A Survey of Ocular Anatomy and Pathology of Vertebrate Species. Dick Dubielzig
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1 A Survey of Ocular Anatomy and Pathology of Vertebrate Species Dick Dubielzig
2 Vertebrate Evolution
3 Hagfish & Lampreys No paired pectoral (shoulder) or pelvic (hip) fins Notochord persists for life. They have no scales. The axons of their neurons are unmyelinated. Lampreys have both an innate immune system and an adaptive immune system, but the latter is entirely different from that found in the jawed vertebrates.
4 Hagfish Eyes Eye No cornea No lens 2-layered retina No melanin Wired to the brain like a pineal gland Recommendation: You-Tube: Eddie and the Hagfish
5
6 Lamprey Eyes Larval form and adult form Cornea largely continuous with the skin No muscles of accommodation Has most of the structures of the vertebrate eye Lens 3-layered retina Extraocular muscles Wired to brain like a visual eye Melanin in Choroid and RPE Adult Larva
7 Larva 3-layered retina Adult Cornea continuous with skin
8 Shark & Ray Eyes Cartilaginous sclera, but no bone No muscle in the ciliary body Smooth muscle attached to the ventral lens Double cornea (scleral and skin) No shading of outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) Eye Sucking
9 No shading of the photoreceptors by the RPE Sharks and Rays Double cornea
10 Evolution of the Fishes
11 Sturgeon Eyes Cartilaginous sclera, no bone No muscle in the ciliary body The lens is supported on a papilla, but no accommodation and no muscle are known Choroidal guanine tapetum lucidum Limited shading of the outer segments by the RPE
12 Juvenile Sturgeon Eye Papilla Cartilaginous sclera
13 Sturgeon Eye Guanine Tapetum
14 Higher Teleosts Cartilage and sometimes bone in sclera Retractor lentis muscle (smooth muscle) accommodation Vascular rete called choroidal gland RPE melanin has photomechanical movement Some fish have a retinal fovea Trichromatic vision Double cornea (skin and scleral) Papillary process supplies blood to the retina
15 Higher Teleosts Double cornea Round lens Choroidal gland Walls. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation
16 Retractor lentis Higher Teleosts Annular ligament Choroidal gland
17 Higher Teleosts Falciform process & accommodation Walls. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation Retractor lentis muscle
18 Higher Teleosts Retinal Variations Photomechanical Movement Guanine in the Retinal Tapetum of the Walleye
19 Degenerate Eyes Elephant Nose Fish and the Mole Mole Eye
20 Diplostomum spathaceum
21 Teleost Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) Fairy Basslet Thanks to: Marie Pinkerton
22 Walls Amphibian Eyes
23 Features of Amphibian Eyes Cartilaginous sclera, but no bone Trichromatic vision Photomechanical motion in the RPE Minimal amount of accommodation with smooth muscle Double cornea only in the tadpole No annular pad in lens Retractor bulbi muscle and eyelids
24 Features of Amphibian Eyes Frogs and Toads Cornea Bull Frog Smooth Muscle Cartilage
25 Features of Amphibian Eyes Frogs and Toads Retina Cornea Tadpole Eye
26 Acid-fast Bacteria & Lipid Keratopathy Oil Red O
27 Amphibians The Rise of Reptiles Duck-billed Platypus Monotreme
28 Amphibians The Rise of Reptiles Duck-billed Platypus Monotreme
29 Contrasting Features Amphibian Platypus Placental Mammal Cartilage, no bone Cartilage, no bone No bone or cartilage Turtle Cartilage and bone Uveal muscle is smooth muscle No uveal muscle Uveal muscle is smooth muscle Uveal muscle is skeletal muscle Photomechanical movement Photomechanical movement No photomechanical movement Photomechanical movement No annular lens pad No annular lens pad No annular lens pad Small annular pad
30 Reptiles
31 Reptiles Turtles
32 Turtle Eyes Annular Lens Pad
33 Turtle Eye Skeletal Muscle
34 Lesions of Sea Turtle Eyes Fibropapilloma
35 Schistosome Eggs in the Choroid
36 Reptiles Lizards
37 Lizards General features of lizard eyes Scleral bone and cartilage Annular pad in lens Skeletal muscles for accommodation Trichromatic vision or more Fovea Avascular retina with special adaptations for blood supply Special considerations by group Tuatara, the most primitive of the extant lizards Lacks a conus papillaris Iguana, Chameleons, Monitors Gecko Ecdysis Spectacle Snakes are treated separately
38 Features of Lizard Eyes Tuatara No Conus Papillaris Deep Convexiclavate Fovea
39 General Features of Lizard Eyes Walls
40 Features of Lizard Eyes Conus papillaris
41 Features of Lizard Eyes Accommodation Chameleon Magnifying(?) Lens
42 Chameleon Features of Lizard Eyes Conus Papillaris Gecko
43 Features of Lizard Eyes Retina & Cornea Iguana Shallow Fovea Cornea Gecko Cone-rich Retina Gecko Shallow Fovea
44 Gecko Ecdysis Complications
45 Reptiles Snakes
46 Features of Snake Eyes Snakes are closely related to the lizards and are thought to have lost ocular features in a degenerative process No cartilage or bone No annular lens pad Smooth muscle in iris, none in ciliary body Vessels on the inner surface of the retina Some snakes have a conus papillaris Photomechanical movement in the RPE Spectacle in front of cornea
47 Features of Snake Eyes
48 Features of Snake Eyes Spectacle * Subspectacular Space Cornea Cuticle * Schlemm s canal Ciliary roll
49 Ecdysis Transparent cuticle over the eye
50 Snake Retina
51 Inflammation of the Subspectacular Space
52 Ecdysis Failure
53 Surgical Drainage of the Subspectacular Space
54 Surgical Drainage of the Subspectacular Space Damaged Cornea
55 Surgical Drainage of the Subspectacular Space 1 Day 1 Day Day 7 4 Day 21
56 Reptiles Crocodilians
57 Features of Crocodilian Eyes Cartilage, but no bone in the sclera Small annular lens pad Skeletal muscle in iris and ciliary body No conus papillaris No blood vessels on or in the retina Photomechanical movement in the RPE
58 Crocodilian Eyes Cartilage
59 Crocodilian Eyes Annular Lens Pad Skeletal Muscle No Conus Papillaris
60 Avian Eyes
61 Features of Bird Eyes Cartilage and well-developed ossicle Some birds have a tubular eye shape Skeletal muscle in iris and ciliary body Annular lens pad Photomechanical movement in the RPE Pecten oculi Fovea common - some birds have two fovea Corneal accommodation Trichromatic vision or more
62 Loon Eye Features of Bird Eyes Ferry Bird
63 Avian Accommodation Corneal accommodation
64 Accommodation in Diving Birds Loons, Puffins, Penguins, Cormorants Muscular Iris Anterior Attachment of Ciliary Process
65 The Double Fovea Dr Jim Ver Hoeve
66 The temporal fovea is bilateral vision The central fovea is used by just one eye
67 Pecten Oculi
68 Cyclodialysis in Owl Retinal Avulsion in Hawk Blunt Trauma
69 Retinal Lenticular Metaplasia Caroline Zeiss
70 West Nile Virus in Hawks
71 Cataract Western Scrub Jay
72 The Monotreme Eye Duck-billed Platypus
73 Features of Mammalian Eyes Marsupials and Placental Mammals No bone or cartilage in sclera No skeletal muscle No photomechanical movement in RPE Dichromatic vision (except Old World primates) No fovea (except Old World primates) Most have blood vessels within the retina Accommodation limited by passive action of lens capsule on lens
74 Features of the Mammalian Eye Lion Eye Rhinoceros Eye
75 The Nocturnal Eye from Walls
76 The Nocturnal Mammal Springhaas
77 Lipofuscinosis in Rescued Asiatic Black Bears
78 Orangutan The Diurnal Eye Primate Fovea
79 Mandrill Diabetes and Hypertension
80 Bilateral Optic Atrophy in Rhesus and Cynos Normal Affected
81 Diurnal Eye Ground Squirrel
82 Underwater Eye Cetacean Operculum Dolphin
83 Underwater Eye Pinniped
84 Underwater Eye Pinniped
85 Underwater Eye Pinniped
86 Pinniped Ocular Disease Cataract Lens luxation Corneal opacity
87 Amyloid Pinniped Ocular Disease Cataract Endothelial/Descemet s Degeneration
88 Microphthalmia in Whitetail Deer Fawns Born blind with small, partly pigmented corneas Come from central Wisconsin The mother was not seen Negative for: BVD titer Hemorrhagic fever titer Negative for heavy metals Negative for organic chlorides Vit A & D levels same as controls Sites of origin indistinguishable from controls
89 Microphthalmia in Whitetail Deer Fawns
90 Microphthalmia in Whitetail Deer Fawns
91 The Tapetum Lucidum Fibrous Tapetum: Herbivore Equine/Tapir/Hippo Ruminant: not Camelid Cetacean Cellular Tapetum: Carnivore Canine type Mustelids Pinniped Bears Feline type Hyena Fibrous Tapetum in other groups Springhaas: Rodent Cellular Tapetum in other groups Fat-tailed Lemur: Primate Retinal Tapetum: American Opossum Dolphin Fibrous Tapetum
92 Cellular Tapetum Lucidum Carnivore Eye Shine - Canine Nontapetal Tapetal Tapetal
93 Cellular Tapetum Lucidum Feline Melan-A Autofluorescent
94 Fibrous Tapetum Lucidum Ungulates & Cetaceans Impala Equine Tapir or Hippo Dolphin
95 Retinal Tapetum North American Opossum * Capillary blood vessels in the ourter nuclear layer
96 Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Rabbit Lens Inflammatory Disease Gram Stain Acid-fast Stain
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