Power Conversion Systems for Microgrids. Burak Ozpineci Yan Xu Tom King Tom Rizy Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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1 Power Conversion Systems for Microgrids Burak Ozpineci Yan Xu Tom King Tom Rizy Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2 Utility-Scale Power Electronics Needs Devices Device Issues Reliability Low cost Higher efficiency Wide bandgap materials Higher switching frequency High temperature operation 3 Managed by UT-Battelle Modules Module Issues Thermal Management High Temperature Packaging Low cost Converters Converter Issues Modularity Availability Low maintenance Low cost Higher Efficiency System System Issues Stability Reliability
3 Distributed Energy and Storage (DE/DS) Power Conversion Technologies DC DC AC DC DC AC DC DC AC DC 4 Managed by UT-Battelle For this discussion the inverter might or might not include the dc/dc converter and/or the rectifier
4 Objective of the Session Define specifications for inverters for microgrids Identify the technical and cost challenges for deploying inverter technology within microgrids Focus on three elements of the inverter (lowering the cost and advancing state-of-the-art) Hardware Control / Operations - Functionality Topologies 5 Managed by UT-Battelle
5 Inverter Specifications for Microgrids Power levels (20kW, 50kW, 100kW, 250kW, higher?) Voltage levels (480V kV) Today Low voltage inverter with step-up transformer Future Medium voltage rated/ distribution system grade inverter? Efficiency Today 97% Future 99% (67% reduction in losses) Switching frequency Today 10-20kHz Future 50kHz Thermal management Cost Difference between a microgrid inverter and grid-connected inverter Functionality and control Inverter topologies for medium voltage inverters Other differences? 6 Managed by UT-Battelle
6 Inverter Hardware Components DC/DC converters Power switches (semiconductor switches and their packaging) Passive components (inductors, capacitors, high frequency transformers) Controllers and gate drivers Communication Inverters/Rectifiers (typically voltage source converters) Power switches (semiconductor switches and their packaging) Coupling inductor/transformer Controllers and gate drivers Communication 7 Managed by UT-Battelle
7 Microgrid Inverter Control Functions Today Fundamental functions On-grid: MPPT, droop control during high frequency, local voltage regulation to a pre-set level Islanding: P-f droop control, Q-V droop control Transition: mode change based on local voltage and current sensors Future Advanced functions with communication and microgrid central controller On-grid: following the P, Q (or V) references dispatched from microgrid central controller or distribution operation center Islanding: frequency secondary control, optimized Q dispatch, source and load dynamics Transition: situation awareness, mode switch and power re-dispatch based on local and microgrid information 8 Managed by UT-Battelle
8 Inverter Controllable Independent Variables Reactive power related variables Active power related variables Active power Active current Power factor Frequency Reactive power Yes Yes Yes Yes Reactive current Yes Yes Yes Yes Power factor Yes Yes NA Yes Local voltage Yes Yes Yes Yes 9 Managed by UT-Battelle
9 Inverter and Microgrid Topologies Inverter More efficient inverter topologies needed to reduce the operational costs New inverter topologies Multilevel inverters Matrix converters High frequency link converters Microgrid AC microgrids DC microgrids DC-AC hybrid microgrids 10 Managed by UT-Battelle
10 Factors Affecting Inverter Cost Capital costs Components Power device cost Number of devices new topologies? Current/voltage sensors sensor elimination? Communication autonomy? Control Standardization of devices and converters Scalability and modularity Reliability Operational costs Added functionality (volt/var support, frequency regulation, etc) Efficiency 11 Managed by UT-Battelle
11 Sunshot Dollar-a-Watt PV Program What are the current number for microgrid converters? What should be the target numbers for future microgrid converters? 12 Managed by UT-Battelle
12 13 Managed by UT-Battelle
13 14 Managed by UT-Battelle
14 15 Managed by UT-Battelle
15 Challenges/Opportunities Multiple inverter operation (grid-connected/stand alone) Collaborating inverters Plug and Play Hierarchy - autonomous and coordinated Reliability Warranties up to years Reliable active and passive components Operating under harsh conditions 17 Managed by UT-Battelle
16 Challenges/ Opportunities Standardization Microgrid specific standard inverter or Modified grid-connected inverters Scalability/Modularity Medium voltage inverter Determine cost benefit of medium voltage inverters 18 Managed by UT-Battelle
17 Challenges/ Opportunities Compatibility/interoperability Plug n Play operation for cost reduction Inverter Communications Control Efficiency High efficiencies at high switching frequencies or elevated temperatures EMI 19 Managed by UT-Battelle
18 Key R&D areas where DOE can make an impact Medium voltage microgrid inverter Advanced inverter controls for microgrids Robust operation during fault conditions 20 Managed by UT-Battelle
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