Mohamed Chawki Ashraf Darwish Mohammad Ayoub Khan. Sapna Tyagi. Cybercrime, Digital. Forensics and Jurisdiction. ^ Springer

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1 Mohamed Chawki Ashraf Darwish Mohammad Ayoub Khan Sapna Tyagi Cybercrime, Digital Forensics and Jurisdiction ^ Springer

2 Contents Part I Fundamentals of Cybercrime 1 Cybercrime: Introduction, Motivation and Methods Introduction Definition Contemporary Cybercrime Terrestrial Crimes Versus Cybercrimes Cybercrime and White Collar Crime The Scale of the Problem and Reasons for the Growth of Cybercrime United States United Kingdom Middle East Asia/Pacific Japan (APJ) Profiling Cybercriminals Motives of the Cybercriminal How Cybercriminals Use the Network Types of Cyber Criminals Challenges for Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Transnational Legal Jurisdictions Evidence Identification and Tracking Tactics for Evasion The Future of Cybercrime Summary 22 References 23 xi

3 xii Contents Part II Computer System as Target 2 Unauthorized Access Offences in Cyberworld Emerging Threats: Expected Targets and Forms Criminal Statues United States United Kingdom Other Offences Associated with Hacking Unauthorized Modification of Computer Programs or Data Computer Viruses Summary 37 References 37 3 Injection of Malicious Code in Application Introduction Types of Malicious Code File Infector Viruses Boot Sector Viruses Macro Viruses Worms Trojan Horses Threats Posed by Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses Data Corruption and Loss Data Theft StuxnetWorm The Number of Threats Legislative Approaches The American Approach The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime Summary 50 References 51 Part III Computer System as Tool 4 Attempts and Impact of Phishing in Cyberworld The Problem of Phishing Impact and Harm Generated by Phishing Mechanisms of Cyberspace Phishing Dragnet Method Rod and Reel Method Lobsterpot Method Gillnet Phishing Political Phishing 60

4 Contents xiii 4.4 Using Stolen Financial Information Customer Vigilance Summary 63 References 63 5 Sexual Harassment in Cyberworld Introduction Harassment in Cyberworld Cases and Prevalence of Sexual Harassment in Cyberspace Enforcement Problems The International Stalker The Anonymous Stalker Legal Regulation United States United Kingdom Non Legal Regulation Software Education of Internet Users Internet Service Providers Prevention of Sexual Harassment on the Internet Legislation and Law Enforcement Changing the Culture and Norms Educating Potential Victims and Harassers Summary 77 References 77 Part IV Content-Related Offenses 6 Online Obscenity and Child Sexual Abuse Introduction The Role of the Internet in Promoting Child Sexual Abuse Production of Pornographic Content Distribution and Sharing Consumption of Pornographic Content Criminal Offenses Against Children Cybering Online Grooming Age Play Exposure to Online Obscenity Minimizing Risks Where Next? 92 References 93

5 XIV Contents Part V Privacy, Security and Crime Control 7 Anonymity, Privacy and Security Issues in Cyberworld Introduction Anonymity in Cyberspace True Anonymity Pseudo-Anonymity Anonymity, Privacy and Freedom of Speech Impact and Harm Generated by Anonymity Regulating Anonymity in Cyberspace The Case Law Al Farhan Case Bin Saleh Case The Appropriate Balance Summary 109 References Strategies and Statutes for Prevention of Cybercrime Introduction National and Regional Strategies: The European Approach The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime The American Response Communication Interference Statute The Stored Communications Act (SCA) Wiretap Act Wire Fraud Statute Can-Spam Act Other Federal Statutes Related to Cyber Security Technical Approach The Future Summary 125 References Scam: An Evaluation of Cybercrime and Criminal Code in Nigeria The Meaning of 419 Scam The Operation of the Scheme The Nature and Extent of the Problem Evaluation of the Current Situation in Nigeria Scam Combating Efforts in Nigeria Legislative Approaches Administrative Measures Technical Measures The Quest for Legislative Harmonisation 142

6 Contents xv 9.7 Future Trends ' Summary 143 References '44 Appendix '45

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