to brutish beasts, / And men have lost their reason. Bear with me; / My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, / And I must pause till it come back to me. (Lines ) The Citizens have taken this all in and see merit in what Antony says, one citizen adding that "There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony" (Line 122).

18 Antony continues his speech, explaining how once "the word of Caesar might / Have stood against the world;" yet instead he pitifully lies here in a coffin. He innocently tells the crowd that were he the sort of person to incite the crowd to violence which is precisely what he is really hoping for, he would be doing Brutus and Cassius a great disservice for they are honourable men, and now he announces that he has found Caesar's will... Mark Antony adds that he really should not read it, knowing that the crowd are now demanding to know its contents (Lines ). Antony now hesitates again to read the will. He fears reading its contents will "inflame you," adding that "it will make you mad" (Line 150) whilst also not forgetting to mention that "'tis good you know not that you are his heirs;" (it is good that you do not know you are Caesar's heirs), (Line 151). The Citizens, now aware that they could benefit from Caesar's will, again demand to hear it. Again, Antony hesitates, adding that "I have o'ershot [overstepped] myself to tell you of it [the will]. I fear I wrong the honourable men / Whose daggers have stabb'd [stabbed] Caesar; / I do fear it" (Line ). The crowd, now on the verge of frenzy, describe Brutus and company as "villains,"and "murderers" and again ask Antony to read the will (Line 161). Asking that the crowd to make a ring around Caesar's corpse, Antony comes down from the pulpit and begins to read the will (Lines ). Antony starts by telling the crowd, "If you have tears, prepare to shed them now" (Line 174). Antony describes the various wounds that Cassius, then the "envious Casca" and the "wellbeloved Brutus" have made, noting both the blood and the fact that "Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel:" (Line 186). He now tells the gods to judge how dearly "Caesar lov'd him [Brutus]" (Line 187) adding that the wound made by Brutus "was the most unkindest cut of all; / For when the noble Caesar saw him stab, / Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, / Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his [Caesar's] mighty heart;" (Lines ). This and further emotive language, angers the crowd to the point of riot, the crowd now describing Caesar as noble, others despairing on the sadness of this day, and yet other citizens calling Brutus and company "traitors!" and "villains!" once again (Line 206). Together, the Citizens cry "Revenge!-About!-Seek!-Burn!-Fire!-Kill!-Slay! Let not a traitor live" (Line 209). Mark Antony tells the crowd to stop, reminding them that "They that have done this deed are honourable:" adding "What private griefs they have, alas! I know not," (Line 217).

19 Mark Antony, having now raised the crowd to a fury, innocently explains that "I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts:" since he is a simple man, adding that "I am no orator [public speaker], as Brutus is;" (Lines ). Mark Antony explains now, quite ironically that "were I Brutus, and Brutus Antony, there were an Antony / Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue / In every wound of Caesar, that should move / The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny" (Lines ). With the crowd now out for Brutus and company's blood, Antony finishes off his speech. He tells the angry mob the contents of Caesar's will and delays the crowd from their murderous mission. Antony explains that Caesar's will bestows "seventy-five drachmas" to each citizen (Line 247). This information incites the crowd further, the Second Citizen speaking for all, when he says "Most noble Caesar! we'll revenge his death" (Line 248). Antony adds that Caesar gave all his walks, "His private arbours," and his newly planted orchards, to the Citizens as well, asking "Here was Caesar! when comes such another? [When will there come again someone like him?]" (Line 257). The First Citizen speaks for all, saying "Never, never! Come, away, away! We'll burn his [Caesar's] body in the holy place, / And with the brands fire the traitor's houses" (Line 260). The Citizens head off on their rampage, carrying with them Caesar's body and Antony, clearly pleased with his work, says "Now let it work: mischief, thou art afoot, / Take thou what course thou wilt! (now mischief, go and take whatever course you will), (Line 265). With the crazed mob on their way, a servant enters, addressing Antony. Octavius has come to Rome and both he and Lepidus are at Caesar's house. We also learn that Brutus and Cassius have very wisely fled the city "like madmen through the gates of Rome" (Line 274). Act III. Scene III. - The Same. A Street. Anonymous mob: "Tear him to pieces; he's a conspirator." A poet bearing the same name as one of the conspirators is killed by the angry mob which is Shakespeare's insight into the senselessness of the mob mentality... Cinna a poet is in the wrong place at the wrong time. The angry mob of Citizens finding him, ask his name and marital status. They also ask his name... Learning it is Cinna, the mob immediately attack him, the Second Citizen saying, "Tear him to pieces; he's a conspirator" (Line 30).

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