Color correction in optical systems or why optical design needs fluoro-phosphate glasses
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1 ED Glass As this illustration indicates, the lens employs a full seven elements of extra low dispersion glass, including three of large diameter at the front for maximum aberration control.this optical formula provides superior image quality that will be obvious particularly at the edges of images made with a full-frame DSLR. or why optical design needs fluoro-phosphate glasses Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, Application Manager, SCHOTT Advanced Optics, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
2 2 Optical glasses are mainly categorized according to their refractive index and Abbe number, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
3 3 The refractive index n is a measure for the deflection of light in transition to a different medium air n 1 glass The world of optical glass n 2 n = 2.02 n = sin( ) sin( ) n n 2 1, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
4 4 The Abbe number is a measure for the change of refractive index with the wavelength (dispersion) Refractive index 1.53 nf n C n d d n n F d 1 n C The higher the Abbe number the lower the dispersion wavelength in µm, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
5 5 Refraction of different glasses as seen with a prism Flint glasses: high refractive index + high dispersion Crown glasses: low refractive index + low dispersion N-FK58 XLD, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
6 6 Chromatic aberration: color fringes in high resolution lens systems (example tele zoom lens) Chromatic aberration show stopper for high resolution optics, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
7 7 Chromatic aberration of a single lens: blue refraction ( B ) is stronger than red refraction ( R ) G R B, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
8 8 The size of the chromatic aberration of a single lens is the quotient of the focal length and the Abbe number = 1 D= = 1 = = The longitudinal chromatic aberration error is proportional to the focal length and decreases with increasing Abbe number. Large Abbe number => low chromatic aberration!, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
9 9 Correction of chromatic aberration with two lenses: The achromat crown glass flint glass classical: Fraunhofer BK7 and F2 white light achromat achromat image Focal length of two lenses with short distance: = 1 Achromatic condition ( R = B): = Abbe number = 0 Abbe number is always > 0, 1 or 2 < 0, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
10 10 Achromat: large Abbe number difference between crown and flint glass needed! Positive lens: crown glass Negative lens: flint glass At fixed focal length of the system (example 100 mm), the focal length of each single lens is larger if the Abbe number difference is large. Focal length, crown, flint f (crown) f (flint) Large focal length of single lenses = less lens bending = less monochromatic image aberrations Abbe # Difference crown-flint, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
11 11 The achromat is corrected for two wavelengths: but an error remains, the secondary spectrum! Color error diagram Example: Achromat with 100 mm focal length (SCHOTT N-BK7, F2) has an color error of 0.5 mm The single SCHOTT N-BK7 lens has a color error of 15.8 mm e.g. VIS Achromat 2 1 Secondary spectrum Single lens Pos., Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
12 12 The reason for the secondary spectrum is the different bending of the dispersion curves of crown and flint glasses The secondary spectrum is small if the bending of the dispersion curve of the crown and flint glass is the same: glasses with anomalous partial dispersion Calculated from datasheet Sellmeier coefficients., Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
13 13 The partial dispersion is a measure for the bending of the dispersion curve Principle dispersion n F n C Partial dispersion n g n F N-SF66 SF66 Dispersion Angle of Incidence 65 deg Relative Deflection of Rays in 1 m Distance [mm] r-line C-Line d-line e-line F-Line g-line Relative partial dispersion P g, F n n g F n n F C, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
14 14 In the diagram relative partial dispersion versus Abbe number, many glasses are located on a line called normal line The line is given by the glasses K7 and F2 (be careful, other glass vendors have different definitions) Normal line P n n g F g, F (0,6438 0, d nf nc ) Abbe number d, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
15 15 The slope of the normal line is directly proportional to the secondary color error! An achromat built with two glasses only on the normal line has always the same secondary color error. The longer the focal length of the lens the more critical the color error! Glasses with anomalous partial dispersion are located away from the normal line!, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
16 16 The smaller the slope of the two partners in the PgF diagram, the smaller the secondary spectrum and the better the color correction! Without PK/FK glasses no color correction possible! PK/FK glasses and short flint glasses (KZFS glasses) have a very pronounced anomalous partial dispersion Low slopes are possible with this combination, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
17 17 Ideal: position of CaF2, but expensive and sensitive processing. Alternative: Fluoro-phosphate glasses on CaF2 position CaF2, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
18 18 On the way to CaF2! Extremely low dispersion glasses (XLD) Target: better processability! XLD glass N-FK58 successful production run! n d d optical position: = , = extremely low dispersion excellent processing properties offers outstanding apochromatic correction capabilities in combination with SCHOTT KZFS glasses (e.g. N-KZFS4/5/8/11) supplements the low dispersion glass portfolio of N-PK52A and N-FK51A CaF2 N-FK58, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
19 19 SCHOTT has improved its melting capabilities for the production of low dispersion glasses. During a recent melting campaign for N-PK52A and N-FK51A, development of a new extremely low dispersion (XLD) glass N-FK58 was accomplished by a successful production run Most anomalous dispersion glasses are available in step 0.5! Highly accurate and economic metrology is an important prerequisite for the success! We are not selling glass, we are selling properties!, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
20 20 N-FK58 XLD: A new extremely low dispersion glass with excellent processing properties n d = , v d = extremely low dispersion excellent processing properties outstanding apochromatic correction capabilities in combination with SCHOTT KZFS glasses (e.g. N-KZFS4/5/8/11) supplements the low dispersion glass portfolio of N-PK52A and N-FK51A The datasheet of XLD glass N-FK58 is currently generated and will be available soon., Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
21 21 N-FK58 XLD: A new extremely low dispersion (XLD) glass with excellent processing properties N-FK58, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
22 22 N-FK58 XLD: A new extremely low dispersion (XLD) glass with high internal transmittance! 1,0 0,9 internal transmittance 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 N-FK58, 25 mm competitor 1 competitor 2 competitor 3 competitor 4 0,3 0, , Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014 wavelength [nm]
23 23 Supporting glasses: SCHOTT s N-KZFS4 shows the largest deviation from the normal line compared to the competition 0 N-KZFS4 N-KZFS5 N-KZFS8-0,002 PgF -0,004-0,006 SCHOTT competitor 1 competitor 2 competitor 3-0,008-0,01-0,012, Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
24 24 SCHOTT s N-PK52A: High transmission up to 4 µm N-PK52A : mm N-PK52A : mm N-PK52A : mm Spectral transmittance Wavelength (nm), Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
25 25 High end applications need glasses with anomalous partial dispersion Fluoro-phosphate glasses are used as LD, ED, ELD or SLD lenses in many applications. SCHOTT offers all glasses that are needed for high quality designs! ED Glass As this illustration indicates, the lens employs a full seven elements of extra low dispersion glass, including three of large diameter at the front for maximum aberration control.this optical formula provides superior image quality that will be obvious particularly at the edges of images made with a full-frame DSLR. Dr. Ralf Jedamzik, May 2014
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