Differences in Programming: Btrieve s Way of Thinking With ODBC s Spice
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1 Differences in Programming: Btrieve s Way of Thinking With ODBC s Spice Revision 2 February 2002 Pervasive Software Inc. Pervasive Software Inc Riata Trace Parkway II Austin, Texas Public Relations Contact: Marian Kelley Telephone: / Fax: Internet: Pervasive Software Inc., Pervasive, Pervasive.SQL, Btrieve, and the Pervasive logo are registered trademarks of Pervasive Software Inc. All other product names are trademarks of their respective companies. All rights reserved worldwide.
2 INTRODUCTION Many people ask, If I write an application using Btrieve, do I have to rewrite it to use ODBC? The answer to this is not answered simply. A well-planned application can be easily ported. However, most organizations are tasked with rewriting a Btrieve application after the fact the ODBC interface was not around when the application was originally designed. In this case, the application will more than likely need substantial modification. This article is aimed at developers with medium experience in database design who either will be porting a project from Btrieve to Pervasive.SQL 2000i or who want to plan a migration path for a future project. THE BTRIEVE WAY OF THINKING Btrieve is a Transactional database engine. The application can easily jump to the beginning or end of a table or traverse through it in an order defined by any number of key sequences. This Application Interface touts power and speed for transactional processing under high load. For instance, in a banking application, records are updated in different tables and may be inserted each time a teller deposits a check or withdraws money. These types of updates require fast retrieval of individual records and fast updating. This is what a transactional system does best. It is left up to the application to maintain table relationships. Btrieve also does not maintain information regarding the data it stores. The application passes an entire record of information for storage. Btrieve places the data into its file sight unseen and with no validation. These are functions to be performed by the application. The application accepts input from the user, validates the values according to its own rules, and formats the information into a record (most languages support some form of record or structure data type). This formatted record is then passed to Btrieve for storage. As another consequence of Btrieve not validating the data, an application can store very large objects, such as BLOBS or bitmaps. Even though Btrieve is blind of the data being stored, it does allow the application to define keys or indexes as a portion of the record that is being stored. These tell Btrieve how to sort the data. There are 15 data types Btrieve recognizes for indexing. For example, the application can define 20 bytes starting at offset 32 within the record as a String sorted ascending. This might be the Last Name element within the application s record. Later, the application may request all the records, returned in order by this key. Btrieve also allows the application to overlap indexes within the data record. For instance, you may want to sort your data by a ZIP Code/City/Street combination as Page 2 of 5
3 well as just by the City. You could define one index for the combination at offset 31 for 64 bytes. And the City index would be offset 35 for 30 bytes. This can also be accomplished with Segmented keys, but there is a limit to the number of segments per file. Btrieve presents itself to the application in the form of one Application Programming Interface (API) with many sub functions. Every call you make to Btrieve is done through one procedure with seven parameters. Depending on what parameters you pass, Btrieve will return different results. For instance, if you want the first record in a file sorted by key number 1, you pass Operation Number 12 and Key Number 1. Btrieve returns a Data buffer and a Key buffer filled with the first record. ODBC S SPICE ODBC is known as a Relational database interface. An application designed under this interface can easily pull data from multiple tables simultaneously keying on specific values and relations between these tables. The logic of manipulating data based on other data and building one-to-one or one-to-many relationships is handled by the ODBC engine rather than by the application. Referential Integrity between Parent and Child tables is automatically maintained. The application is left to do the formatting of the data on screen or in a report. As an example, consider an order tracking and inventory system. Many tables are involved during a customer purchase stock status, item descriptions, customer tables, order tables, reorder tables, ledger tables, etc. All of these are tied together through primary and foreign keys. An ODBC application can invoke simple Structured Query Language (SQL) statements to update all these tables the engine maintains the integrity and handles the logic of selecting related records. As mentioned earlier, Btrieve does not know anything about the data being stored except for the defined keys. In contrast, ODBC must know everything in order to maintain referential rules for associations between tables and for the more complex SQL it supports. When you create an ODBC database, you define each table, giving it a Table Name and a File Name. You then define each Field (column) contained in the table by giving the length of the data and what type it is. ODBC supports all of the Btrieve data types and a few more. Among the extra data types are two variable-length fields -- LVAR and NOTE. LVAR supports binary objects or text up to 32 KB in size. NOTE(?) supports Text up to 32 KB. A table may contain only one of these variable-length fields. Thus, an ODBC record may not exceed roughly 64 KB. ODBC also lets you define procedures as groups of commands and store these within the database for later recall by the application. You may define Triggers that Page 3 of 5
4 occur automatically whenever an event occurs. And you may create Views defined as a list of columns taken from a SQL SELECT statement and later treat this View as if it were a single Table. A MIGRATION PATH You are still wondering, How do I convert from Btrieve to Pervasive.SQL 2000i? Up to this point you have seen that ODBC gives you much greater flexibility and data retrieval power to your application for a minimal impact in performance compared to the brute force workhorse in the Btrieve interface. If you already have a working Btrieve application, why upgrade to ODBC? The obvious reason is because the application can be simplified now and will be much easier to maintain in the future. With Btrieve, many developers in the past have intermixed the data retrieval functions along with the calls needed to enforce referential rules and many times, with the logic code as well. This makes for a smooth flowing linear application but will not lend itself to upgrading to something as powerful as Pervasive.SQL 2000i. If you plan on writing a new application based on the Btrieve API and want to be able to upgrade later, then proceduralize your data routines. In other words, consolidate all the code used for obtaining data and linking tables together into common access routines. When you migrate the code to the SQL engine, you need only rewrite these common routines. If you are using an object-oriented language, then making a Class out of the data routines can also be of great help. Also keep in mind that you do not have to migrate all of your code. Btrieve and ODBC are designed to work together. This gives an application the flexibility to use Btrieve s transactional API to process transactions from a teller or terminal operator at the same time an administrator module uses ODBC to access large reports pulled together from 20 tables spread across five servers in different cities. SUMMARY Btrieve and ODBC are two different access models used to maintain an application s data in a fast and flexible manner. Much of the concepts for programming an application based on either product are the same. While Btrieve gives the developer a more direct connection to the data through one API and its unique transactional abilities, ODBC gives the application a highly flexible and standard method for accessing its data at the cost of a minimal performance hit. In order for an application to move from the Btrieve access model to the ODBC SQL model, some planning will have to be done in the code. With thoughtful planning at design time, the data itself does not have to undergo any changes. Page 4 of 5
5 For more information about Pervasive.SQL 2000i, pricing or support, please visit our web site at or locate one of our sales offices worldwide at Pervasive Software Inc., Pervasive, Pervasive.SQL, Btrieve, and the Pervasive logo are registered trademarks of Pervasive Software Inc. All other product names are trademarks of their respective companies. All rights reserved worldwide. Disclaimer: The performance demonstrated in this document is for reference purposes only and does not constitute a performance guarantee even if under similar configurations. Page 5 of 5
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