Guide to Harvard Referencing and Citations

Transcription

1 Guide to Harvard Referencing and Citations Learning and Information Services Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work. Whenever you refer to either the work or ideas of someone or are influenced by another's work, you must acknowledge this. Similarly if you use a direct quotation from someone's work this should be referred to accurately. This guide offers detailed guidance for producing citations and references according to the Harvard method in the Harvard-SHU style recommended by the library. You may be asked to use another method, or a variation of the Harvard style. If this is the case, please refer to your course handbook or lecturers for guidance.

2 Contents: You can search this document or use the contents list below to link to a page of interest What is referencing? 1 Why should you reference? 1 When should you reference? 1 What should you reference? 2 How should you reference using the Harvard method? 2 Plagiarism 2 Ethical considerations 3 Principles of citing 3 How to cite 3 Citing sources with one author 4 Citing sources with two or three authors 4 Citing sources with four or more authors 4 Citing edited sources 4 Citing sources with corporate authors - for example organisations, companies and institutions 5 Citing more than one source by the same author(s) 5 Citing when you cannot identify the author(s) of a source 6 Citing when you cannot identify the year 6 Citing quotations 6 Citing images, diagrams, tables and figures 8 Citing artworks 8 Including citations in your work 9 Where to put citations 9 Relating your citations to your work 11 Citing more than once from the same source 12 Citing several sources together 12 Using sources in your work 13

3 Quoting 13 Quotation marks and indenting quotations 14 Omitting part of a quotation 14 Quoting foreign language sources 14 Quoting translated sources 15 Paraphrasing and summarising 15 Using data and numbers 15 Reproducing images, artwork, diagrams, tables and figures 16 Adapting images, diagrams, tables and figures 17 Secondary referencing - for when you haven't read it, but you have read about it 17 Bibliographies and reference lists 19 What's the difference between a bibliography and a reference list? 19 The format of a bibliography or reference list 19 Example bibliography 20 Author(s) in references and citations 21 Authors' names and initials 21 Multiple authors 21 Corporate authors: organisations, companies and institutions 22 The year in references and citations 23 The publication year 23 Years and online sources 23 What if there is no year? 23 Principles of referencing online sources 24 Referencing and citing examples 25 How to use the referencing and citing examples in this guide 25 Books 26 Book with one author 26 Book with two authors 26 Book with three authors 26 Book with four or more authors 26 Book with a single editor 26 Book with two editors 26

4 Book with three editors 27 Book with more than three editors 27 Book with a corporate author (organisation, company or government) 27 Book with no identifiable authors or editors 27 Anonymous book 27 Book with a subtitle 28 A volume of a multivolume book 28 Book with an introduction / foreword 28 Edited play or other literary work 28 Dictionary 28 Dictionary with no authors or editors 28 Annual publication 29 Reprinted book 29 Facsimile 29 Part of a series 29 Published leaflet or pamphlet 29 Sacred work 29 Electronic book from a database 30 Electronic reprinted book from the web 30 Electronic book preview 30 Electronic book from an e-book reader 31 Book chapter or part 31 Chapter from an edited book 31 Part of an anthology 31 Part of an encyclopedia 31 Introduction / foreword to a book 32 Information on the cover of a book - author/source is given 32 Information on the cover of a book - where no author/source is given 32 Chapter from an edited electronic book 32 Part of an electronic encyclopedia 33 Journals, Magazines & Newspapers (Serials) 33 Journal and magazine articles 33 Journal / magazine article 33 Electronic journal / magazine article 34 Electronic journal / magazine article from a systematic review database 35

5 Abstract of an article from an electronic journal / magazine 35 Electronic journal / magazine article with no author (editorial) 35 Electronic Journal / magazine articles in press 35 Electronic journal article - in press 35 Whole journal / magazine issue 36 Newspaper articles 36 Newspaper article 36 Newspaper article with no author 36 Newspaper article in section / pull out 36 Newspaper advert 37 Newspaper article on microfilm 37 Online newspaper article 37 Other serials 37 Annual publication treated as a serial 37 Articles from a research archive or repository 38 Electronic journal article from a research archive or repository 38 Electronic book chapter from a research archive or repository 38 Electronic conference paper from a research archive or repository 38 Web pages 39 Web pages 39 Web pages where the author and title are the same or the author cannot be identified 40 Archived web pages 40 Wiki article or page 40 Social networks and blogs 41 Discussion list / discussion forum post 41 Blog post 41 Social network post or page 41 Tweet 42 Web page comment 42 Online documents, reports and papers 43 Document or report on the web 43 IT white paper 43 Parliamentary and government publications 44

6 House of Commons Paper 44 Online House of Commons Paper 44 House of Lords Paper 44 Bill (House of Commons or House of Lords) 44 Act of Parliament (post 1963) 45 Online Act of Parliament (post 1963) 45 Statutory Instrument 45 Online statutory instrument 45 British Government Department publication 45 Online British Government Department publication 45 Command paper 46 Online Command paper 46 Other British Government publication 46 Online other British Government publication 46 Official inquiry 46 Hansard (House of Commons or House of Lords debates) 47 Hansard 47 Hansard online 47 European institution publication 47 International organisation publication 48 Legal sources 48 Legal case - proprietary citation 48 Legal case - neutral citation 48 Online legal case - neutral citation 49 Book from a legal database 49 Company and Market Information 49 Company annual report 49 Online company annual report 49 Company information from FAME 49 Data from Bloomberg 49 Online market research report 50 Unpublished company or organisation internal document 50 Confidential document 51 Conferences, proceedings and symposia 51

7 Conference paper 51 Online conference paper 51 Conference paper - unpublished 52 Conference presentation 52 Conference presentation video online 52 Conference presentation slides online 52 Whole conference proceedings 52 Broadcast and recorded TV, radio, film 53 Radio broadcast (live) 53 TV broadcast (live) 53 News broadcast (live) 53 Recording from TV or radio (onto physical format) 53 Online TV or radio programme from shuplayer 54 Online TV or radio programme 54 Podcast / Video podcast 54 Online video (from YouTube, Vimeo, etc.) and screencasts 55 Online video from anatomy.tv 55 Feature film (DVD) 55 Feature film (off-air DVD) 56 Feature film (shuplayer) 56 Commercial or training film 56 Audiocassette 56 Music (e.g. CD) 56 Images, diagrams, tables and figures 57 Image, diagram, table or figure from a book, journal article, online source, etc. 57 Image, diagram, table or figure from a book, journal article, online source, etc. not by the author of the source 57 Online image or photo from an image hosting site or stock photo agency 57 Online image or photo from anatomy.tv 58 Artworks and performance 58 Artwork in a book 58 Online artwork 58 Online artwork from the database Shimmer 59 Original artwork - medium and size unknown 59 Original artwork - medium and size known 59

8 SHU slide 59 Theatrical performance 59 Music performance 59 Museum displays and exhibitions 60 Exhibition label 60 Foreign language materials and translations 60 Foreign language work in a Latin-based script 60 Foreign language newspaper article in a Latin based script 61 Foreign language film in a Latin based script 61 Foreign language work in a non-latin script 61 Translated work in English 61 Translated work not in English 61 Maps 62 Map 62 Map with no author 62 Ordnance Survey map 62 Online map 62 Online map from the web (user defined) 62 Dissertations and theses 63 PhD, DPhil, DEd, etc. 63 MSc, MA, Med, etc. 63 Undergraduate dissertations (BA, BSc, etc.) 63 Thesis online 63 Thesis on microfiche / microfilm 64 Presentations, lectures and coursework 64 Lecture / presentation 64 Lecture slides online (from shuspace) 64 Lecture slides online 64 Lecture handout / presenters notes 65 Student coursework 65 Standards and Patents 65 Standard 65

9 Online standard 65 Online patent 66 Personal communication 66 Electronic communication 66 (example without a reference in a bibliography) SMS text message 67 Verbal unrecorded communication 67 Private informal conversation 67 Private telephone conversation 67 Verbal recorded (but unpublished and unbroadcast) communication 68 Private interview (example without a reference in a bibliography) 68 Private interview 68 Written communication 69 Letter 69 Fax 69 Product Information 69 Product manual / instructions 69 Online product manual / instructions 69 Product packaging 70 Software and applications 70 Computer program (software) 70 Video game 70 Mobile device app 71 Information accessed via a mobile device app 71

10 What is referencing? Referencing is an acknowledgement of the sources of the information, ideas, thoughts and data which you have used in your work. Referencing requires you to acknowledge your sources in two places: in the main body of your text by citing in the bibliography or list of references at the end of your work There are a number of methods of referencing. The one described here is called the Harvard method. Why should you reference? Referencing is the accepted way to acknowledge other people's work when you have used it in your work or have been influenced by it. Your tutors will require you to reference in your work and to be clear and consistent in how you do this. Referencing your work can also help you to: demonstrate that you have researched or read around the subject which you are writing about provide evidence for your arguments allow any reader of your work to find the original sources you used avoid plagiarism When should you reference? You will normally be expected to reference whenever you refer to or use someone else's work in your work. This applies in your essays, reports, projects, web pages, presentations and any other work. Don't repeat or copy and paste information from the internet (or any other source) into your work without referencing it. This is plagiarism. You can quote a limited amount of someone else's work, as long as you present it as a quotation, acknowledge the source in your text and reference it properly. You also need to reference properly if you are paraphrasing or summarising someone else's work. You will be expected to use your own ideas and words in your work. If you are using you own original ideas, words and images, you do not need to reference them. However, if you have used them in any other assignments you should acknowledge this. 1

11 What should you reference? You should reference any kind of source that you use; books, journal articles, information on the internet, lecture notes, TV broadcasts, etc. It is important when you are doing your research, to keep records of the sources you have used. It can be difficult to find the sources again later in order to reference them properly. RefWorks may help you to do this. You should always reference the version of an information source which you have actually used. For example, a newspaper article may appear in the printed paper and on a web site and these two versions may be slightly different. It is usually assumed that you are referring to a print source, so if it is an online source or in another format you need to include this information in your reference, to indicate which version you have used. You do not need to reference things which are considered common knowledge. Common knowledge refers to information or facts which can be found in numerous places and which are generally known. For example, Henry VIII had six wives or George Best was a football player. If you are unsure whether something is common knowledge, check with your tutor. If you reuse text or images that you have created for previous work, you need to acknowledge this and to reference your previous work. How should you reference using the Harvard method? When referencing using the Harvard method you need to cite in the main body of your text and produce a bibliography or reference list. at the end of you work. The citations in your text should consist of the author and the year of the sources and there should be references with full details of the sources in your bibliography or reference list. If you refer to any sources in an appendix, you should cite them in the appendix and provide full references for the sources in an additional bibliography at the end of that appendix. The Harvard - SHU style presented here is recommended by the library. However you may be asked to reference using the Harvard method but in a slightly different style. For example, you may be asked to present the authors in a different way. Please refer to your course handbook or lecturers for guidance. Plagiarism Plagiarism is cheating by presenting someone else's work as your own. Further information on plagiarism and academic integrity can be found on shuspace. 2

12 Ethical considerations If you wish to use information in your work which has not been published (made available publicly), you should ask for permission. For example, you should gain permission from the sender before repeating information from personal communications (letters, s, text messages, etc.). This also applies to information found on a social network site or a discussion list open to friends or invited members only. If you are working for or with a company or institution you should seek their permission before using any unpublished internal documents or other unpublished information they provide you with. If information is confidential (for example medical records) you must obtain permission from those who might be affected by its publication before using the information in your work. If you are concerned about breaching confidentiality or jeopardising anonymity, please contact your module leader or assignment supervisor. For information about research ethics, please see the University's Research ethics and standards policies, information on your shuspace module sites or ask your lecturers for guidance. Principles of citing How to cite Citing is referring to someone else s work or ideas in the text of your work. It is often called in-text citing. When using the Harvard method, each citation should include the author s family name (usually their last name) and the year of the work in brackets. For example: In a recent report (Phillips 2006) the... If the author s name occurs naturally in a sentence, the author's name does not need to be in brackets: Phillips (2006) describes... Both of these ways of citing are correct. 3

13 Citing sources with one author Include the author s last name and the year: (Phillips 2006) or Phillips (2006) describes a new... Citing sources with two or three authors Include all the names: (Daly, Speedy and Jackson 2006) or Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2006) discuss the... Citing sources with four or more authors Use the first author followed by et al.: (Russell et al. 2005) or Russell et al. (2005) give a description of... For your University work there is no need to include all authors unless you are asked to do so. When publishing work in a journal or other publication, you may be required to include all authors instead of using the first author followed by et al. Citing edited sources If a source is edited rather than having authors, use the editors and year in the same way as for authors: (Crouch, Jackson and Thompson 2005) or Crouch, Jackson and Thompson (2005) provide evidence that... You do not need to indicate that they are editors in your citation, but you do need to do this in the full reference in your bibliography or reference list. 4

14 Citing sources with corporate authors - for example organisations, companies and institutions A source can be written by a corporate author such as an organisation, company, institution or government body. The corporate author and year should be used in the citation: (British Airways 2003) or In the report by British Airways (2003) it can be seen that... The reference should be listed under the corporate author in your reference list or bibliography. When citing sources by some government bodies, the name of the government body in your citation and reference should include the jurisdiction or country. For example; Great Britain. See the examples of referencing and citing Parliamentary and government publications. This is because different countries can have a body with the same name. For example, more than one country may have a Department of Energy. If you are using a large number of government publications in your work and they are all from the same jurisdiction or country (for example Great Britain), it may be appropriate to omit the jurisdiction and use the government department name only as the author. Please ask your tutor or look in your course handbook to check if this is acceptable. Citing more than one source by the same author(s) If you are citing more than one source by the same author(s) you need to be able to distinguish between them. were published in different years: It is not a problem if they In his book, Gregory (2004) Gregory (2008) describes The sources are distinguished in the citation and reference by the year. GREGORY, Peter (2004). Computer viruses for dummies. Hoboken, Wiley. GREGORY, Peter (2008). IT disaster recovery planning for dummies. Hoboken, Wiley. 5

15 However, if you have used sources written by the same author(s) and which were published in the same year, you need to distinguish these using letters after the year: (Nielsen 1993a) describes (Nielsen 1993b) shows how These letters must also appear in your bibliography or reference list to distinguish the two sources there as well: NIELSEN, Jakob (1993a). Hypertext and hypermedia. London, Academic Press. NIELSEN, Jakob (1993b). Usability engineering. London, Academic Press. Citing when you cannot identify the author(s) of a source If you cannot identify the author(s) of a source, cite it by title and list it under the title in your bibliography or reference list. If it is a book, the title is usually in italics, so maintain this in your citation and reference: (Dictionary of biology 2004) or In the Dictionary of biology (2004)... Citing when you cannot identify the year If you cannot identify the date of publication of a source, indicate that there is no date: (Collins no date) or Collins (no date) describes... Citing quotations If the source of the quotation has page numbers, include the page number on which the quotation can be found in the citation with the author's name(s) and year. (Wood 2004, p126) or Wood (2004, p126) If the quotation appears across multiple pages in the source, use the page number on which the quotation started. 6

16 If the source has no page numbers but has numbered paragraphs or lines (for example some literature and some legal documents), use the paragraph number or line number instead. Majorstake Ltd v Curtis (2006, 13) For plays, include the act, scene and line: "Where words prevail not, violence prevails" (Kyd 1977, ) For some literature such as plays and poems, both page numbers and paragraph/line numbers may exist. When quoting from the play or poem it is more appropriate to use the paragraph/line numbers than the page numbers. If the source of the quotation is an electronic book which does not have page numbers, for example when viewed using an e-book reader, it is helpful to include the chapter in which the quotation appears. For example: (Austen 1994, ch2) or Austen (1994, ch2) If there are no page numbers or paragraph/line numbers on a printed or online source, the author(s) and year should be used alone. You do not need to include the page/paragraph/line number of the quotation in the reference in your bibliography or reference list. You may wish to use a quotation which has been referred to in the source you are using, but which is not the original work of the author of the source. For example you may wish to use a quotation from Benjamin Disraeli which you found in a book about British prime ministers by Roland Quinault. In this case, follow the principles of secondary referencing as follows. In your text your citation should be to the source you used which is the book by Quinault. You should also acknowledge the original author or originator of the quotation. For example: Disraeli, cited by Quinault (2011, p38), famously said "Democracy..." Your bibliography should include the book by Quinault as your source. See the section on Quoting, for more information about how to include quotations in your work. 7

17 Citing images, diagrams, tables and figures In your work you can refer to images, diagrams, tables and figures which you find in books or other sources. You should put a citation in your text when you refer to the image and you should put a full reference in your bibliography or reference list. Where the creator of the image, diagram, table or figure is the same as the creator of the source, for example a diagram in a book created by the author(s) of the book, your citation should be to the book, including the author's name(s), year and the page number on which the diagram appeared. For example: Osbourn and Greeno (2002, p206) provide a diagram of the typical detail for raft foundation... The reference in the bibliography or reference list would be: OSBOURN, Derek and GREENO, Roger (2002). Introduction to building, 3rd ed., Harlow, Pearson Education. However, the creator of the image, diagram, table or figure may not be the same as the author of the source in which you found it. The source should tell you if the creator of the image is someone else, by the inclusion of a citation to the original creator. If this information does not appear, you can assume they are the same. If the creator of the image, diagram, table or figure is different to the author of the book or other source, you should follow the principles of secondary referencing. Include the creator of the image in your text but cite and reference the source. For example in your text: In the book by Cole (1994, p38) there is a figure by Stoner & Freeman explaining the... or Stoner and Freeman (Cole 1994, p38) Citing artworks In your work, you can refer to original artworks and to artworks included in other sources. If the source is an artwork or photograph, or other whole work, the creator of the artwork and the date should be used in the citation: In his self-portrait, Reynolds (circa 1775)... However, you will often find artworks included in books or other sources. 8

18 When you are referring to the reproduction of an artwork in a book or other source, you should include the detail of the source in your reference. For example: A reproduction of Gaudi's plan for the cemetery gate can be seen in a book written by Rainer Zerbst. In this instance, cite Gaudi: Gaudi (1875) produced a plan for the cemetery gate, which he submitted to... The reference in the bibliography or reference list would start with the creator of the artwork, but also include the full details of this book: GAUDI, Antoni (1875). Plan for the cemetery gate. [drawing]. In: ZERBST, Rainer. Antoni Gaudi: the complete buildings. London, Taschen, Including citations in your work Where to put citations When you use information from a source you should put a citation with the information so it is clear that the information is from that source. The citation giving the source of a quotation should come either immediately before or after the quotation depending on how it fits with what you are writing. For example: It is considered that "emergent strategy is about learning" (Mintzberg 2007, p5). or According to Mintzberg (2007, p5) "emergent strategy is about learning". See also the section on Citing quotations. 9

19 If you have used information from one source in a sentence, you should place your citation to that source in that sentence. For example: Hosting the Olympics generates tourism during the games and afterwards (Weed 2007). or Weed (2007) describes how hosting the Olympics generates tourism during the games and afterwards. Both of the above are correct. Where the citation appears in the sentence depends on personal preference. If you have written more than a sentence relating to one source, make sure that you are Relating your citations to your work. If you have used information from several sources, you should make it clear which information relates to which citation. Examples of how to do this are: Facebook has over 400 million users (Mintel 2010) and is increasingly being used by companies for promotion (Gaudin 2010). and Hosting the Olympics generates tourism during the games and afterwards (Weed 2007). However, research by the European Tour Operators Association (2006) shows that there is no long term increase in tourism. Sometimes it may be appropriate to Cite several sources together. If you have included a diagram, table or figure from a source in your work, a citation should appear below the diagram. See Citing images, diagrams, tables, figures, etc. 10

20 Relating your citations to your work It is very important to clearly indicate the relationship between the information in your work and the sources it has come from. The relationship can be indicated by where you put your citations and sometimes also by explaining the relationship in your text. It is usually assumed that a citation relates only to the information just before or after it. If you have written several sentences relating to one source you should make this clear in your text. For example: Weed (2007) describes how hosting the Olympics generates tourism during the games and afterwards. They also assert that the effects are seen across the whole of the host country not just in the city where the games are taking place. The text "They also assert" shows that the second sentence is connected to the citation in the first sentence. You can use other appropriate words or phrases to show connections between your text and the citations you have included. For example: The following list of seven points is adapted from Mintzberg (2007) If you start a new paragraph and continue to use information from the same source as in your previous paragraph, you should repeat your citation or very clearly write that this is the case. For example: There are many difficulties and opportunities for error in this method of performance analysis, the main problems being inaccuracy of recording and difficulties in interpreting the data. Carling (2009) agrees with this analysis that manual methods are complex and time consuming and that there are better methods. Alternative methods are digital and video (Carling 2009) which both have advantages over manual methods. Video is now well established in many If you use information from a source in more than one place in your work you should cite it each time. See citing more than once from the same source. However, be careful about how much of your work is attributable to one source. You will probably find that you will be expected to use multiple sources of information and your own thoughts and ideas in your work. 11

21 Citing more than once from the same source Sometimes you may wish to cite a source more than once in one piece a work. You should cite the source in your work wherever and whenever you have used it: Orwell (2000) describes how Big Brother and later in your work: "a vast system of mental cheating" (Orwell 2000, p224) The full reference for the source need only appear once in the bibliography: ORWELL, George (2000). Nineteen eighty-four. London, Penguin Classics. In documents which use a referencing style based on footnotes, you may see the Latin terms op.cit. and ibid. used when citations are repeated. Op.cit. means 'in the source previously referred to' and Ibid. means 'in the same source'. These terms are not used in the Harvard method of referencing and full citations should appear each time you use a source. Citing several sources together Sometimes several sources can be cited together. This can be appropriate in a sentence where the citations are not related directly to specific information in the sentence but are all sources of further information. For example: There has been much debate about this issue (Fleming 2002, Smythe and Herbert 2005, McGregor et al. 2007). In the above example, the citations are given in chronological order, with the oldest source first. This allows a reader of your work to identify all the relevant sources and makes the historical development of the concept explicit. If the chronology of the information is not relevant, it may be more appropriate to list the sources in alphabetical order. For example: The results for the different reagents range between 2.4 and 8.9 (Christiansen 2004, Samuels 2001) 12

22 Citing sources together is also appropriate if you have created a table or diagram using data or information from various sources. The sources should all be listed below the table or diagram. For example: Based on data from Cancer Research UK (2008); Cancer Research UK (2010) It is not necessary to indicate which part of the table or diagram relates to which citation, unless this is critical to the information. If this would be useful to do, then it would probably be best to do it in your text. The sources can be listed in chronological order with the oldest source first or in alphabetical order, depending on which is the most appropriate. When you cite sources together, you should still list all the sources separately in your bibliography or reference list. Using sources in your work In your academic writing you will be expected to support your ideas and arguments with evidence from other sources. You can do this by quoting, paraphrasing or summarising the work of others as long as you also reference your sources. This section shows you how to do this. Quoting Quoting is repeating exactly a sentence, passage, statement, etc. from a book or other source. When quoting, it is necessary to indicate that you are using someone else's words by enclosing the quotation in quotation marks or by indenting the quotation. You also need to cite the source of the quotation, including the page number or paragraph/line number if available (see the section on Citing quotations for help with this) and provide a full reference in your bibliography or reference list. 13

23 Quotation marks and indenting quotations Short quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks and can be included in the body of your text. For example: Pelletier (2006, p109) indicates that "the Greeks invented tragedy first and arrived at comedy later"... It is often considered good practice to indent substantial quotations as a separate paragraph. Substantial usually means a quotation which is more than one sentence or which is longer than 2 lines. However, please follow the advice from your tutors or in your course/module handbook on how to present your essay or report. It is not necessary to include quotation marks if a quotation is indented. For example: Harrigan and Park (1991, p54) describe pasteurisation as: the name given to a moderate heating process that is intended to kill some types of microbe in a food but not endospores or some other particularly resistant type. Pasteurization may be applied to reduce the risk from pathogens in, for example, milk This description can... Omitting part of a quotation If part of a quotation is omitted, this can be indicated by using three dots "Pasteurization may... reduce the risk from pathogens" (Harrigan and Park 1991, p54) If you do this, be careful not to change the meaning of the quotation. Quoting foreign language sources If you quote from the text of a source which is not in the English language, the quotation should be in the language which appears in the source. The original author and year should be cited and the quotation should be enclosed in quotation marks or indented. 14

24 Quoting translated sources If you are quoting from a translated work, you should cite the original author(s). Quote the text in the language in which it appears in the source you have used. If you wish to translate some foreign language text yourself, you should not represent this as a quotation when you include it in your work. You should however acknowledge the original source. Paraphrasing and summarising You can paraphrase or summarise someone else's work providing that you acknowledge the source in your text and reference it. You are paraphrasing when you put another writer's ideas into your own words. It is an important skill as it can demonstrate that you have properly understood the original writer's meaning. It does NOT mean copying a piece of writing and just changing a few of the words. When you paraphrase correctly the writing will be in your own style but express the original author's ideas or information. Paraphrased information must be referenced. Even if you have not directly quoted any of their words you must still give credit to the original author. If you do not acknowledge the source of the information which you have paraphrased then you will be guilty of plagiarism. Summarising is expressing briefly or concisely the main points from a source in your own words. It is still important to reference your original source because you have used the ideas or information from that source. Using data and numbers You can use data and numbers from a source in the same way as other information. For example: Rojas and Storch (2010) report that 18% of children If you create a diagram, table or other figure based on data or information from a source, cite the source below the diagram or table. For example: Based on data from Cunningham (2003) You should also provide a full reference in your bibliography. If you have created a table or figure using data from multiple sources, you can cite several sources together below the figure. 15

25 Reproducing images, artwork, diagrams, tables and figures If you reproduce an image in your work, you should put a citation directly below the image. For example: Osbourn and Greeno (2002, p206) There should be a full reference to the source of the image in your bibliography or reference list. You may also need to include an attribution below the image (see the copyright considerations section below). If you have reproduced an image, diagram, table or figure purely to decorate your work and it has not influenced the ideas, theories or information in your work then you do not need to cite it or include it in your bibliography or reference list. You should however acknowledge the source by putting a reference or attribution beneath the image. Copyright considerations when reproducing images: If you want to reproduce an image, artwork, diagram, table or figure in your work, you need to make sure that you are not breaching copyright. You may rely on the copyright law "exam defence" to allow you to reproduce the image in your work, as long as your work counts to your final mark and only you and your examiner will be able to see your work. You cannot reproduce images in any work that is to be made available more widely unless the image is out of copyright or you have permission. For more information see the Copyright guidance for SHU staff and students. To comply with copyright and other intellectual property law, you may also need to include an attribution. An attribution should follow the format specified by the source and could be the original authors name or company name, a copyright statement or other statement as directed. Registered designs and trademarks such as company logos cannot usually be reproduced without permission. Check the permissions information on the company or organisation's website or contact them to request permission. Permissions will usually include information about any attribution you may be required to include. If you need to use a trademark or logo in your work for a legitimate reason, for example, because you are discussing the design of a brand, you can rely on the "exam defence" to allow you to reproduce the image without permission. However, your work must count to your final mark and only be available to you and your examiner. 16

26 Adapting images, diagrams, tables and figures You need permission from the copyright holder to adapt their image, unless the image is out of copyright or the copyright statement allows it. If you do adapt an image from another source, note this in your citation below your image and provide a full reference to the source in your bibliography or reference list. For example if you created an image which was based on a diagram in a book by George Williams your citation below it would be: Adapted from a diagram by Williams (2008) In your bibliography there should be a full reference to the book by Williams. Secondary referencing - for when you haven't read it, but you have read about it Sometimes you will find information, diagrams, concepts, quotations, etc. which were not originally written by the authors of the source you are reading. If you want to refer to this information, it would be best to go to the original work and read it yourself. This enables you to check that the information is correct, represented accurately and that you have the full details. If it is not possible to do this, you will need to use secondary referencing. This means that in your text, you must mention the authors of the original information and of the source you have read, but only put the source you have actually read in your bibliography or reference list. Secondary referencing is illustrated in the following examples: Example 1. In the book "Housing policy: an introduction" written by Paul Balchin and Maureen Rhoden, a theory by Chris Hamnett is discussed and referred to. If you want to discuss Hamnett's theory in your work, you must mention Hamnett in your text but reference the book by Balchin and Rhoden. For example, in your text: According to Balchin and Rhoden (2002) Hamnett has a theory that... And in your bibliography / reference list: 17

27 BALCHIN, Paul and RHODEN, Maureen (2002). Housing policy: an introduction. 4th ed., London, Routledge. You must not include Hamnett in your bibliography / reference list. Example 2: In a book by Robson, there is a quotation which Robson cites as coming from Anastas and MacDonald (1994). If you wished to use this quotation it would be best to find and use the original work by Anastas and MacDonald. If this was not possible, you would cite the quotation as follows: Anastas and MacDonald as quoted in Robson (2002, p167) describe how "flexible or qualitative methods have traditionally " In your bibliography you would reference the work by Robson: ROBSON, Colin (2002). Real world research. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell. Example 3: In an article written by David Thorp which appears on the modernselling.com web site there is a quotation attributed to Philip Kotler. If you wished to use this quotation it would be best to go to the original work by Kotler (there is a reference to the journal article from which the quotation was taken). This would help you to avoid the possibility of misquoting. However in some cases, there may not be a reference to where the quotation came from or it may be difficult to obtain. In this case you would cite the quotation as follows: According to Thorp (2007) Kotler says that this "helps to resolve conflicts, and shares with each group the tacit knowledge from the other group" And include the source in your bibliography: THORP, David (2007). Dragon with two heads. [online]. Posted 1 November. 18

28 Bibliographies and reference lists At the end of your assignment you must give full details of the sources you have used in a reference list or bibliography. What's the difference between a bibliography and a reference list? A bibliography lists all the works you have used in preparing your assignment. This will include all the sources you have cited and any background reading, even works not cited or directly referred to in your text. A reference list should include only sources actually cited in your work. Usually you will be asked to produce only one of these. If you are in any doubt about what is required, ask your tutor. Sometimes, you may be asked to produce two lists, separating the sources you have cited from other sources you have used. In this case the cited sources should be in a Reference list and the other sources should be listed after these (possibly under the heading Bibliography). In this case, bibliography has an alternative meaning and should contain only the additional uncited sources. The format of a bibliography or reference list Your bibliography or reference list needs to be precise, consistent and comprehensive. Each reference must give sufficient information for those reading your work to be able to find any sources of information mentioned. Each source should appear in your bibliography once. You should however cite a source in your text every time you use information from it. For more information see Citing more than once from the same source. In the Harvard method, references should be arranged in one alphabetical sequence by name of author. You should not break down the list by types of source (books, internet sources, etc.) unless you are asked to do so. If a number of references have the same first author, but the subsequent authors are different, the references should be listed under the first author and then in alphabetical order by the next author(s). If a number of references have the same author(s) put the references in order by year, with the oldest first. If a number of references have the same author(s) and were published in the same year, you should use letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year in your citations and in your bibliography / reference list to distinguish the sources. See Citing more than one source by the same author(s). 19

29 If there is no author, the reference should be listed in the sequence under the first significant word of the title (not under "The" or "A"). If a reference begins with a number in numerals (not spelled out in letters), this should be listed at the beginning of the bibliography/reference list, before the alphabetical sequence. Example bibliography 3:10 to Yuma. (1994). [DVD off-air]. Directed by Delmer Daves. Channel January. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. (2000). Basic marketing research. 4th ed., London, Dryden Press. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. and BROWN, Tom J. (2004). Basic marketing research. 5th ed., Cincinnati, South Western. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. and PETER, J. Paul (1998). Marketing: creating value for customers. 2nd ed., Boston, Irwin/McGraw Hill. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. et al. (1999). Sales force management. 6th ed., Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill. ELLIS, John (1992). Visible fictions: cinema, television, video. Rev. ed., London, Routledge. ELLIS, John (2000). Seeing things: television in the age of uncertainty. London, Tauris. JOHNSON, D. W. and JOHNSON, F. P. (1994). Joining together: group theory and group skills. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. MALLIER, T. and BAILEY, M. (1997). How students search for vacation employment. International journal of manpower, 18 (8), NIELSEN, Jakob (1993a). Hypertext and hypermedia. London, Academic Press. NIELSEN, Jakob (1993b). Usability engineering. London, Academic Press. The pedant's revolt. (2004). [DVD off-air]. BBC4. 5 December. REITZIG, Markus (2004). Strategic management of intellectual property. [online]. MIT Sloan management review, 45 (3), Ten days in Paris. (1991). [video off-air]. Directed by Tim Whelan. 18 April. 20

30 Author(s) in references and citations In Harvard referencing, the details of the author(s) or editor(s) of your sources should be one of the main parts of your citations and references. Authors' names and initials In citations, use only the family name of the authors. For example: (Orwell 1972) In references, use the family name and full given name(s) of the authors. When only initials are given in the source, use the family name and initial(s). Put the author's family name first, followed by their other names or initials. For example: ORWELL, George or MARTIN, George R. R. or ROWLING, J. K. In the Harvard-SHU style, it is recommended that the family names of authors be in upper case in references. A reader of your work may want to find out more about a source you have cited. They will see your citation containing the author's family name and will then look for that name in your reference list or bibliography. If the name is in upper case it makes it easier for them to find the reference they are interested in. It also makes it easier to identify which name is an author's family name and which are their given names. Multiple authors If a source has multiple authors, include them all up to a maximum of three. If there are more than three, use the first author followed by "et al." For more details of how to do this in your citations, see Citing sources with four or more authors. To see how to do this in your references, there are referencing and citing examples of how to reference a book with one, two, three and more than three authors. You can use the same method of referencing authors seen in these examples for referencing the authors of other types of source. 21

31 In your references and citations the authors should be presented in the same order as they are in the published source. Some research is attributed to a large number (sometimes hundreds or even thousands) of alphabetically-listed authors under a collective project name. If this is the case, cite under the collective name. For example: BICEP2 COLLABORATION (2014). Bicep2 II: experiment and three-year data set. [online]. Draft version, 7 April Corporate authors: organisations, companies and institutions Not all sources have individuals as authors; an organisation, company or institution can be the author and is known as a corporate author. For more details of how to include an organisation in your citations, see Citing corporate authors: organisations, companies and institutions. To see how to do this in your references, there is an example in the following pages of a book with a corporate author. You will also find examples of how to reference sources which commonly have this type of author, for example, parliamentary and government publications, company annual reports, etc. If an organisation's name is in a number of parts which reflect the structure of the organisation, for example: Sheffield Hallam University, Facilities Directorate, Catering Services, it is not necessary to use all the parts of the name. Use the name of the organisation and the section responsible for the sources, for example Sheffield Hallam University, Catering Services. Please note that all levels of the name should be included for Parliamentary bodies. For example: Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons. In Harvard-SHU style references it is recommended that the full corporate name be in upper case if the name is in one part. For example: EASYJET or WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION If a corporate name is in more than one part, only the first part should be in upper case. For example: SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY, Catering Services 22

32 In citations you should respect the capitalisation given in the source. For example: easyjet's mission is to... (easyjet 2006) or Statistics from the World Health Organization (1998) show that there are The year in references and citations The publication year In the Harvard method, citations and references should include the year of publication of the source. This is an important part of the citation and reference and also helps to distinguish sources by the same author(s) but published in different years. For print sources, the year to use is usually the year of publication. If you cannot find a year of publication, you can use the Copyright year which is often denoted by the symbol. Years and online sources For online sources, the year which you should use depends on the source: If the source is the online version of a print source, then you should use the year of publication of the print source. For example, the online version of a magazine article will usually tell you the original print publication date. If the source is an online only source, there may be a date on which it was written or published online. For example, a blog post will tell you when it was written. Web pages and other online sources often do not have a specific date on which they were written or published because they have evolved over time. In this case, you should use the date that the page or site was last updated. This can often be found at the bottom of the page or on the homepage of the site. What if there is no year? If you cannot find a year of publication on a printed or online source, you should put "no date" where the year would usually appear. For more details, see the section on Citing when you cannot identify the year. 23

33 Principles of referencing online sources These recommendations have been simplified in this version of the guide. The changes are to reflect the prevalence of online information and to make referencing online sources easier. The details which you need to include in a reference will be different depending on what type of source you have used. For example, an electronic journal article would be referenced in a different way to an electronic book or a web page. You should include details about the source such as the author, year and title wherever possible. This enables someone reading your work to find it by searching for it using a web search engine or library database. You should include [online] in the reference so that it is clear to someone reading your work that you have used an online source. References to electronic books and electronic journal articles which can be found using Library Search, library databases and search engines will not need a URL (web address). References to web pages should include the URL and the last updated date or posted date, where available. For other sources, provide the URL if it will help a reader of your work to find your source. This is helpful if the source is difficult to find or if you wish to direct a reader to the specific version of a source that you have used (where versions differ). It is not helpful to provide URLs if they only work in your current browser session and/or take a reader of your work to a subscription service to which they may not have access. This is often the case for sources found in library databases. If in doubt, include a URL. 24