The Machines. Where can we find machines? Are computers machines? Explain. What are some of the machines for the future?

Transcription

1 What are machines? The Machines Where can we find machines? Are computers machines? Explain. What are some of the machines for the future? Can we live without machines? Explain. Page 1

2 3 Developments in Technology - The Industrial Revolution Textiles Steam Power 3 Developments in Technology Iron Making Page 2

3 The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain Innovation / Change Land Distribution Under several Enclosure Acts (laws), land was allocated (divided) and fenced in. The allocated land was converted into farms, replacing an open field system where unorganized strips of land were used for farming. Inventions 1701: Jethro Tull invents the Seed Drill that planted corn seeds in straight, regular rows. 1703: Disney Stanyforth and Joseph Foljambe invent the Rotherham Iron Plough, a lighter plough that could be pulled by only 2 horses. 1786: Andrew Meikleto separates ears of corn from their stalks with the invention of his Threshing Machine. 1808: Robert Randsome creates the first all-iron plow. 1827: Dr. Patrick Bell develops a Reaping Machine that cut grain plants through a combination of turning blades and a conveyor that was pushed by two horses. 1850s: Steam plows using long cables and steam power pulled plows across fields using no man power at all. Crop Rotation Early 1700s, Viscount Charles Turnip Townshend used turnips (introduced from Holland) as part of a four-course rotation of crops to preserve soil fertility. Alfalfa, clover, and other different types of plants in the bean/pea family used for crop rotation, providing a variety of crops. Use of Fertilizers Beginning in the Mid-1700s, farmers began to use different methods to store and preserve animal manure to use in their fields. Drainage Digging of deep trenches in the farming fields and eventually the use of pipe drainage. Selective Breeding Robert Bakewell would use the process of selective breeding in farm animals. Effects Land Distribution New interest in how to increase the output of farms. Farms grew larger due to wealthy landowners buying land from less wealthy landowners. Creation of tenant farmer system (those who farmed the land but did not own it). Those who lost their land totally found jobs on other farms or moved to cities to find work. Inventions Less time consuming and wasteful than scattering seed by hand. It was easier to get rid of unwanted plants. Easier to use and turned the soil more effectively than by hand. Lasted longer than wooden tools. One steam plow could cut several furrows at once. Crop Rotation Growing crops takes valuable nutrients out of the soil. Therefore, farmers had to not plant crops every two to three years. With crop rotation, farmers were able to plant every year without robbing the soil of nutrients. Use of Fertilizers Use of manure in the fields added nutrients to the soil which would mean better crops. Drainage The use of drainage trenches would lead to less occurrences of flooding (waterlogging) which meant better yields and higher profits. Selective Breeding Improved quality and quantity of milk, meat, and wool. Why did these changes in agriculture occur? Growing population, creating an increase in demand for food Increase in number of urban dwellers dependent on farmers for their food Improvement in transport (new roads, canals, and railways), making it easier to take food to the towns and to deliver coal and machinery to farmers Increase in corn prices resulting from reduced supply of corn to Britain from Europe during the Napoleonic Wars ( ); higher prices provided an incentive to produce more Purchase of land by middle class who wanted to make profits from farming Information Adapted From: Page 3

4 Effects of The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain Cattle - Meat and Milk Avg Weight of Cows (In Pounds) Sheep - Meat and Wool Avg Weight of Sheep (In Pounds) In 1720, Britain's grain output was about 19 bushels per acre By 1840, it had increased to about 30 bushels per acre Information Adapted From: Page 4

5 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Look at their factors of production! Large Population of Workers - From the mid-1700s to the 1800s, Great Britain was experiencing an Agricultural Revolution. One of the effects of the Agricultural Revolution was that wealthy landowners were buying out smaller farms to increase their wealth. As smaller farmers were push out of the farming industry, they turned to the cities for employment. Extensive Natural Resources - Great Britain had a large supplies of the ingredients for industrialization. These resources included running rivers and coal to power the machines; iron ore to make the tools, machines, and building materials; navigable rivers to move raw materials and finished goods; and large harbors for the export of goods. Britain s Hearty Economy - Great Britain had a stable banking system which allowed for the investment in new industries and innovations through loans. Also, Britain had established an international system of trade leading to a greater demand for domestically produced goods. Britain s Stable Government - By the 1800s, Britain s system of Parliamentary rule has established a stable form of government that had not had civil troubles in some time. Also, Parliament supported and protected businesses through laws and tariffs. Inventions and Innovations Gives Britain the Edge (Especially in the Textile (Cloth) Industry): (See Table) Innovation / Change Effects John Kay develops the flying shuttle Sped up the weaving process James Hardgreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, a spinning wheel that converted raw materials, such as wool, into finished threads Richard Arkwright develops the water frame which used paddle wheels, gears, and belts, powered by water power from nearby rivers, to run spinning machines Samuel Crompton combined pieces from the water frame and pieces from the Spinning Jenny to create the Spinning Mule. His invention created a stronger, more finer thread in faster time Edmund Cartwright invents the Power Loom which ran on water power, like the water frame, to make finished fabric from threads. Thread became less expensive to make and was able to be produced quicker. Water power allowed for faster production of thread. His invention created a stronger, more finer thread in faster time. Finished goods such as fabric could be produced faster and cheaper. Did You Know? The British Empire was afraid of losing skilled laborers to other nations and/or to their colonies. In order to prevent the brain drain of the British Island, Parliament passed a series of actions in the 1700s, preventing the emigration of skilled laborers from the British Islands. When the innovations began to change the British economy, Parliament passed a series of laws forbidding the exportation of British machinery. When it became obvious that both of these laws were tough to enforce and other nations were gaining not only the technology but also money, they were repealed in 1825 and in 1842 respectively. Information adapted from: Page 5

6 Child Labor and Working Conditions The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain The most common form of child labor during the British Industrial Revolution was known as Parish apprentice children. Parish apprentice children were children who had been taken in by the British government and placed into orphanages. Wealthy factory owners would go to the parish leaders and offer housing and food for the children in exchange for the children s work in their factories. The children themselves were not often paid for the work they did. The factory owner s felt the compensation in providing the basic needs for the children was considered enough. These children were subject to unhealthy working conditions, long hours, and harsh punishment. A witness to the working conditions in the mills commented, Children worked under deplorable conditions and were being exploited by the industrialists Children as young as five and six years old worked for twelve to sixteen hours a day, six days a week without recess for meals in hot, stuffy, poorly lit, overcrowded factories to earn as little as four shillings per week By 1819, it was estimated that the total percentage of the entire workforce in the cotton mills/textile industry of children under the age of 18 equaled to almost 88%. The main reason for this is that factory owners did not have to pay children as much as they would have to pay adults. As the Industrial Revolution developed, many reform leaders began to make public speeches and please to pass legislation to ensure that children would not be neglected in the factories and coal mines. Many wealthy owners of the factories and mines fought against the laws since it restricted their ability to make a profit. However, Parliament began to pass restrictions on the age and amount of hours women and children could work. Labor Laws and the Industrial Revolution Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819 Set the minimum working age to 9 Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833 Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the law Set the maximum working in a week to 48 hours Made children to spend time in school Mines and Collieries Act 1842 Set a minimum age for children to work in mines at 10 Made it that no woman or girl could work in the mines Factories Act 1844 Limited working hour to 12 per day for women and children Set maximum working hours for children of 9-13 for 9 per day Mill owners are more account for protection for workers Ten Hours Bill 1847 Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children Set a maximum hours in a week to 63 for women and children Information adapted from: Page 6

7 Innovations and Inventors - The Industrial Revolution in the United States Innovation Information Interchangeable Parts In 1798, Eli Whitney developed the idea of making universal parts that could be changed out when they break. Allowed factory owners to replace broken parts on their equipment instead of replacing the entire mechanism Mechanical Gristmill In 1785, Oliver Evens developed a process using hydro-power to create a mechanical gristmill where workers poured grain down one chute on one side of the building and collected flour on the other side of the building. Cotton Gin In 1793, Eli Whitney received the patent for the Cotton Gin, which separated cotton seeds from the fiber. While seen as an advancement for agriculture, the cotton gin also increased the amount of cotton fibers that were in high demand by the factories. Spinning Mill of Pawtucket In 1789, Sam Slater arrived to the United States from Britain. At the time, it was illegal for skilled workers to leave Britain. Sam was a highly trained machinist and knew how to create spinning machines. Slater pretended to be a farmer and sailed to the United States. Upon his arrival, he met Moses Brown and Slater constructed spinning machines from memory. Together, Brown and Slater opened the first automated spinning factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Lowell Experiment The first factory in the United States that combined all steps of cloth manufacturing opened in Lowell, Massachusetts Lowell was also unique because the factory provided an education, room, and board to those, who were mostly women, who worked at Lowell Page 7