Ornamental Plants of South Florida. Stephen H. Brown Lee County Extension

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1 Plant Nutrient Deficiencies in Ornamental Plants of South Florida Stephen H. Brown Lee County Extension 4/2013

2 Introduction Not all plant problems are caused by insects or diseases Healthy plant growth and reproduction requires 17 nutrients Plant nutrient deficiencies dfii i often appear as leaf discoloration or distortion

3 Introduction If left untreated, nutrient deficiencies may reduce plant growth, flowering, fruiting or aesthetic appeal. F ili d i Fertilizers are used to correct nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants.

4 What else could it be? Natural plant senescence Cold Drought Excessive light/sunburn Fertilizer burn Soil too wet, compacted, or drains slowly Root rot disease Insect problem Nematode problem

5 Cold Duranta erecta Gold Mound Blue porterweed For the most sensitive plants, damage occurs with temperatures in the 40 s

6 Drought A.D. Ali Turkey oak Soil moisture is needed to move plant nutrients to plant roots

7 Excessive Light/Sunburn Sun burned Cordyline Ti plant Sun burned cast iron plant Excessive sun Exposure of Peperomia

8 Fertilizer Burn A.D. Ali Ixora

9 Deficiencies Related to Other Problems Biotic (disease) problems tend to appear with asymmetrical patterns Nutrient deficiency symptoms tend to be distributed ib d symmetrically over the plant tissue

10 Symptom Symmetry Indian Hawthorne Disease causes asymmetrical distribution of symptoms Ixora Nutritional deficiency causes symmetrical distribution of symptoms

11 Mobile and Immobile Nutrients Plant nutrients which can move from place where they are stored to places where they are needed are called mobile Mobile nutrients feed younger leaves first. Older leaves show deficiency symptoms first Immobile nutrients do not move to younger leaves where they may be needed. ddsymptoms first show on younger leaves

12 Mobile Nutrients Older leaves affected first Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Immobile Nutrients Younger/new leaves affected first Iron Manganese Sulfur Boron Copper Calcium Bold Red = Most common South Florida deficiencies of monocots Bold Blue = Most common South Florida deficiencies of dicots Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are never limiting; molybdenum, nickel, chlorine, zinc are virtually never limiting in South Florida ornamental plants

13 Nitrogen Availability as Affected by Soil ph The width of the band indicates the relative nitrogen availability

14 Nitrogen Deficiency Part of plant affected by nutrient deficiency Entire plant Symptoms Plant light green, lower leaves yellow, no necrotic spotting Possible circumstances leading to nutrient deficiency Soils with low organic matter N is a mobile nutrient

15 Nitrogen Deficiency UF/IFAS Azalea: Uniformed chlorosis of all but the newest leaves

16 Nitrogen Deficiency UF/IFAS Citrus: No necrotic spotting

17 Nitrogen Deficiency Queen palm: Uniformed chlorosis of entire canopy A.D.. Ali

18 Iron Availability as Affected by Soil ph The width of the band indicates the relative iron availability

19 Iron Deficiency Part of plant affected by nutrient deficiency Young leaves Symptoms Interveinal chlorosis of new leaves followed by complete chlorosis and/or bleaching of new leaves. Leaves without necrotic streaks. Possible circumstances leading to nutrient dfii deficiency High ph soils, soils with low organic matter, poorly drained soils, deep planting, root rot, nematodes Fe is an immobile nutrient

20 Iron Deficiency Perennial peanut: Intervienal chlorosis of new leaves

21 Iron Deficiency Perennial peanut: Intervienal chlorosis of new leaves

22 Iron Deficiency Dwarf Ixora: Chlorosis of new leaves

23 Iron Deficiency Dwarf Ixora: Severe intervienal chlorosis

24 Iron Deficiency Ixora: Intervienal chlorosis

25 Iron Deficiency Gardenia: Intervienal chlorosis

26 Iron Deficiency Gardenia: Intervienal chlorosis and leaf loss of shrub

27 Iron Deficiency Gardenia: Intervienal chlorosis of a portion of the plant UF/IFAS

28 Iron Deficiency Azalea: Severe deficiency with entire plant affected UF/IFAS

29 Iron Deficiency Rose: chlorosis of new leaves UF/IFAS

30 Iron Deficiency Slash pines Decline due primarily to construction, soil changes and landscape maintenance

31 Iron Deficiency Areca palms: Severe deficiency

32 Magnesium Availability as Affected by Soil ph The width of the band indicates the relative magnesium availability

33 Magnesium Dfii Deficiency Part of plant affected Symptoms Possible circumstances by nutrient deficiency leading to nutrient deficiency Olderleaves leaves Interveinalchlorosis chlorosis, yellow Soilswith low organic at the edges of older leaves, symptom progress up the plant. matter, sandy soils subject to leaching. Mg is a mobile nutrient

34 Magnesium Deficiency Hong Kong orchid Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves

35 Magnesium Deficiency Cinnamon: Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves

36 Magnesium Deficiency Jujube: Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves

37 Magnesium Deficiency Toog tree: Interveinal chlorosis of older leaves

38 Magnesium Deficiency Downy jasmine Top stem: Intervienal chlorosis of older leaves Bottom stem: More severe case with yellow leaves on entire stem

39 Magnesium Deficiency Allamanda Yellow edges (margins)

40 Magnesium Deficiencies Allamanda: Yellow edges of leaves

41 Magnesium Deficiency Scaevola, Beach Naupaka: Yellow edges of older leaves

42 Magnesium Deficiency Spanish bayonet Yellow edges of older leaves

43 Magnesium Deficiency Florida anise: Yellow edges of leaves

44 Magnesium Deficiency East Palatka holly: Yellow edges of leaves UF/IFAS

45 Magnesium Deficiency Pittosporum: Yellow edges of leaves UF/IFAS

46 Magnesium Deficiency Selloum: Yellow edges of older leaves

47 Magnesium Deficiency Erica Santella Erica Santella KingSago: Yellow edges of leaves

48 Magnesium Deficiency Canary Island date palm Yellowing at the edges of older leaves

49 Magnesium Deficiency Areca palm Yellowing at the edges of leaflets Thatch palm Yellowing at the edges of leaflets

50 Manganese Deficiency Part of plant affected by nutrient deficiency Symptoms Possible circumstances leading to nutrient deficiency Young leaves In dicots, diffuse interveinal chlorosis, Alkaline or highly with interveinal necrosis as symptoms leached soils. progress. In palms, interveinal chlorosis accompanied by longitudinal necrotic streaking. Assymptoms symptoms progress, leaflets tips become necrotic and frizzled. Symptoms more severe towards base of leaves. Mn is an immobile nutrient

51 Manganese Deficiency Skyvine: Mottled (diffused) intervienal chlorosis. Not as clearly defined as with Fe deficiency

52 Manganese Deficiency Royal palms: Frizzled tops AD A.D. Ali

53 Manganese Deficiency Royal palm: Frizzled top Queen Palm: Frizzled top

54 Phosphorus Availability as Affected by Soil ph The width of the band indicates the relative phosphorus availability

55 Phosphorus h Dfii Deficiency Part of plant affected Symptoms Possible by nutrient deficiency circumstances leading to nutrient deficiency Older leaves, whole Leaves are either reddish purple High or low ph. plant or pale yellow green, depending upon the species. Stunting of Recommended ph plants. Leaf tip necrosis occurs in severely deficient palms P is a mobile nutrient

56 Potassium Availability as Affected by Soil ph The width of the band indicates the relative potassium availability

57 Potassium Deficiency Part of plant affected by Symptoms Possible circumstances nutrient deficiency leading to nutrient deficiency Older leaves For dicots, necrotic spotting of older Excessively leaves, leaf margins turn chlorotic and leached soils, high then necrotic. For palms, early symptom N fertilizer can include yellow orange translucent or induce or necrotic spotting followed by leaflet tip necrosis and frizzling. Symptoms are most severe on the oldest leaves and at the tips of those leaves. exacerbate K deficiencies K is a mobile nutrient

58 Potassium Deficiency Philodendron: Yellow spots Doug Caldwell

59 Potassium Deficiency Orchid tree Necrotic leaf margins HongKong orchidtree K deficiency is especially common in orchid trees (Bauhinia sp.) in the months just prior to leaf drop.

60 Potassium Deficiency Tim Broschat Black olive

61 Potassium Deficiency Coconut palm: Translucent spots

62 Potassium Deficiency European fan palm: Necrotic spots Tim Broschat

63 Potassium Deficiency Areca palm: Leaf tip necrosis Tim Broschat

64 Potassium Deficiencies Leaf ftip necrosis Pygmy date palm Canary Island date palm

65 Boron Deficiency Part of plant affected by nutrient deficiency New leaves Symptoms For dicots, terminal bud dies, leaf cupping, witches broom, dieback. For palms, accordion leaves and unopened spears (new leaves), entire crown bent in one direction Possible circumstances leading to nutrient dfii deficiency Sandy soils with low organic matter, high soil ph, soil drying B is an immobile nutrient

66 Boron Deficiency UF/IFAS Philodendron

67 Boron Deficiency Tim Broschat Hibiscus: Cupping of leaves

68 Boron Deficiency Sea hibiscus: Cupping of leaves

69 Boron Deficiency Queen palm Accordion effect Foxtail palm Unopened spear leaves

70 Boron Deficiency Sagisi palm Accordion effect of new leaves Tim Broschat

71 Boron Deficiency 27 November, November, 2009 Royal palm: Entire crown bends in one direction

72 Combined Deficiencies If more than one deficiencies are present simultaneously, the typical symptoms may not occur.

73 P & K Deficiencies Ixora: These deficiencies occur primarily in the cool season

74 Stephen H. Brown is the Horticulture Extension Agent with Lee County Extension locatedinsouthwest Florida. Fact Sheet: Palm Deficiencies Power Points: Big Native Trees II Florida Native Pl Palms Tropical Fruits Brown s Webpage brownsh@ufl.edu YouTubes: Red Silk Cotton Climbing Aster Gladiolus Palmetto Weevil Grubs Queen s Wreath Subscribe at no cost to Brown s Plant File by ing to brownsh@ufl.edu Please include your first and last names. Reviewed by Dr. Tim Broschat, UF, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Ctr.