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1 References Alexiadou, A Adverb Placement A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Austin, J. L "A plea for excuses," in Urmason & Warnock (eds.) Philosophical Papers of J. L. Austin Oxford University Press. Backlund, Ulf The Collocation of Adverbs of Degree in English. Uppsala: Uppsala Reprotryck AB. Bellert, I On semantic and distributional properties of sentential adverbs, Linguistic Inquiry 8, pp Bolinger, Dwight Degree Words. The Hague: Mouton. Chomsky, N Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. The Hague: Mouton Knowledge of Language. New York: Praeger The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. Cinque, G Adverbs and Functional Head A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Declerck, R A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. Emonds, J A Transformational Approach to English Syntax. New York: Academic Press. Ernst, T. B Towards an Integrated Theory of Adverb Position in English. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistic Club A phrase structure theory for tertiaries, in Rothstein (ed.) (1991)

2 . 1998a. "The Scopal Basis of Adverb Licensing," 1998 Annual Meeting of LSA, January, b. "Scope Based Adjunct Licensing," NELS 28, pp "Adjuncts, the Universal Base, and Word Order Typology," NELS 29, pp Geis, M "What do place adverbials modify," Working Papers in Linguistics 18, Ohio State Univ. Greenbaum, S Studies in English Adverbial Usage. London: Longman Verb-Intensifier Collocations in English. The Mouton: Hague. Grimshaw, J. and S. Vikner Obligatory adjuncts and the structure of events, in Reuland, E. and W. Abraham (eds.) (1993) pp Heny, F "Sentence and predicate modifiers in English," in Kimball, J. (ed.) Syntax and Semantics 2. New York: Academic Press. Hoekstra, T. and I. Roberts Middle constructions in Dutch and English, in Reuland, E. and W. Abraham (eds.) (1993) pp Horn, L. R "Remarks on Neg-raising," in Cole, P. ed., Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press. pp Hornstein, N The study of meaning in natural language: three approaches to tense, in Hornstein, H. and D. Lightfoot (eds.) (1981) Explanation in Linguistics. London: Longman. Huang, S. F A Study of Adverbs. The Hague: Mouton. Jackendoff, R Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press X-bar Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kajita, M A Generative-Transformational Study of Semi-Auxiliaries in Present-Day American English. Tokyo: Sanseido. Klima, E "Negation in English," in Fodor, J. and J. Katz eds., The Structure of Language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. pp

3 References Laenzlinger, C Adverb Syntax and Phrase Structure, Di Sciullo, A.-M. Configurations. Somerville, MA.: Cascadilla Press. pp Larson, R. K "Bare-NP adverbs," Linguistic Inquiry 16, pp Leech, G An A-Z of English Grammar & Usage. London: Edward Arnold.. and J. Svartvik A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman. Lehrer, A. 1975a. "Interpreting certain adverbs," Journal of Linguistics 11, pp b. "Complement-oriented adverbs," Linguistic Inquiry 6, pp Long, R. B. and D. R. Long The system of English grammar. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman and co. McConnell-Ginet, S "Adverbs and logical form: a linguistically realistic theory," Language 58-1, pp Nakajima, H The V4 system and bounding category, Linguistic Analysis 9, pp Onozuka, H. 1994a. Obligatory adjuncts, Tsukuba Review of English Studies.13, pp b. Obligatory by-phrases and event structure, Studies in Languages and Cultures.38, pp Platt, J. and H. Platt "Orientation of manner adverbials," Papers in Linguistics 5, pp Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Rapoport, T.R Adjunct-predicate licensing and D-structure, in Rothstein (ed.) (1991) pp

4 Stage and adjunct predicates: licensing and structure in secondary predication constructions, in Reuland, E. and W. Abraham (eds.) (1993) pp Reichenbach, H Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York: Macmillan. Reuland, E. and W. Abraham (eds.) Lexical and Conceptual Structure, Knowledge and Language Volume 2. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Roberts, I The Representation of Implicit and Dethematized Subjects. Dordrecht: Foris. Rothstein, S.D. (ed.) Perspectives on Phrase Structure: Heads and Licensing. Syntax and Semantics 25. San Diego, CA.: Academic Press Syntactic Licensing and subcategorization, in Rothstein (ed.) (1991) pp Saito, T. and H. Suzuki Temporal expressions in English, (in Japanese) Studies in Languages and Cultures 12, pp Schreiber, P English Sentence Adverbs. Ph.D. dissertation, New York University Some constraints on the formation of English sentence adverbs, Linguistic Inquiry 2, pp Style disjuncts and the performative analysis, Linguistic Inquiry 3, pp Smith, C The syntax and interpretation of temporal expressions in English, Linguistics and Philosophy 2, pp Speas, M Generalized transformations and the D-structure position of adjuncts, in Rothstein (ed.) (1991) pp Sportiche, D "Adjuncts and Adjunction," GLOW Newsletter 32. pp

5 References Suzuki, H , pp a. Structure-preserving constraint and the movement of adverbs, (in Japanese) Studies in Languages and Cultures 10, pp b. Adverbs as complement, (in Japanese) In Modern English Linguistics, pp Tokyo: Kaitakusha pp Noun phrases as adverbials, (in Japanese) Studies in Languages and Cultures 22, pp "Toward an Explanation of Adverbs," 14: pp a. "A Note on Adverbial-Licensing Mechanism," ms., University of Tsukuba & MIT b., pp "Notes on the Grammar of -ly Adverbs in English," pp "Orientation and Licensing of English Adverbs, pp Books from Abroad: Cinque (1999), p.81. Swan, M Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Travis, L "The syntax of adverbs," McGill Working Papers in Linguistics: Special Issue on Comparative Germanic Syntax. pp Vendler, Z Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Williams, E Rule Ordering in Syntax. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. 149

6 Yamagishi, M On Selectional Restrictions on VP Adverbs. unpublished MA thesis, University of Tsukuba. Zubizarreta, M. L Levels of Representation in the Lexicon and in the Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris. Dictionaries & Linguistic Corpora Brown Corpus: A Standard Sample of Present-Day Edited American English, for Use with Digital Computers. Brown University. LOB Corpus: The Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus of British English for Use with Digital Computer. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Longman. Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary of Current English Oxford University Press. Webster s Third International Dictionary of the English Language G. & C. Merriam Co. 150

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