Measuring Ocean Salinity and Temperature: Are there areas of hypoxia?
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1 Measuring Ocean Salinity and : Are there areas of hypoxia? Although hypoxia is predominantely a phenomena of summer, it can stretch throughout November/December. Because we cannot measure dissolved oxygen, we have to find the thermocline / pychnocline = the temperature and salinity boundaries. At these clines, the temperature and/or salinity changes quickly. This defines the upper boundary of the hypoxia zone. Salinity Because the variability of dissolved salt is very small, to measure salinity we need an instrument accurate to about one part per million (ppm) or parts per thousand (ppt). Tab. The major anorganic substances and soluted gases of sea water substance Concentration ppt Substanz / salinity (%) Chloride ( Cl - ) ,04 Natrium (Na + ) 10.6,61 Sulfate (SO 2-4 ) 2.7 7,68 Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) 1.3 3,69 Kalzium (Ca 2+ ) 0,4 1,16 Kalium (K + ) ,1 CO O N Carbon Bromide Iron Total 34.7 ppt = 99,80 % Definitions of salinity: - the simplest definition: The total amount of dissolved material in grams in one kg of sea water. Thus salinity is a dimensionless quantity. It has no units. It is given parts per thousand. This definition is for measurements not useful, because the dissolved matter is almost impossible to measure in practise. - salinity based on chlorinity: Because salinity is directly proportional to the amount of chlorine in sea water, and because chlorine can be measured accurately by simple chemical analysis, salinity S was redefined using chlorinity Cl: S = Cl 38
2 How to measure water salinity There are several methods, but the standard methods are: - Conductivity - TDS (total dissolved solids) A quick way is to use a conductivity meter and read off the electrical conductivity. The idea being that a salty solution, because it is full of charged particles, will conduct electricity. Most conductivity meters give readings in micro Siemens per cm (µs/cm) or milli Siemens per cm (1mS/cm = 1000 µs/cm). Sometimes, probably just to confuse, conductivity is given in some textbooks in deci Siemens per meter (ds/m). The conversion is relatively easy 1 ds/m =1ms/cm. Now some salinity meters read off parts per million (ppm) or parts per thousand (ppt). This is an approximation - the problem is that ppm is a measure of dissolved solids and it is usually on a weight for volume basis. For example 50 ppm in water means there are 50 milligrams of solids per liter, 50 ppt = 50g/l. How does a conductivity meter know how many ppt or ppm to show? It just uses its inbuilt conversion factor. This means that you need to choose a meter with either an appropriate factor or get one with an adjustable factor. Salinity vs TDS. What's the connection? This is a commonly asked question. To answer it we have to delve into a little chemistry theory. Just the short answer, because it only gets confusing if water has a high content of sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, which is not probable on sea ice. What's the connection between conductivity and TDS? TDS is more precisely measured in the laboratory by evaporating a measured sample gently to dryness then calculating how much solids are left. Conductivity is usually given as µs/cm which measures the ability of the sample to conduct an electric current. There is no exact relationship between conductivity as µs/cm and TDS. So why are both measurements used? It has been discovered experimentally that for particular types of water there is an approximate relationship. In water with a higher proportion of sodium chloride to get to ppm just multiply the µs/cm reading by 0.5 (for ms/cm by 500). For most other water for example in hydroponics solutions use a factor of 0.67 (670) instead. Sometimes it is useful to have some sort of comparison for values measured on a conductivity meter. Remember that conductivity of seawater is around 500 µs/cm (54 ms/cm). This is approximately 000 ppm TDS ( ppt). Conversions: 1mS/cm = 1dS/m = 1000 µs/cm =1 EC (electric conductivity unit) = 670 ppm TDS (mg/l) (in an average) = 0.67 ppt TDS TDS (mg/l) = 670 x EC (ds/m or ms/cm). 39
3 Some values: Distilled water: µs/cm (0.02 ms/cm) Groundwater/drinking water: µs/cm ( ms/cm) River / Lake water: µS/cm (1-5 ms/cm) Seawater: 500µS/cm (54 ms/cm) European and WHO regulations declare good drinking water if it has < 1000 µs/cm conductivity. The limit value in Europe is 00µS/cm Measurement of the salinity/conductivity: Definition of conductivity: the ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or sound. Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] Conductivity of sea water depends strongly on temperature, somewhat less strongly on salinity, and very weakly on pressure. If the temperature is measured, then conductivity can be used to determine the salinity. Salinity as computed through conductivity appears to be more closely related to the actual dissolved constituents than is chlorinity, and more independent of salt composition. Therefore temperature must be measured at the same time as conductivity, to remove the temperature effect and obtain salinity. Accuracy of salinity determined from conductivity: to Precision: The accuracy depends on the accuracy of the seawater standard used to calibrate the conductivity based measurement. The equipment to measure salinity is a CTD = conductivity, temperature and depth profiler. Because it is not automatically registering, you have to read the values. The instrument is measuring the conductivity and the temperature and is converting it into salinity. Tasks: Measure salinity, temperature and turbidity along the coast of Florida and Louisiana and near the Mississippi Delta on the shelf (water depth: not deeper than 150m) 1. Measure salinity and temperature - Test the instrument!! - The instrument is very easy to handle, but you have to check the units: You can change the units of salinity between psu, ppm and EC = electric conductivity (µs/cm= micro Siemens / cm). Use the unit psu/ppt - Full profile means that you have to measure the (the instrument has to be completely submerged) and then take data every 5m down to 100m. - If you measure in shallow water, you have to take measurements every meter. For this task the cable every meter for the first 10m, then every 2m for another 10m. From 100m it is marked every 5m! - Take the exact GPS position! - Use the measurement sheets, document every point and write down salinity and temperature for every meter / every 5m until values are changing no more or down to 100m. 2. Take the Secchi at all the positions (see chapter turbidity )
4 Date 5m 10m 15m
5 Date 5m 10m 15m
6 Salinity and temperature measurement sheet CTD device Date 5m 10m 15m
7 Data Sheet shallow coastal water Date 1m 2m
8 Data Sheet for shallow coastal waters Date 1m 2m
9 Data Sheet shallow coastal water Date 1m 2m
10 Data Sheet shallow coastal water Date 1m 2m
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