The Immune System. By: Ben, Varshitha and Peyton

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1 The Immune System By: Ben, Varshitha and Peyton

2 The Immune System Immunity Lymph Nodes Spleen Bone Marrow Cells (different types) Unique features Diseases Ways to strengthen it. Doctor name and places to study or work

3 What does it mean to be Immune? Definition : Resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells : What is the Immune System? The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease.

4 Cells of the Immune System Neutrophil Basophil Monocyte Macrophage B Lymphocyte (B cell) T Lymphocyte (T cell) NK Cell Mast Cell

5 Neutrophil The Neutrophil cell is the cell which phagocytizes bacteria 40-70% of WBCs It s origin is myeloblast Myeloblast is a stem cell

6 Basophil Basophil is the cell that initiates the inflammatory response releasing histamine and heparin at the site of injury It makes up 1% of WBCs

7 T Cell The T lymphocyte, or T cell, doesn t have a distinct function. Many T cell have been discovered and each had a different purpose It comes from a Lymphoid stem cell that matures in the thymus gland Combined with the B cell, they make up 20-45% of WBCs

8 B Cell The B lymphocyte, or B cell, is the cell that produces antibodies. Antibodies are blood proteins produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. The B cell comes from a Lymphoid stem cell.

9 Mast Cell The Mast Cells responds to allergens, as well as control inflammation. It comes from precursors in the red bone marrow

10 Macrophage Macrophage phagocytizes antigens and dead cells. It also stimulates the production of other WBCs It comes from Monocyte Monocytes produce macrophages in large quantities in the early stages of the inflammation response.

11 Red and White Blood Cells There are about 50,000,000,000 white blood cells in the body. There are about 4,000,000,000 red blood cells. That is about 46,000,000,000 more white blood cells than red blood cells. Red blood cells only make up a small percentage of your blood.

12 Bone Marrow Bone Marrow is inside some of your bones such as your hip and thigh It contains immature cells called stem cells Stem cells can turn into red blood cells that carry oxygen White blood cells - fight off infections Platelets - help with blood clotting

13 Spleen The Spleen is the HQ of the Immune System It stores white blood cells. It recycles old platelets and blood cells. It is fist-shaped and purple.

14 Lymphatic System The Lymphatic system is a subset of the cardiovascular system. The Main Purpose of the Lymphatic System is to carry lymph, a clear fluid that carries white blood cells to the blood stream. Lymph Nodes are glands in the Lymphatic system that cleanse the lymph.

15 Tonsils and Adenoids The Tonsils and Adenoids are lymph node glands located in the throat. They usually fall out before you are 25. They can be a place for strep throat bacteria to hide.

16 Peyer's Patches The Peyer Patches are patches of lymph nodules locate along the small intestine Young adults usually have of them.

17 Appendix The function of the Appendix is unknown. Theories: A place that stores good bacteria for after diarrheal infections. Remnant from our evolutionary past.

18 Thymus The Thymus an organ where T white blood cells are trained. 2% of Immature white blood cells make it to maturity. Located near the Heart.

19 Diseases HIV/AID s- The Virus HIV intercepts cells and can lay dormant for years in the cells. AID s is what happens when the virus becomes active. Aids causes the body's white blood cells to not function, making a person able to die from the common cold

20 Diseases Lupus- Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. Lupus causes your immune system to make autoantibodies against healthy tissue in your body. Basically, your immune system is destroying your body.

21 Cancers The bone marrow can make blood cells to fight an infection. A weakness in the immune system can occur when leukaemia or lymphoma is active in the body. It can happened with other cancers as well. The cancer in the bone marrows stops the bone marrow from making so many blood cells. Too many blood cells can cause cancer.

22 Ways to strengthen the Immune System Get shots a. When you get a shot, they inject a small, dead, amount of the virus into you. Your body can then make the correct antibodies to fight it off. Don t smoke. Eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in saturated fat. Exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight. Control your blood pressure. If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation. Get adequate sleep. Take steps to avoid infection, such as washing your hands frequently and cooking meats thoroughly.

23 Unique Features and Fun Facts Some people don t have an Immune System The earliest known reference to immunity goes back to over two millennia Your Immune System may suffer from lack of sleep Gut bacteria are the key to a healthy immune system Sunlight has complex effects on the immune system Eating healthy. Such as Vegetables and Fruits, helps your immune system Exercise has an effect on the immune system The Immune System

24 Specialist: Doctor and Hospital Doctor names: Immune System specialist Hospitals: (Only some are listed below) 1. New York-Presbyterian University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell, New York 2. Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania-Penn Presbyterian, Philadelphia 3. UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco 4. Brigham and Women s Hospital, Boston 5. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago

25 Important Vocabulary Spleen Bone Marrow Tonsils Adenoids Lymph Nodes Lymphatic Vessels Peyer s Patch Appendix Thymus

26 Diagram

27 Bibliography

28 What did each of us do to contribute? Peyton - Cells, How to strengthen, and printed diagram Varshitha - Fun Facts, Bone Marrow, Specialists, Important vocabulary, and Cancers (backgrounds/final edits,) Ben- Spleen, Lymphatic System, Tonsils, Thymus, Appendix, Diseases, and Peyer s Patches

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