Vectors SCALAR PRODUCT. Graham S McDonald. A Tutorial Module for learning about the scalar product of two vectors. Table of contents Begin Tutorial
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1 Vectors SCALAR PRODUCT Graham S McDonald A Tutorial Module for learning about the scalar product of two vectors Table of contents Begin Tutorial c 2004 g.s.mcdonald@salford.ac.uk
2 1. Theory 2. Exercises 3. Answers 4. Tips on using solutions 5. Alternative notation Full worked solutions Table of contents
3 Section 1: Theory 3 1. Theory The purpose of this tutorial is to practice using the scalar product of two vectors. It is called the scalar product because the result is a scalar, i.e. a quantity with magnitude but no associated direction. The SCALAR PRODUCT (or dot product ) of a and b is a b = a b cos θ where θ is the angle between a and b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z and a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k. a b
4 Section 1: Theory 4 Note that when and a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k then the magnitudes of a and b are and a = b = a 2 x + a 2 y + a 2 z b 2 x + b 2 y + b 2 z, respectively.
5 Section 2: Exercises 5 2. Exercises Click on Exercise links for full worked solutions (there are 16 exercises in total) Exercise 1. Calculate a b when a = 2i 3j + 5k, b = i + 2j + 8k Exercise 2. Calculate a b when a = 4i 7j + 2k, b = 5i j 4k Exercise 3. Calculate a b when a = 2i + 3j + 3k, b = 3i 2j + 5k Exercise 4. Calculate a b when a = 3i + 6j k, b = 8i 3j k Theory Answers Tips Notation
6 Section 2: Exercises 6 Exercise 5. Show that a is perpendicular to b when a = i + j + 3k, b = i 7j + 2k Exercise 6. Show that a is perpendicular to b when a = i + 23j + 7k, b = 26i + j 7k Exercise 7. Show that a is perpendicular to b when a = i + j + 3k, b = 2i + 7j 3k Exercise 8. Show that a is perpendicular to b when a = 39i + 2j + k, b = i 23j + 7k Theory Answers Tips Notation
7 Section 2: Exercises 7 Exercise 9. Calculate the work done F s given F, s and θ (the angle between the force F and the displacement s) when F = 7 N, s = 3 m, θ = 0 Exercise 10. Calculate the work done F s given F, s and θ (the angle between the force F and the displacement s) when F = 4 N, s = 2 m, θ = 27 Exercise 11. Calculate the work done F s given F, s and θ (the angle between the force F and the displacement s) when F = 5 N, s = 4 m, θ = 48 Exercise 12. Calculate the work done F s given F, s and θ (the angle between the force F and the displacement s) when F = 2 N, s = 3 m, θ = 56 Theory Answers Tips Notation
8 Section 2: Exercises 8 Exercise 13. Calculate the angle θ between vectors a and b when a = 2i j + 2k, b = i + j + k Exercise 14. Calculate the angle θ between vectors a and b when a = i + j + k, b = 2i 3j + k Exercise 15. Calculate the angle θ between vectors a and b when a = i 2j + 2k, b = 2i + 3j + k Exercise 16. Calculate the angle θ between vectors a and b when a = 5i + 4j + 3k, b = 4i 5j + 3k Theory Answers Tips Notation
9 Section 3: Answers 9 3. Answers 1. 36, 2. 19, 3. 15, 4. 7, 5. Hint: If θ = 90 then what will a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z be? 6. Hint: If θ = 90 then what will a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z be? 7. Hint: If θ = 90 then what will a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z be? 8. Hint: If θ = 90 then what will a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z be? J, J, J, J, ,
10 Section 3: Answers , ,
11 Section 4: Tips on using solutions Tips on using solutions When looking at the THEORY, ANSWERS, TIPS or NOTATION pages, use the Back button (at the bottom of the page) to return to the exercises Use the solutions intelligently. For example, they can help you get started on an exercise, or they can allow you to check whether your intermediate results are correct Try to make less use of the full solutions as you work your way through the Tutorial
12 Section 5: Alternative notation Alternative notation Here, we use symbols like a to denote a vector. In some texts, symbols for vectors are in bold (eg a instead of a ) In this Tutorial, vectors are given in terms of the unit Cartesian vectors i, j and k. For example, a = i + 2j + 3k implies that a can be decomposed into the sum of the following three vectors: i (one step along the x-axis) PLUS 2 j (two steps along the y-axis) PLUS 3 k (three steps along the z-axis) See the figures on the next page...
13 Section 5: Alternative notation 13 a = i + 2j + 3k 3 z one step along the x-axis two steps along the y-axis three steps along the z-axis y i 4 x 2 j 3 k a is the (vector) sum of i and 2j z y a and 3k x A common alternative notation for expressing a in terms of these Cartesian components is given by a = (1, 2, 3)
14 Solutions to exercises 14 Full worked solutions Exercise 1. a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z, where a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k a = 2i 3j + 5k, b = i + 2j + 8k gives a b = (2)(1) + ( 3)(2) + (5)(8) = = 36. Return to Exercise 1
15 Solutions to exercises 15 Exercise 2. a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z, where a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k a = 4i 7j + 2k, b = 5i j 4k gives a b = (4)(5) + ( 7)( 1) + (2)( 4) = = 19. Return to Exercise 2
16 Solutions to exercises 16 Exercise 3. a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z, where a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k a = 2i + 3j + 3k, b = 3i 2j + 5k gives a b = (2)(3) + (3)( 2) + (3)(5) = = 15. Return to Exercise 3
17 Solutions to exercises 17 Exercise 4. a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z, where a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k a = 3i + 6j k, b = 8i 3j k gives a b = (3)(8) + (6)( 3) + ( 1)( 1) = = 7. Return to Exercise 4
18 Solutions to exercises 18 Exercise 5. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between a and b a perpendicular to b gives θ = 90 i.e. cos θ = 0 i.e. a b = 0 To show that this is true, use a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z i.e. a b = (1)(1) + (1)( 7) + (3)(2) = = 0. Return to Exercise 5
19 Solutions to exercises 19 Exercise 6. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between a and b a perpendicular to b gives θ = 90 i.e. cos θ = 0 i.e. a b = 0 To show that this is true, use a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z i.e. a b = (1)(26) + (23)(1) + (7)( 7) = = 0. Return to Exercise 6
20 Solutions to exercises 20 Exercise 7. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between a and b a perpendicular to b gives θ = 90 i.e. cos θ = 0 i.e. a b = 0 To show that this is true, use a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z i.e. a b = (1)(2) + (1)(7) + (3)( 3) = = 0. Return to Exercise 7
21 Solutions to exercises 21 Exercise 8. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between a and b a perpendicular to b gives θ = 90 i.e. cos θ = 0 i.e. a b = 0 To show that this is true, use a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z i.e. a b = (39)(1) + (2)( 23) + (1)(7) = = 0. Return to Exercise 8
22 Solutions to exercises 22 Exercise 9. F s = F s cos θ, F = 7 N s = 3 m θ = 0 gives cos θ = 1 F s = F s cos θ = (7 N)(3 m)(1) = 21 J. Note: When the angle θ is zero then F s = F s and one simply multiplies the magnitudes of F and s. Return to Exercise 9
23 Solutions to exercises 23 Exercise 10. F s = F s cos θ, F = 4 N s = 2 m θ = 27 gives cos θ F s (4 N)(2 m)(0.8910) J. F s = F s cos θ and F s = ( F cos θ) s F s F c o s Note: F s is the product of s and the projected component of force F cos θ along the direction of s. Return to Exercise 10
24 Solutions to exercises 24 Exercise 11. F s = F s cos θ, F = 5 N s = 4 m θ = 48 gives cos θ F s (5 N)(4 m)(0.6691) J. Return to Exercise 11
25 Solutions to exercises 25 Exercise 12. F s = F s cos θ, F = 2 N s = 3 m θ = 56 gives cos θ F s (2 N)(3 m)(0.5592) J. Return to Exercise 12
26 Solutions to exercises 26 Exercise 13. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between vectors a and b cos θ = a b a b If a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k then cos θ = a b a b where a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a = a 2 x + a 2 y + a 2 z b = b 2 x + b 2 y + b 2 z
27 Solutions to exercises 27 a = 2i j + 2k, b = i + j + k i.e. a x = 2, a y = 1, a z = 2 and b x = 1, b y = 1, b z = 1 then a b = (2)(1) + ( 1)(1) + (2)(1) = = 3 a = ( 1) = = 9 = 3 b = = 3 cos θ = a b a b = so θ cos 1 (0.5774) Return to Exercise 13
28 Solutions to exercises 28 Exercise 14. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between vectors a and b cos θ = a b a b If a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k then cos θ = a b a b where a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a = a 2 x + a 2 y + a 2 z b = b 2 x + b 2 y + b 2 z
29 Solutions to exercises 29 a = i + j + k, b = 2i 3j + k i.e. a x = 1, a y = 1, a z = 1 and b x = 2, b y = 3, b z = 1 then a b = (1)(2) + (1)( 3) + (1)(1) = = 0 a = = 3 b = ( 3) = = 14 cos θ = a b a b = = 0 42 = 0 so θ = cos 1 (0) = 90. Return to Exercise 14
30 Solutions to exercises 30 Exercise 15. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between vectors a and b cos θ = a b a b If a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k then cos θ = a b a b where a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a = a 2 x + a 2 y + a 2 z b = b 2 x + b 2 y + b 2 z
31 Solutions to exercises 31 a = i 2j + 2k, b = 2i + 3j + k i.e. a x = 1, a y = 2, a z = 2 and b x = 2, b y = 3, b z = 1 then a b = (1)(2) + ( 2)(3) + (2)(1) = = 2 a = ( 2) = = 9 = 3 b = = = 14 cos θ = a b a b = so θ cos 1 ( ) 100.3, see also the Note on the next page...
32 Solutions to exercises 32 Note: When a b is positive cos θ is positive and θ is an acute angle b a When a b is negative cos θ is negative and θ is an obtuse angle b a End of Note. Return to Exercise 15
33 Solutions to exercises 33 Exercise 16. a b = a b cos θ, where θ is the angle between vectors a and b cos θ = a b a b If a = a x i + a y j + a z k b = b x i + b y j + b z k then cos θ = a b a b where a b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a = a 2 x + a 2 y + a 2 z b = b 2 x + b 2 y + b 2 z
34 Solutions to exercises 34 a = 5i + 4j + 3k, b = 4i 5j + 3k i.e. a x = 5, a y = 4, a z = 3 and b x = 4, b y = 5, b z = 3 then a b = (5)(4) + (4)( 5) + (3)(3) = = 9 a = = = 50 b = ( 5) = = 50 cos θ = a b a b = = 9 50 = 0.18 so θ = cos 1 (0.18) Return to Exercise 16
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