EXPERIMENT-05: WATER TURBINES RESULTS. Mario R. Flores Milán #73256 Gabriel J. Montalvo Claudio #73835 Alejandro J. Negrón Irizarry #72145

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1 Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico Mechanical Engineering Department Prof. Eduardo Cabrera EXPERIMENT-05: WATER TURBINES RESULTS Mario R. Flores Milán #73256 Gabriel J. Montalvo Claudio #73835 Alejandro J. Negrón Irizarry #72145

2 CONTENTS Literature Review Introduction & Objective Definition Experimental Procedure/Result Explanation Discussion Conclusion and Recommendation

3 LITERATURE REVIEW Thermal Engineering Lab. Manual. (2016). Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico Munson, B. R., Okiishi, T. H., Huebsch, W. W., & Rothmayer, A. P. (2013). Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

4 INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVE DEFINITION A water turbine is a turbomachine that converts the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. The performance is evaluated by plotting the characterization curves of each turbine, and comparing different types of turbines like the Pelton and Axial Flow turbines with different valves such as the Nozzle, Spear and Throttle valves in such systems Armfield Capture FM3SU Water-Turbine-Demonstration unit will set the path to understand the behavior of each turbine, the following experimental objectives for a water turbine configuration is: Volumetric flow rate, head, hydraulic input power, torque, turbine efficiency measurement. Hydraulic power and brake power calculation. Plotting the characterization curves of each turbine. Comparison of nozzle and throttle valve performance in the axial flow impulse turbine. Comparison of spear and throttle valve performance in the Pelton turbine.

5 Part 1: Turbine Characteristics Experimental Procedure The characteristic curves are best shown relating Torque, Brake Power, and Turbine Efficiency versus rotational speed for a given turbine running at constant fluid flow rate by setting this flow rate at 100% and 50%. The ROD data can be used to model the theoretical charts that describe the behavior of different turbine at different running flow rate. To have a better view the result curve should be similar to the figure representing the behavior of this. The strategy to calculate the points for the curve is to use the equation that involve all the parameters that a water turbine can have. Parameter Orifice Diameter d = m Discharge Coefficient Cd = Break Radius r = m Q = Cd π 4 d2 2 p 0 ρ P b = 2 π N T T = F b r

6 Part 1: Turbine Characteristics Experimental Results Breaking Force on Turbine Fb (N) Torque T=Fb*r (Nm) Rotational Speed of Turbine (RPM) Brake Power P=2pi*N*T (W) The FM30 Axial Flow turbine shows a strong linear regression of 99% for torque with the expected negative slope. The power and efficiency follow the concave parabolic behavior demonstrating at which torque is the power transmitted. The maximum efficiency and power output happen around 4500 rpm with a torque of Nm, brake power of 34 W and an efficiency of 55%.

7 Part 1: Turbine Characteristics Experimental Results Obs Breaking Force on Turbine Fb (N) Torque T=Fb*r (Nm) Rotational Speed of Turbine (RPM) Brake Power P=2pi*N*T (W) As for the FM31 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine, the linear regression of torque is also strong being 99 %. The power and efficiency, the curves have the same tendency and the maximum operation happens around 3500 rpm. At 3500rpm, the torque is Nm, brake power of 5 W and efficiency 38% as a result having a displaced curve to the right of the midpoint of speed interval.

8 Part 1: Turbine Characteristics Experimental Results Obs Breaking Force on Turbine Fb (N) Torque T=Fb*r (Nm) Rotational Speed of Turbine (RPM) Brake Power P=2pi*N*T (W) The FM32 Pelton Impulse turbine shows a maximum efficiency of 72% at point when the speed is 2400rpm and brake power of 21W with a torque Nm as a result having a displaced curve to the left of the midpoint of speed interval as shown.

9 Part 1: Overview Experimental Results As the Speed increases the torque decreases and since the power is the product of torque and angular speed, the maximum power is shown at the point in which the speed and torque provide the largest area under the curve (midpoint of the graph) and due to the efficiency not being 100% the power demonstrates a curve instead of a line. All turbines show a strong linear regression of torque but the expected tendencies of brake power and speed relation for turbines was that the maximum efficiencies occur approximately at midpoint of operation, but that was not the case, stating that the more efficient for the condition of 100% input discharge flow rate was the Pelton Turbine, but the largest producer of brake power is the Axial Flow turbine.

10 Part 2: Nozzle &Throttle Valve Performance Experimental Procedure The objective of this task is to show the difference in performance between throttle control and nozzle control of turbine speed in Axial Flow Impulse Turbine. Specifically, plot Brake Power versus turbine speed for at least three constant flow rates (100%, 75%, and 50%). The result curve for this part shall be similar to the next chart that is a comparison for the different components of flow control.

11 Part 2: Nozzle &Throttle Valve Performance Experimental Results It is shown that the more nozzles are opened the less brake power the system obtains, yet the speed of the system increases. This is due to the pressure in the inlet of the nozzles being the same, therefore if there are four nozzles opened compared to two, the mass flow rate of two nozzles is higher per nozzle since the discharge area is smaller causing a larger transference of force, as the force is equal to the product of mass flow rate and velocity. As for the throttle valve, it controls the total flow rate entering and exiting of the turbine, therefore the power and speed is reduced proportionally. In functionality the nozzles do not limit the speed of the turbine

12 Part 2: Nozzle &Throttle Valve Performance Experimental Results Controlling the brake power output which is useful if the system varies in the power requirement, while the throttle valve as the name implies controls the capacity of the system. Selecting which valve to control depends on the system requirements, the nozzles maintain the same operating conditions while changing the output power and the throttle valve serves as an intake control to limit the maximum capacity of the system whether it is for safety or to increase mass flow rate.

13 Part 3: Comparison Of Spear & Throttle Valve Experimental Procedure The objective of this task is to show the difference in performance between throttle control and spear valve control of turbine speed. For the Pelton turbine, plot Brake Power versus Turbine speed for at least three constant flow rates (100%, 75%, and 50%). The result curve for this part shall be similar to the next chart that is a comparison for the different components of flow control.

14 Part 3: Comparison Of Spear & Throttle Valve Experimental Results The throttle valve shows the same behavior as with the axial turbine, having the ability to limit the system capacity.

15 Part 3: Comparison Of Spear & Throttle Valve Experimental Results From expected models the spear valve provides similar system manipulation (max brake power) as controlling the number of nozzles. The spear valve gives the system the ability to control the brake power by closing or opening the spear valve. The 50% flow rate seems to be higher in power output due to same principle of force being equal to the mass flow rate times the velocity, since the flow rate is the same but the exit area smaller the velocity increases causing the turbine blades to receive larger amounts of force. It is expected that the less flowrate passes through the spear valve, the higher the rpm and brake power.

16 Conclusion In the case of the axial flow turbine, it provided the highest power output of 34 W, making it the most favorable turbine of to produce power, the radial impulse turbine operates at the lowest torque of Nm and the Pelton impulse turbine operated at the lowest speed of 2400 rpm. These three turbines are suited for different situation that require specific characteristics, for example the Pelton turbine is useful when the exit pressure is not important to maintain, the radial flow turbine maintains the pressure high and serves as an energy harvester in other engineering systems. The nozzle and spear valve produce similar result as the conceptual physics behind the functionality of both devices are the same, since the water jet s force is proportional to the mass flow rate and velocity. By controlling the area of the jet, the velocity is controlled and that determines the force at which the jet exits providing increase in either angular speed or torque. The throttle valve serves as a master volume of the system that determines the characterization limits. In the end, water turbines are affected by how the fluid transfers energy to the shaft and the various design elements to provide this interface are what make turbine design an engineering field.

17 Recommendation In order to successfully complete this experiment, keep the following tips in mind: To assure reliability assure to take multiple samples at each measuring point but keep in mind the reference point. Arrive early to start the machine at the set point temperature allow it to stabilize and be more efficient with the time. Assure that the system is stable before taking samples to avoid false reading.. Note that the experiment requires many different configurations make a check list before proceeding. keep in mind that this experiment requires recollection of a large amount of data, have team member star processing while the others focus on data collection.

18 QUESTIONS?

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