DEPRESSION STORAGE IN LAND USES COMMON TO THE FINGER LAKES REGION
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1 DEPRESSION STORAGE IN LAND USES COMMON TO THE FINGER LAKES REGION Paul L Richards, Ryan Grimm and David Cannon Dept. of Earth Science, SUNY College at Brockport prichard@brockport.edu (585)
2 WHY STUDY DEPRESSION STORAGE? - Can store significant amounts of precipitation - Effects the timing with which runoff begins -Impacts surface roughness which controls the speed with which runoff travels. -Important parameters in runoff models such as WEPP and the SCS Curve number approach. - Abundant field data for crop fields, very little data for natural land uses.
3 WATERSHED DIVIDE INTERNALLY-DRAINED AREAS TOPOGRAPHICALY CONNECTED Houses Road stream Shallow, predominantly overland flowpathways Deep, groundwater flowpathways Directly connected imperviousness flow paths Unconnected imperviousness flow paths
4 Depression storage caused by microrelief
5 Theoretical studies and common sense tells us depression storage should be a function of slope, with effective storage decreasing as slope increases 0% slope 5% slope 15% slope Which means hydrologic models for computing runoff excess should consider SLOPE, yet SCS Curve number Green and Ampt equation DO NOT!!!
6 ROUGHNESS CLINOMETER Slope angle Ideal storage Effective storage
7 Using the roughness clinometer
8 ± Urban Open ^_ ' Brockport Mature Deciduous Forest Wetland ^_ ^_ Monroe ' Rochester ' Batavia ^_^_ Genesee Active Crop Field (alfalfa) Henrietta ' Urb Residntial Grasslnd, Mwd Herb, Immature forest ^_ ^_ Unused Crop Field Ontario Livingston
9 WETLAND
10 WETLAND
11 MATURE DECIDUOUS FOREST
12 UNUSED CROP FIELD
13 URBAN RESIDENTIAL
14 URBAN COMMERCIAL
15 Original land cover Land cover in 1980
16 Immature Pine forest Mowed herbaceous
17 Soil type and slope associated with land uses evaluated Description Soil Name Soil Texture Soil Hydr. Group Slope Class % DEM Clinomet. Wetland Lakemont Silt Loam D undefined Mature Deciduous forest Schoharie Silt Loam C Unused Crop field Eel Silt Loam B undefined Immature Pineforest Palmyra Grav. fine sandy loam B 3 to Mowed herbaceous Palmyra Grav. fine sandy loam B 3 to Urban Residential Grassland Palmyra Grav. fine sandy loam B 3 to Urban Open (commercial) Wassiac A Fine sandy loam B 0 to Clinometer slopes did not match slopes derived from the DEM very well!
18 RESULTS Land use Level 3 land use code # obs Mean effective storage (mm) Std. dev. effective storage (mm) Wetland Mature deciduous forest (9.9*) 7.0 (13.0*) Immature pineforest Mowed herbaceous 300(113) Unused crop field 250(300) Urban residential grassland Urban open (commercial) *includes tree fall depressions
19 Effective depression storage (mm) Wetland Landcover Low Density Residential Mature Deciduous Forest Inactive Cropland Urban Grassland % Slope Effective/ideal storage (mm/mm) % slope
20 2-sample T-test indicates the immature Pine forest had significantly more depression storage than the mowed herbaceous. significant at the level 81% increase in effective storage area after 33 years
21 IMPLICATIONS ON MODELING S = (1000/CN 10) S = potential abstraction CN = Curve number POTENTIAL ABSTRACTION Depression storage Interception Long term Infiltration Using the soil hydrologic information, our depression storage data, and appropriate values of interception we can estimate (crudely) the effects of slope on CN. In this calculation I assume cumulative infiltration is not a function of slope: RESULT: Second order effect, only at the highest hydrologic soil groups does CN appear to vary with slope: Magnitude -> 1 3
22 But can we assume infiltration is not going to be a function of slope? fp = L + Ks L F Assumption of unit hydraulic gradient (zero slope) used in Green & Ampt equation
23 CONCLUSIONS Depression storage is significant in natural land covers and 3-5 times higher than pervious landcover associated with developed land uses. Between 2-3 % slope appears to be a critical threshold in which effective depression storage drops significantly in pervious urban landcover
24 Vegetation, roots, bioturbation and tree falls appear to be responsible for much of the relief and depression storage found In natural land cover. Slope appears to be a minor * factor for urban landcover in determining rainfall excess, however it is negligible for natural land covers that have high infiltration capacity. Future work involves evaluation of other land uses and rewriting a version of the Green and Ampt equation that considers slope to allow us to consider the slope effect on infiltration capacity * If we assume infiltration is not a function of slope
25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this research was supported by a grant from the NYS Water Resources Institute
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