Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea, pots

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1 Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea, pots Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea, pots Content last updated 18th Jun 2016 Stock: Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea (ICES divisions VIIf & g) Management: EU + UK + Ireland + France national + Devon and Severn IFCA, Cornwall IFCA and Welsh Government legislations Overview Edible crab, Cancer pagurus can be found from Scandinavia to Portugal between shoreline and depths in excess of 100m, but more commonly shallower than 40 m. Stock boundaries for edible crab remain poorly understood and both sexes move quite widely at times; females in particular have been shown to travel large distances in relation to spawning activity. Growth is dependent on the frequency of moulting and it typically takes about four or five years for a juvenile crab to grow to commercial size ( mm MLS, see Stock management). Male size at maturity in English stocks varies between 89 and 105 mm carapace width, female size at maturity is mm. Some authors have estimated higher sizes at maturity, but even so there is opportunity for spawning to occur before crabs enter the fishery. Fecundity of edible crabs is very high; ranging from around 0.5 million eggs up to 2-3 million eggs for edible crabs of >180mm carapace width (Cefas unpublished data). The biggest recorded crab was of 270 mm (MARLIN 2014). The species is thought to live up to about 20 years old. Mating activity peaks in the summer when the female has moulted with spawning occurring in the late autumn or winter. Egg carrying females are largely inactive over the winter brooding period and eggs hatch in the spring and early summer. After around five weeks in the plankton, the crab larvae settle on the seabed. The Celtic Sea stock unit defined for stock assessment and management purposes covers ICES divisions VIIf, encompasses the majority of VIIg and also a small amount of VIIa. The outcomes for the current profile will be based upon the stock assessment carried out by Cefas for the English and Welsh fisheries for this stock management unit (Cefas, 2014). The two main ports for brown crab landings within England and Wales for ICES divisions VIIg and VIIf are Newlyn and Milford Haven. Figure 1. Position of the stock management areas (Crab Fishing Unit of the Southern North Sea) (ICES 2012). Figure 2. ICES divisions. Accessed 21 January References MARLIN, 2014; Marine Life Information Network for Britain and Ireland MarLIN. Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, England.

2 MARLIN, 2014; Marine Life Information Network for Britain and Ireland MarLIN. Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, England. [ [Date accessed: 25-Nov-15] Stock Status less risk more risk The fishery for edible crab Cancer pagurus in the Celtic Sea was scored moderate risk, because this data-limited stock is characterised by low vulnerability with stable or increasing population trends which have high uncertainty. The stock size for females is above the minimum recommended limit but below the level required for an MSY target. Fishing mortality for females is above the FMSY target. Length data for male crabs in the Celtic Sea were not considered sufficiently robust to permit stock assessment (Cefas, 2014). Management less risk more risk Stock management of edible crabs of the Central North Sea has been scored a moderate risk. Management measures are in place, but consist primarily of technical measures (i.e. MLS), and may be insufficient to prevent over-exploitation. Surveillance and enforcement is considered highly effective, with MLS enforced at sea and dockside, all vessels submitting logbooks and larger vessels subject to VMS. Processors may also apply quality controls to landings. Bycatch less risk more risk The bycatch risk of this fishery has been scored as Low risk. This is because significant discarding of undersized and unwanted crabs and lobster occurs, but these are released alive through escape gaps or on hauling and survival rates are believed to be high. Catch of protected, endangered and threatened species is minimal. Ghost fishing by lost pots is not considered to be a problem. Habitat less risk more risk The habitat risk of this fishery has been scored as low risk. This is because evidence suggests fishery impact on the bottom is restricted to some abrasion caused by dragging pots and anchors during hauling and tide and wave action (Grieve et al., 2014). The static gear used to prosecute the fishery is in contact with the bottom, but unlikely to have significant interaction with vulnerable habitats. Vulnerable marine habitats are protected within Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR, 2013) and any kind of fishery there might be controlled if deemed necessary. Outlook Current risk status Outlook Reason Stock status Moderate Stable The fishery for Edible Crab Cancer pagurus in ICES division VIIf and VIIg was scored moderate risk because this data-limited stock is characterised by low vulnerability with stable population trends that have high uncertainty. The last assessment was carried out in The stock size is above the minimum recommended limit but below the level required for the MSY target. Fishing mortality is marginally above the target for females. Males are not deemed assessable for the Celtic Sea stock as the length data are not considered sufficiently robust. Stock management Moderate Stable Stock assessment is based on fisherydependent data only (landings, fishing effort and length-frequencies of crabs in landings) and there were historical changes in reporting systems that impact data quality. Management measures are in place and surveillance is strict.

3 Bycatch Low Stable All undersized lobsters and crabs are released alive and are believed to survive. Bycatch of other species is low. Risk of ghost fishing by lost pots is considered negligible. Habitat Low Stable Potting impact on the bottom is restricted to some abrasion caused by dragging pots and anchors during hauling. Vulnerable marine habitats are protected within Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. Type Current Risk Status Outlook Reason Stock Management Bycatch Habitat

4 Stock Status Details less risk more risk Time-trends The status of the stock of edible crab in the Celtic Sea was assessed (for females only) as moderate in 2013, spawning biomass was just below the level required for Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) but above a minimum recommended limit. Exploitation levels were above the F MSY level. Landings from this fishery are heavily skewed towards females and as a result males were not assessed because length data were noisy and not considered robust. Reported landings and effort increased substantially with the introduction of Buyers and Sellers legislation and the Restrictive Shellfish License Scheme in Effort showed marked decline in 2009 when shellfish return forms under the Restrictive Licence Scheme were no longer used in the official landings. Since 2006 reported commercial data are thought to be generally more reliable, but the integrity of the time series, especially fishing effort, is uncertain. Since no recent analytical (i.e. agestructured) assessment is currently available this stock is treated as data-limited. Figure 1. Landings (bars) and effort (red line): Data are only considered reliable since 2006 (CEFAS, 2012). Figure 2. Fishing mortality time series with target mortality at sustainable fishery (dashed) and maximum recommended limit of mortality (solid). Figure 3. Time series of biomass estimates and maximum sustainable yield: target (dashed) and minimum recommended limit (solid). Stock structure and recruitment Genetic studies demonstrated that differences between edible crab populations were low, but sufficient to show that there is a genetic distinction between crabs in the Channel, the UK coast of the North Sea, and the Swedish part of the North Sea (DEFRA, 2008). Stock boundaries for edible crab remain poorly understood and both sexes move quite widely at times; females in particular have been shown to travel large distances in relation to spawning activity. The stock in the Celtic Sea represents just one of six crab fishery units that have been defined for England and Wales. These units have been defined based upon knowledge of larval distributions and development, hydrographic conditions and the distribution of the fisheries. Despite extensive tag studies around Lizard point and Lands end it was not possible to clarify migratory movements between ICES divisions VIIe and VIIf. As such this fishery unit boundary is based upon the ICES division boundary. The stock unit in the Celtic Sea encompasses English waters from Lizard point at its eastern end and extends around Cornwall up to Abardovey in Welsh waters and Irish waters between Courtown and Cobh covering ICES sub divisions VIIf, VIIg and a small part of VIIa. It encompasses VIIF to the east, most of VIIg and the southernmost part of VIIa. There may be some boundary issues around the Lands end and Lizard point margin, where Mounts Bay is within VIIf (and therefore the Celtic Sea fishery unit). However landings for this small area may be assigned to adjacent rectangles so may fall within the Western English Channel fishery unit. No data on recruitment are collected in England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, France or Norway (ICES 2014). NB The fishery is assessed using UK landings, but there is also significant French crab fishing activity in the area. Data gaps and research priorities From 2009 onwards the MMO official landings figures for the under 10m fleet are solely made up of the buyers and sellers sales notes

5 From 2009 onwards the MMO official landings figures for the under 10m fleet are solely made up of the buyers and sellers sales notes and do not include the monthly activity shellfish returns data, as such they may be missing those landings which did not generate sales notes (as each sale was <25kg). There can be significant French crab fishing activity in this area and also landings from Irish coastal fisheries, but these are not taken into account in the UK stock assessment. Understanding growth rates is a key element for the assessment. Growth data for crabs are difficult to obtain due to discontinuous growth and non-retention of hard parts containing a growth history during moulting and uncertainty in growth rate estimates is therefore high. Different values of natural mortality also have a large impact upon estimates of sustainability. Variability in this parameter is not ascertained and a fixed value of 0.2 was used in the assessment though it is highly likely that this rate varies between years and with crab size (CEFAS, 2012; ICES, 2012). References Cefas, Cefas Stock Status 2011: Edible crab (Cancer pagurus) in the Central North Sea. 2 pp. [ [Date accessed: 25-Nov-15] Cefas, Edible crab (Cancer pagurus). Cefas Stock Status Report pp. [ [Date accessed: 25-Nov-15] DEFRA, Science Directorate Final Report on Research Project MF0230, Spatial and temporal genetic structuring of Edible Crab populations 21 pp. DEFRA, Spatial dynamics of edible crabs in the English Channel in relation to management. Research Project Final Report. 135 pp. ICES, Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Life History of Crabs (WGCRAB). ICES CM 2012/SSGEF: pp. ICES, Interim Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Life History of Crabs (WGCRAB). ICES CM 2014/SSGEF: pp.

6 Management Details less risk more risk TAC Information Catch 2015 (t) Advised Catch 2016 (t) Agreed TAC 2016 (t) Advised Catch 2017 (t) Advised and agreed catches Edible crab are important commercially; landings by UK vessels in 2014 were approximately 16, 400 t in England and Wales, and 14, 200 t in Scotland (MM0, 2015; Cefas, 2012; ICES 2014). Reported UK landings from this area in ranged from 1751 t in 2007 to 2484 t in 2011, while UK landings in 2012 and 2013 amounted to 2622 t and 2141 t, respectively (Cefas, 2014). There is a significant French fishery for crabs in this area as well as coastal Irish fisheries which are not included in the UK stock assessment. French and Irish landings for 2011 from this area were 422 t and 1161 t, respectively. Stock harvest strategy Management controls are rational in terms of life history, with MLS broadly reflecting size at maturity, and in part of the area ensuring that most crabs have the opportunity to spawn at least once before entering the fishery. Broad scale licensing and effort regulations are in place but do not effectively cap fishing effort. EC legislation sets a minimum landing size (MLS) of 130mm for crabs south of 56 N and 140mm north of 56 N as well as in ICES Division VIIf. It also restricts the proportion of the crab landings which is detached claws caught by pots or creels to less than 1% by weight of total catch. A by-catch limit of no more than 75kg per day of crab claws taken by other gear types can be landed. The MLS for crabs varies around the UK coast due to regional variations in growth rate, maturity and fishery. Crabs are measured across the widest part of the carapace or shell, below (Cefas, 2015). National legislation restricts the number of shellfish licences available (in England and Wales) and also prohibits landing of berried and soft crabs. Figure 1. Measuring the widest dimension for MLS. Three IFCA districts overlap with ICES divisions VIIf and VIIg, all of which have their own bylaws that apply out to 6nm from coastal baselines. Devon and Severn IFCA bylaws apply from the Devon/Cornwall border across to the Devon/Welsh border. Cornwall IFCA bylaws apply from the Cornwall/Devon border around to Devon/Cornwall border on the north coast. Scilly Isles IFCA applies in coastal waters around the Isles of Scilly. In addition to this the Welsh Government has a set of bylaws that are enforced in Welsh waters within 6nm from coastal baselines. The Welsh Government applies an MLS of 140mm in the former South Wales SFC (IFCA) jurisdiction and is currently consulting on extending this throughout Wales. UK National legislation applies a MLS of 160mm for male crabs and 140mm for female crabs to UK vessels fishing in waters off the southwest. EC western waters effort regulations may impact on large vessels ((EC) No 1415/2004). France has pot limitations dependent on number of crew (200 per crew member) and up to a maximum of Local government and IFCA legislation varies and is detailed in the table below: Maximum vessel length (within 6nm) 16.46m (Cornwall IFCA) 15.24m (Devon and Severn IFCA) 11m (Scilly Isles IFCA) 15.9m (Welsh Government) Maximum pot limit Use of edible crab as bait permitted NA NA

7 Permit schemes Cornwall IFCA Welsh Government Other MLS: 150mm females, 160mm males (Cornwall IFCA) MLS: 140mm females, 160mm males (Devon and Severn IFCA) MLS: 140mm (Welsh Government) Escape gaps (Devon and Severn IFCA) Stock status and reference points are derived from data and length based stock assessment. However, assessment is based on fisherydependent data only (landings, fishing effort and length-frequencies of crabs in landings), is not fully analytical (age-structured) and there have been historical changes in reporting systems that impact data quality. The status of this stock/fishery has been assessed using Length Cohort Analysis methodology applied to UK catch data. This technique combines the numbers landed at length with estimates of growth rates and the rate of natural mortality to derive the overall population size and the rate at which they are removed by the fishery. The rate of natural mortality (death from natural causes such as predation and disease) is poorly quantified, but considered to be between 10 and 30% per year and a value of ~20% (M=0.2) was used in the final assessment. The assessment method assumes that recruitment to the population is constant. The assessment also assumes that the fishery is operating over the entire stock and does not significantly or systematically change its spatial coverage over time. Any feature which causes a temporary change to the length composition of the landings (e.g. strong/weak recruitment, change in fishing practice, etc.) will be interpreted by the model as a change in the population structure as a response to fishing mortality. However, expansion of fisheries offshore results in an increase in mean size of crabs in the catch in some areas. The last assessment was carried out for the year 2013 (Cefas, 2014) and the stock is considered to be data-limited until analytical assessments become available. Surveillance and enforcement The requirements for surveillance and sanctions for infringements are laid down in the EU Control Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009, which amended previous similar regulations. The use of VMS system is a legal requirement for all vessels with overall length above 12m for EU vessels. Council Regulation 1966/2006 requires fishing vessels to record and report catch data electronically. This began in January 2010 for vessels of 24 metres and greater overall length and the rest of the fleet followed, according to the timetable below (as set out in 1224/2009): As of 01 January 2010 vessels of 24 metres overall. As of 01 January 2011 vessels over 15 metres overall to 24 metres overall operating in Third Country Waters As of 01 July 2011 vessels of 15 metres overall to 24 metres overall As of 01 January 2012 vessels of 12 metres to 15 metres Transmission or submission of fishing logbooks, prior notifications, transhipment declarations, landing declarations, sales notes, take-over declarations and transport documents are also under strict control. The introduction of the UK shellfish restrictive licence scheme in 2006 meant that all vessels 10m long and under, landing more than 200kg lobsters or crawfish and 750kg of brown crabs in a 12 month period, had to have a licence to do so. As part of this scheme they are required to submit monthly shellfish activity return (MSAR) forms which detail effort and landings. UK landings data come from the official MMO data records for England and Wales, which originate from sales note returns. Fishing effort is derived from Monthly Shellfish Activity Returns for <=10m vessels or EU logbooks for >10m vessels. However, because effort is estimated by MMO from historic information it is not clear if it represents current trends. Reporting systems have changed over time resulting in changes in data quality (predominantly improvements). Length samples are taken at port and raised to represent total crab landings by sex. The Irish Sea Fisheries Board run a self-sampling sentinel programme for brown crab alongside an observer programme run by the Marine Institute. Landings data are taken from the operational landings database (ICES, 2012). French landings are reported but we are not aware of a brown crab sampling programme at current. It s important to note that these data are not incorporated into the UK stock assessments. No formal stock assessment is currently carried out by the Marine Institute for the crab fishery within Irish waters of the Celtic Sea (ICES, 2012) and French authorities do not routinely assess the stock in this area.

8 References Cefas, Cefas Stock Status 2011: Edible crab (Cancer pagurus) in the Central North Sea. 2 pp. [ [Date accessed: 25-Nov-15] Cefas, Edible crab (Cancer pagurus). Cefas Stock Status Report pp. [ [Date accessed: 25-Nov-15] Cefas, Measuring Cancer pagurus. Shellfish team image catalogue. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1224/2009 of 20 November 2009 establishing a Community control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common fisheries policy, amending Regulations (EC) No 847/96, (EC) No 2371/2002, (EC) No 811/2004, (EC) No 768/2005, (EC) No 2115/2005, (EC) No 2166/2005, (EC) No 388/2006, (EC) No 509/2007, (EC) No 676/2007, (EC) No 1098/2007, (EC) No 1300/2008, (EC) No 1342/2008 and repealing Regulations (EEC) No 2847/93, (EC) No 1627/94 and (EC) No 1966/ pp. ICES, Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Life History of Crabs (WGCRAB). ICES CM 2012/SSGEF: pp. ICES, Interim Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Life History of Crabs (WGCRAB). ICES CM 2014/SSGEF: pp. MM0, Marine Management Organisation, UK Sea fisheries statistics, pp. [ [Date accessed: 31-Dec-15]. Seafish, Responsible Sourcing Guide: crabs and lobsters Version 4 September [ [Date accessed: 31-Dec-15]

9 Bycatch Details less risk more risk Targeting and behaviour European lobster and edible crab are caught in the U.K. using fleets of baited static gear pots, traps or creels. Different configurations and style of pot gear can be used depending on the targeted crustacean and the fishery location i.e. inshore or offshore. Pots styles include two chambered (parlour), top opening (inkwell pot) or side-opening (creel). Parlour pots are typically around 92 cm (36 ) long by 56 cm (22 ) wide, usually double soft-eyed and can incorporate an internal parlour (chamber designed to retain the catch). Inkwell pots typically range between 60 cm (24 ) to 76 cm (30 ) diameter. Figure 1. Crab and Lobster pots. Parlour pot (Top left) and Inkwell (top right). Bottom typical gear configuration (length of string will vary) (Seafish, 2015). Traditionally pot frames were wood, but in recent years pots are steel-framed, or sometimes plastic, and covered with netting (MSC 2007). The bottom bars are usually spaced cm, but can be narrower if other species are also targeted (e.g. velvet crabs). On average pots last between 3-7 years whilst twine may last 2-5 years with maintenance. In European waters, pots are fished individually or in strings (fleets) that can be up to 100 pots, at each end of which is an anchor and buoy. The total number of pots and size of strings used is determined by boat size, the number of crew and the fishing ground. The main fishing season for crabs is from May to December, peaking in the autumn when mainly mature (pre-ovigerous) females are targeted. The largest vessels in the crab fleet are nomadic, working wherever the fishing is best, and they are fitted with vivier tanks for storing crabs live. Fishermen have typically hauled pots every 24hrs (weather permitting) to harvest any catch and replace bait, but as the retention properties of pots have improved (due to soft-eyes and parlours) longer soak times have become prevalent. Gear can often be re-set in the same place for several days although there is typically sufficient deck space to allow one or two fleets to be moved to new locations. The target crustaceans crawl into the pots voluntarily, but the pot is designed in such manner that the entrance serves as a non-return device. Ghost fishing occurs very rarely and then only for limited duration. Inkwell pots and creels allow their content to escape after about 3 days. Escapes will eventually occur from parlour traps and soft-eyed traps by crabs gradually cutting their way through though it might not occur until after about 3 months (Swarbrick and Arkley, 2002). Evidence of bycatch risk Mesh size and bar spacing allow juveniles to escape and undersized species can typically be released alive when the catch is sorted together with non-commercial crustaceans like hermit crabs or shore crabs. There might be occasionally an unquantified but likely small by-catch of finfish (MSC, 2007). The bycatch level in pot fisheries everywhere around U.K. is very low, and was estimated at 1% of total catch around Shetland Islands (not including discards of undersize or berried retained/ target species). Species occasionally seen in pots include other crab species (velvet, green, hermit, etc.), whelks, octopus and some fish species, mainly Ballan wrasse, rockling, dogfish and conger eel and occasionally others. Discard survival is high. Rare, threatened or iconic species are rarely caught in the pot fishery though leatherback turtles have very occasionally become entangled in pot ropes (Pierpoint, 2000). Bycatch are usually alive and undamaged and can be returned to the sea alive (Swarbrick and Arkley, 2002; MSC, 2007). Mitigation measures Bycatch of undersized crab and lobsters is regulated by a minimum landing size (MLS)*. Landing of other stages (soft, crippled, v-notched

10 Bycatch of undersized crab and lobsters is regulated by a minimum landing size (MLS)*. Landing of other stages (soft, crippled, v-notched or berried*) can also be prohibited. Minimum landing sizes also apply to other commercial species taken with edible crabs (e.g. velvet crab) (MSC, 2012). In addition, some Fishery authorities stipulate the use of escape gaps fitted to pots worked within their jurisdiction (i.e. Kent and Essex IFCA). *Please refer to management section for further specific information for this fishery. References MSC, Certification report for NESFC lobster fishery. Client: North East Sea Fisheries Committee. Ref: v5. 89 pp. MSC, MSC sustainable fisheries certification. The SSMO Shetland inshore brown & velvet crab, lobster and scallop fishery.public Certification Report. January pp. Marine Scotland Science, Fish and Shellfish Stocks: 2015 Edition. 54 pp. [ [Date accessed: 16-Dec-15] Pierpoint, C Bycatch of marine turtles in UK and Irish waters. JNCC Report No pp. Seafish, Responsible Sourcing Guide: crabs and lobsters Version 4 September [ [Date accessed: 31-Dec-15] Seafish, Gear database. Pots and Traps. [ [Date accessed: 31-Dec-15] Swarbrick, J. and Arkley, K., The evaluation of ghost fishing preventers for shellfish traps. Seafish Report No SR pp.

11 Habitat Details less risk more risk Gear effects, targeting and behaviour The pots are laid in fleets upon the benthic substrate, which tends to be harder ground such as gravel or gravely mud, in depths of around m. Usual potting areas do not have strong tidal flows and currents rarely exceed 3 knots. Since pot fisheries are static the areas of seabed affected by each gear is likely to be insignificant compared with the widespread effects of mobile fishing gears and with the general effects of sediment transport in the area. Evidence of habitat risk There have been several studies looking into habitat impacts, evidence suggests that these range from insignificant to substantial cumulative damage from mechanical abrasion on deployment and retrieval of pots especially to sessile, slow-growing or friable flora and fauna such as ross coral or sabellaria (Grieve et al., 2015, ABPmer, 2015). Pot fisheries exert minimal impact upon ecological system structure and functioning (Eno, 2001, MSC, 2007). A survey by Seafish in Norfolk, Southwest England and Scotland showed that most of interviewed fishermen had recovered traps lost for varying periods of time and they seldom contained any catch. In most cases they were damaged and had no residual fishing capability, so the problem of ghost fishing appears negligible [Swarbrick, J., Arkley, K. 2002]. Mitigation measures Fishing which has occurred in specific location over many years is likely to result in the seabed ecosystem adapting to fishing activity. However, there are sensitive areas, mostly outside the core areas of the fishery which may be vulnerable and there has been substantial work over recent years to map and protect these areas. These initiatives have resulted in improvements in habitat mapping and risk assessment of the effects of trawling on the seabed. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) from the European Union (Council Directive 56/2008), Member States have committed to aim towards good environmental status (GES) for the seabed habitats by The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the OSPAR Convention ), which was signed up to by 15 nations plus the European Union, is developing a coherent network of Marine Protected Areas to protect vulnerable marine habitats in the North-East Atlantic. The development of offshore Special Areas of Conservation under the European Habitats Directive (Council Directive 43/1992) contributes to this process as does the UK Marine Act designating Marine Protected Areas in UK waters. Marine Protected Areas will cover almost 10% of the North Sea (OSPAR, 2013). The UK Marine Management Organisation (MMO) is engaging in a programme designed to assess the effects of fisheries and implement management measures where sites are considered at risk. Similar initiatives are taking place in other European countries. References ABPmer, Summary of Evidence Sources on Impacts of Potting on Designated Features. Workshop 25th February ABPmer. P1-9. Eno, N. C., MacDonald, D. S., Kinnear, J. A. M., Amos, C. S., Chapman, C. J., Clark, R. A., Bunker, F. St P. D., and Munro, C Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: Grieve C, Brady D.C. and Polet H. (2014) Best practices for managing, measuring and mitigating the benthic impacts of fishing Part 1. Marine Stewardship Council Science Series 2: MSC, Certification report for NESFC lobster fishery. Client: North East Sea Fisheries Committee. Ref: v5. 89 pp. Napier, I.R Potential Marine Protected Areas Around Shetland. NAFC Marine Centre University of the Highlands and Islands. 14 pp. OSPAR, Status Report on the OSPAR Network of Marine Protected Areas. 65 pp. [ [Date Accessed: 17-Dec-15]

12 Swarbrick, J. and Arkley, K The evaluation of ghost fishing preventers for shellfish traps, Defra Commission MF 0724 under the programme Impact of fishing. Seafish report No SR549. Seafish Industry Authority, Hull. 42 pp. UK Government, Revised approach to the management of commercial fisheries in European Marine Sites: overarching policy and delivery. [ [Date Accessed: 16-Dec-15] All content 2017 Seafish. Origin Way, Europarc, Grimsby, DN37 9TZ. This page created on 3rd January 2017 at 03:56pm.