World War I. The First World War was known as The Great War in it s day and was to be the war to end all wars.

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1 World War I The First World War was known as The Great War in it s day and was to be the war to end all wars.

2 4 Long Term Causes of WWI Nationalism - each country in Europe thought their country was the best. The Alliance System - countries in Europe began to ally with others that had common interest

3 Pre-WWI Alliances

4 The Alliances of WWI THE CENTRAL POWERS - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy* (Italy changes sides in 1915 and is not a major player after this) THE ALLIED POWERS - Great Britain, France, and Russia (The U.S. Remains neutral in 1914)

5 Militarism - the build up of weapons to protect a country in the event of war Imperialism - the practice of extending a nation s power by gaining territories for a colonial empire. Result of Long Term Causes - TENSION in Europe, a small area that has many different countries and points of view by 1914!

6 Global Map of WWI

7 Short Term Causes of WWI 1. Serbian Nationalism - The Serbs in Austria-Hungary wanted to form a unified South Slav state. *Gavrilo Princip (seen in photo) was a member in a nationalist group, THE BLACK HAND. He single handedly would change the course of history!

8 2.The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serb Bosnian was the fuse to light the powderkeg of tension in Europe. 3. Mobilization - Soon, the ALLIANCE SYSTEMS that had been established prior to this began to act.

9 WWI Primary Source Document ASSASINATION OF THE AUSTRIAN ROYAL HEIR AND WIFE Shot by student in Bosnian capital Monday June 29, 1914 The Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, nephew of the aged Emperor and heir to the throne, was assassinated in the streets of Sarayevo, the Bosnian capital, yesterday afternoon. His wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, was killed by the same assassin. Some reports say the Duchess was deliberately shielding her husband from the second shot when she was killed. One victim was struck in the body and the other in the face; the telegrams are contradictory about which wound the Archduke suffered and which his wife. Two attempts were made on the Archduke's life during the day. He was in Bosnia inspecting the manoeuvres of the Austrian Army Corps stationed in the province, and had devoted yesterday to a procession through the capital. During the morning a bomb was thrown at the Imperial motor-car, but its occupants escaped unhurt. In the afternoon in another part of the town a Serb student fired a revolver at the car, killing both the Archduke and the Duchess... Manchester Guardian, 29/06/14

10 Steps to War in 1914 June 28th - Archduke Francis Ferdinand Assassinated July 28th (1 month later) - Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia July 30th (2 days later) - Russia (Serbia s Ally) begins to MOBILIZE armed forces August 1st (2 days later) - Germany (Austria- Hungary s Ally) declares war on Russia

11 August 3rd (2 days later) - Germany declares war on France (Russia s ally), and begins the invasion of Belgium August 4th (1 day later) - Britain (who had pledged to protect Belgium) declared war on Germany August 6th (2 days later) - Austria- Hungary declares war on Russia August 12th (6 days later) - France and Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary

12 Maps of WWI Fighting Upper Left: The Western Front Upper Right: The Eastern Front Bottom: The Alliance System

13 Major Battle Fronts ( ) The First Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) - As the Germans are approaching France, the French launch a daring counterattack against the Germans and they retreat. The Battle for Verdun (Dec. 1915) - Longest battle in the war (10 months) and one of the deadliest. France was still able to hold off Germany. The War in the Atlantic - Fighting in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean between the navies of Britain and Germany involved the blockading of ports and the placing of explosive mines on the ocean floor. German U-boats were causing heavy British losses.

14 Trench Warfare in World War I

15 New Technology Machine Guns Poison Gas (chlorine and mustard gas) Tanks Airplanes

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17 New Rules to War It now seemed that all RULES OF WAR were gone Civilians were now needed to fight and die This was the first modern war

18 American Neutrality ( ) At first, many Americans believed the Great War to be a European war American merchants, however, traded with the warring European nations. While the U.S. tried to support both sides financially, her ships carried most of its supplies to the Allied Powers and most identified with the Allies.

19 America Moves to War The Sinking of the Lusitania - In May of 1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner and killed 128 Americans

20 Unrestricted German Submarine Warfare - angered many Americans because Germany was not respecting our claims of neutrality

21 The Zimmerman Note Germany pledged to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they joined the Central Powers; angered Americans; Congress declares war April 6th, Coded Message

22 De-Coded Message

23 Russian Revolution - Meanwhile there was trouble in Russia in 1917, Russian Czar Nicholas II is overthrown; Russia withdraws from the war in Nov and American presence is needed even more.

24 America Mobilizes for War SOLDIERS - The Draft is enacted by the SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT of 1917; 3 million WWI American draftees; they were named the AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (AEF) PROPAGANDA - The COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION (CPI) is created to rally support for the war effort ECONOMIC SUPPORT - The government increased income taxes and issued war bonds (aka liberty bonds) WOMEN - play a major role as volunteers in France and workers in U.S. industry (they are nurses, signalers, typists, interpreters, drivers, Red Cross volunteers, factory workers, etc.)

25 Soldiers Shore detail from the U.S.S Olympia 339th infantry leaves for Russia

26 Propaganda

27 Economic Support

28 Anna Gove in the olive drab uniform with members of the American Red Cross staff in France. This photo shows the many variations of the nurse's uniform. American Red Cross Bureau of Photography photograph Women

29 Restrictions on Freedom in the U.S. PACIFISTS - The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 penalized Americans who acted out against the war effort. GERMAN AMERICANS - faced hard times in America; German things were often renamed. AFRICAN AMERICANS - While there were some African American in segregated combat units, most African Americans filled noncombat roles.

30 American s OVER THERE AEF - Lead by General John J. Pershing; they spend about 3 months training German Offensive - After Russia drops out and before U.S. troops are fully trained, Germany tries to break the trench stalemate on the western front Major Battles involving U.S. troops in France - Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wod, the Second Battle of the Marne, Meuse-Argonne (Argonne Forest)

31 John J. Pershing One of America's most famous Army officers, Pershing was born in Missouri on September 13, He graduated from West Point in 1886 and served in the Spanish-American War, the Philippines Insurrection, the Mexican Expedition and was the overall American Commander in Europe during World War I.

32 The War Ends January 8th, Wilson s 14 points for peace speech November 11th, Fighting ends at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month January Paris Peace Conference meeting between the Big Four who dominated the conference - Pres. Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Premier Georges Clemenceau (France), and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy) June 28, The Treaty of Versailles is signed; the U.S. does not agree with the treaty and signs a treaty during the Harding administration with Germany.

33 The Big Four (left to right: George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson)

34 Wilson v. The European Powers Wilson s Objectives 1. Peace without victory 2. World Peace 3. End of Secret Alliances 4. Freedom of the Seas 5. Free Trade 6. Weapons Reduction 7. Impartial Handling of Border disputes 8. Self-determination 9. League of Nations Objectives of the European Powers 1. Hold Germany accountable for war 2. Establish buffer zones between France and Germany 3. Protect the national interests of the Allied Powers 4. Extend Power of Allied Nations 5. Gain wealth

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