Pneumonia Guide. Causes, Costs and Prevention

Transcription

1 Pneumonia Guide Causes, Costs and Prevention Sick animals Invisible subclinical disease

2 Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Outbreaks of BRD continue to be the cause of significant economic losses and hardship for cattle farmers. The fact is, many contributing agents can produce similar clinical signs. Good animal husbandry and farm management practices, including a comprehensive herd vaccination scheme, remain the best strategy. The Main Risk Periods Young age The immune systems of young calves become more efficient with age, allowing for a better response when challenged by respiratory pathogens. For this reason, respiratory disease is more commonly diagnosed during the first three months of life. For calves being fed with milk replacers, it is also the period in which weaning takes place. Mixing & Weaning A particularly vulnerable time in an animal s life, especially young calves, are the days just following the introduction and mixing of animals from different sources. Circulation of respiratory pathogens and differences in immune status are the main factors that lead to a higher incidence of respiratory disease. Costs Mortality costs and treatment expenses are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to adding up the overall financial losses associated with a pneumonia outbreak. 2

3 The effect of Pneumonia on productivity and profitability DAIRY Subclinical disease The hidden costs Studies have shown 12 month old dairy replacement heifers to be ~20kg live weight lighter than potential due to subclinical respiratory disease. 1 On finishing, slaughter dates days BEEF Age at slaughter (days) +33 days +44 days No pneumonia in pen Not sick, in pen with sick animals Moderately sick Severely sick Severely sick beef cattle take over 59 days longer to finish than healthy animals. Even animals showing little or no sickness can be suffering from subclinical respiratory disease which will increase finishing times to slaughter. 1. Van der Fels-Klerx et al, Effects of bovine respiratory disease on the productivity of dairy heifers quantified by experts. Livestock Science 75, Bareille et al Incidence et impact economique des troubles de sante des jeunes bovins lors de L engraissement en pays de la loire. Journees Bovines Nantaises B,

4 The facts about Pneumonia Pneumonia is by far Ireland s No. 1 cattle killer. It accounts for over 30% of all deaths in cattle from one month to one year of age. 1 ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT TREAT VIRAL PNEUMONIA Grade 1 Subclinical disease Proliferation of viruses and bacteria Modest lung dysfunction No evident clinical signs Grade 4 Irreversible clinical disease Extensive lung damage Impaired performance Death risk 4 1. Anon AFBI/DAFM All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report 2012

5 Meet the Big hitters in Respiratory Disease Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica Bacterial Pathogen Associated with stress factors High mortality rates. Bacterial pneumonia - No 1. cause of death in young stock (see graph below) Only one vaccine available for Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica and viral pneumonia - Bovilis Bovipast RSP IBR Usually associated with animals over 12 months old 1 Can occur in young stock but lower incidences than RSV, Mannheimia haemolytica & Pasteurella multocida Pi3 Is often referred to as the gateway virus for bacteria ie. opens the door for bacteria Vaccines available RSV Virus which effect young cattle mainly 1 Stress factors trigger an outbreak such as overcrowding, weaning etc. Vaccines available and advisable in young stock Vaccines available Causes of respiratory disease in Ireland % Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida Lungworm Trueperella pyogenes RSV Mycoplasma bovis IBR H Somni 1. Anon AFBI/DAFM All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report

6 Signs to watch out for... Depression, decreased appetite, empty looking, off form, drooping ears Temperature (>39.5 C) Laboured or fast breathing, runny nose, coughing Top pneumonia tips... 4 Reduce stress Management, handling and housing 4 Vaccinate before the period of risk i.e. prehousing winter vaccination or 2 weeks after birth 4 Treatment Have a protocol - stick with it 4 Don t forget hoose 1st season and 2nd season grazers need to be treated with a long acting parasiticide or vaccinated against lungworm 4 Watch for signs of pneumonia - Watch out especially during risk periods - Signs outlined above 4 Act fast Antibiotics do not treat viral pneumonia And now for the science... Pasteurella (Mannheimia haemolytica) is the 2nd most common cause of pneumonia and the most common cause which can be vaccinated against Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica Iron is needed for Pasteurella* to multiply When Pasteurella* reach the lung, Iron Regulating Proteins (IRPs) on their surface absorb iron If cattle are vaccinated with Bovipast RSP before Pasteurella* reach the lung, antibodies are produced against IRPs These antibodies attach to the IRPs on the surface of Pasteurella*. They prevent absorption of iron resulting in the failure of the Pasteurella* to multiply and reducing clinical signs of pneumonia. Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica *Mannheimia haemolytica 6

7 e vaccination reduces shedding of targeted ens, it contributes to the reduction of us pressure on the farm. Minimise stress: During its life a calf will be exposed to differe unfavorable conditions that can trigger stres These include weaning, mixing, feeding chan and more. Management practices should aim vacci ne range ensuring that the stress associated with thes practices is reduced to a minimum. Bovilis Bovipast RSP vaccination programs Start early and choose the right vaccine for the job at hand Compatible with Bovilis IBR Marker Live art early, oose right Compatible with Bovilis IBR Marker Initiation of vaccination at a young age is key in BRD control programs to ensure that young calves are Vaccination with Bovilis IBR n of vaccination atthea highest young is key in protected during riskage period. ntrol programs to ensure that young calves ected during the highest risk period. Bovilis Bovipast RSP can be safely administered from Bovipast RSP can be safely administered 2 weeks of age, and it is advisable to vaccinate all weeks of age, and it is advisable to animals in a group in order to minimise the infectious te all animals in a herd in order to potential. e the infectious potential. Marker Live at the same Vaccination with RSP Bovilis IBR Marker Live at time as Bovilis Bovipast the time asofbovilis Bovipast RSP may b may same be required as part required asprogram part or of an eradication program an eradication or because respiratory disease with IBR because respiratory disease involvement has been detected on the farm with IBR involvement has been detected on the farm. The compatibility of Bovilis Bovipast RSP an Bovilis IBR Marker Live has been proven in The compatibility of Bovilisstudies Bovipast RSP 3,5 and Bovilis. several challenge IBR Marker Live has been proven in a challenge study. Bovilis Bovipast RSP vaccination programs 1 Young calves Birth 2 weeks 6 weeks 6 weeks before 2 weeks before Weanlings weaning Fattening calves Arrival Slaughter 4 weeks 1. M akoschey B. and others (2006), Comprehensive protection against all important primary pathogens within the bovine respiratory disease complex by combination of two vaccines. Der Praktische Tierarzt 87,

8 vaccine range BOVIPAST RSP The ONLY vaccine to protect your weanlings against Pasteurella * & Viral Pneumonia Pasteurella * RSV PI3 Prevent pneumonia from striking down your calves this spring Why vaccinate with Bovilis Bovipast RSP? Reduces the use of antibiotics Increases productivity and in turn, the profitability of your farm Protects against Pasteurella * & Viral Pneumonia (RSV and PI3) - among the most common causes of pneumonia in young stock (<12 months old) Licensed for concurrent use with Bovilis IBR Marker Live. IE/BBR/1114/0006 Bovilis Bovipast RSP contains inact. BRS strain EV908, PI-3 strain SF-4 Reisinger and Mannheimia haemolytica A1 strain M4/1 Bovilis IBR Marker Live contains live, attenuated IBR marker vaccine BHV-1 strain GK/D (ge _ ). For the active immunisation against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Withdrawal periods: zero days. Legal Categories: ROI POM(E) NI POM-V. For further information see SPC, contact prescriber or MSD Animal Health, Red Oak North, South County Business Park, Leopardstown, Dublin 18, Ireland. Tel: +353(0) vet-support.ie@merck.com Web: * Mannheimia haemolytica # GFK sales data September 2014 Anon AFBI/DAFM All-Island Animal Disease Surveillance Report 2012