MobileSecure, Inc. Windows CE Hardening Black Hat 2003

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1 MobileSecure, Inc. Windows CE Hardening Black Hat 2003 Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1

2 Your Speaker Josh Daymont is the CTO at MobileSecure, Inc. Security research resulted in a number of published advisories A leading Windows CE security expert Co-created the ISS X-Force Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2

3 Agenda Overview of Windows CE Security Assets, Threats, and Vulns Uses for Windows CE Security in different environments Building a Secure WinCE OS Introduction to Hardening PocketPC 2002 Q&A Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3

4 Overview The Assets Privileged access to the device Routine access to the device Device data Network resources Peripherals such as a cellphone, modem, industrial tool, or bluetooth device Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 4

5 Overview The Threats Worms Malicious groups or individuals Viruses Spammers Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5

6 The Vulnerabilities Includes existing vulnerability types Malformed packet attacks Buffer overflows & format string attacks Resource consumption and DOS Web application and browser attacks Authentication spoofing & session hijacking Traditional wireless attacks Interception Jamming Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6

7 The Vulnerabilities Windows CE introduces new attacks Flash attacks Reset attacks & other hardware specific problems Lack of a security subsystem enables universal user spoofing Kernel privilege escalation Personal area network (PAN) vulnerabilities Telephony attacks (SMS, GPRS) Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7

8 Uses for Windows CE PDAs Smartphones Home Appliances (Wash/Dryer etc) Ultra small servers Surveillance equipment Automobile control systems Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8

9 Security Requirements PDAs & SmartPhones Additional requirements include security for attached telephony hardware. Bluetooth services must have passwords Disable infrared file transmission Only synchronize your device with a trusted desktop Use network security software if possible VPNs are important for mobile devices Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9

10 Servers Windows CE supports a number of server applications IIS for CE SQL Server for CE 2.0 A resident intrusion prevention system is a must Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 10

11 IIS For CE Basic Authentication allows multiple users but only one global password Do not use basic authentication NTLM Authentication allows domain passwords Perform domain authentication only over a VPN Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11

12 Building a Secure WinCE OS WinCE is built using Platform Builder from Microsoft Several CE components should be examined carefully by CE OEM customers ActiveSync Internet Browser Bluetooth and IRDA Trusted Environment Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12

13 Building a Secure WinCE OS Components continued TCP/IP Filesystems MSMQ IIS SNMP SQLServer FTPd & Telnetd Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13

14 Building a Secure WinCE OS -- ActiveSync ActiveSync is used to automatically transfer files from a device to a server over a direct physical link over the internet No confidentiality of transferred data Authentication depends on screen-lock password Can be brute forced Man in the middle attack possible Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 14

15 Building a Secure WinCE OS -- Browser Use PIE rather than traditional IE PIE s reduced functionality will limit exposure to new vulnerabilities Consider removing VBScript Keep browser enabled ActiveX controls to an absolute minimum Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 15

16 Building a Secure WinCE OS Bluetooth & IRDA Both these modules rely on OBEX Always turn off automatic receives Ensure Bluetooth uses passwords Bluetooth passwords may not hold out against a determined attacker IRDA has no native authentication Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 16

17 Building a Secure WinCE OS Trusted Environment The trusted environment allows the WinCE kernel to restrict what code is allowed to run based on an OEM supplied function The trusted environment can be circumvented if not implemented correctly The key weakness of the trusted environment lies in the ability of user code to execute within the context of the kernel For now, always assume anything running in usermode has complete access to kernel memory Disable Full Kernel Mode! Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17

18 Building a Secure WinCE OS TCP/IP Be sure to disable IP routing by default What networks will the device communicate over Cellular/GPRS & PPP WiFi (802.11) & Ethernet (802.3) Force as much encryption as possible Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18

19 Building a Secure WinCE OS Filesystems Consider adding rudimentary file ACLs to your OS if needed Based on application accessing as opposed to user Consider adding encryption here Alternative would be through a 3 rd party application Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 19

20 Building a Secure WinCE OS MSMQ The MSMQ management ISAPI extension should be disabled for devices with IIS Be very careful about leaving this in MSMQ is a large heavyweight system of the type that typically breeds vulnerabilities Ask yourself if you really need MSMQ on a particular device Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 20

21 Building a Secure WinCE OS IIS WinCE typically uses IIS for remote administration or status display This can be dangerous especially because WinCE lacks many native security features that IIS traditionally relies on WinCE may operate over hostile wireless networks that allow increased opportunities for sniffing and man in the middle IIS should operate only over SSL for almost all applications Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 21

22 Building a Secure WinCE OS IIS Avoid NTLM authentication over wireless For basic authentication everyone has the same password! Make virtual directory access controls as restricted as possible Treat IIS usernames as though they were passwords Never store a username outside the registry Restrict non-administrator usernames to view only and no scripting Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 22

23 Building a Secure WinCE OS IIS This protection exists only for IIS and the underlying files themselves are unprotected Other ways to access files Physical access Faulty server side code Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 23

24 Building a Secure WinCE OS SNMP Best practice: Never use SNMP If you must Use very hard to guess community names Try to never give anyone write access Turn authentication traps on Always use the PermittedManagers registry setting Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 24

25 Building a Secure WinCE OS SQL Server SQL Server for CE has no network logins Can use replication Can use Remote Data Access (RDA) Almost always used with IIS SQL Injection still applies Consider the sensitivity of the data stored Is the device physically secure? Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 25

26 Building a Secure WinCE OS FTPd & Telnetd Never use FTPd if you need security Implement something yourself instead FTPd authentication options are similar to IIS Except no encryption Limited file security for anonymous logins Anonymous access should always be disabled anyway Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 26

27 Building a Secure WinCE OS -- FTPd & Telnetd Telnetd provides less security than Ftpd No encryption Similar authentication No access controls No chrooting Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 27

28 Building a Secure WinCE OS Summary Microsoft has delegated to responsibility for WinCE security to the OEM customer OEMs must include security professionals in the OS design and implementation process Most OEMs seem to be skipping security within CE as of today It is impossible to build a secure WinCE OS out of the box Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 28

29 How to Harden CE For Windows CE users who license a production copy of CE from an OEM customer How to harden depends significantly on what the OEM has provided This section is geared primarily towards PocketPC 2002 Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 29

30 How to Harden CE: General NEVER use ActiveSync over an unencrypted network Do not accept beamed documents Start -> Settings -> Connections -> Beam Use a VPN whenever possible Enable the PIN for any cellular telephone Start -> Settings -> Personal -> Phone Make regular backups If you don t have backup software pre-installed you can purchase a solution for $10 Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30

31 How to Harden CE: Authentication Require a logon password Start -> Settings -> Password Change to prompt period from 1 hour to something around 5 minutes Password will be required for synchronization Use improved password protection such as that available from MobileGuard whenever posible Use a PocketPC security solution such as MobileGuard for increased password security Beware: check device lockout period Password stored in registry key as a hash Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 31

32 How to Harden CE: Authentication PPP passwords used on the device are stored in plaintext registry entries Consider the risks before storing internet passwords Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 32

33 Exploit Example IE Exploit Sample Backdoors Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 33

34 Summary & Conclusions Windows CE is a useful and feature rich solution for embedded or mobile devices Security is still a concern but the problem can be solved Pay special attention to the environment in which the device will be operated The material discussed in this presentation can be covered in detail through a MobileSecure consulting engagement Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 34

35 Q&A Copyright 2002 Mobile Secure, Inc. All Rights Reserved 35

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