Process 3 Impression fossils

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2 Process 3 Impression fossils A dead plant or animal sinks into mud leaving its shape. The body decays, leaving a mould. Eventually, all that is left is an organism shaped hole or mould in the rock

3 What conditions are needed for fossils to form? What happens if those conditions are not there? Certain conditions slow down the decaying process, helping to preserve the tissues. Examples are: Low / no oxygen, eg when an organism becomes trapped in amber Low temperatures, eg when an organism becomes frozen in a glacier High soil acidity, eg when an organism falls into a peat bog If these conditions are not present, the remains will not be fossilised.

4 What is the fossil record? The fossil record provides a record of organisms that lived a long time ago. They also provide evidence that animal and plant species can change over long periods of time.

5 Why are there gaps in the fossil record? Soft bodied organisms usually decay without leaving fossils. Many fossils may exist but have yet to be found. Many organisms don t form fossils the conditions are not always right to preserve them. Earthquakes can break apart fossils.

6 The problems with the fossil record gaps. This makes the story of evolution of any one species challenging. In most cases there are big gaps in fossil records, making it like a jigsaw puzzle with half the pieces missing. Problems also arise as soft tissues decay resulting in scientists having to estimate what the organism was like. Finally, there are also lots of fossils that we haven't yet found.

7 Discuss why scientists have problems interpreting fossil records. Some fossils will have been damaged or destroyed in the many years since they were formed, and others exist but have not been found yet. All of this means that scientists have to work from incomplete data that is often open to much interpretation when piecing together the fossil record.

8 Explain how the anatomy of the pentadactyl limb provides evidence for evolution. Evolution is the change over time of organisms. If organisms are related, they have evolved from the same ancestor a long time ago. So they will have similar features which they have inherited from that ancestor. Many vertebrates have a similar bone structure despite their limbs looking very different on the outside. This structure is known as the pentadactyl limb five fingered. This suggests that many vertebrates descended from the same common ancestor.

9 Starter True or False? Justify your answers. 1. Growth is an increase in mass 2. Growth occurs because cells divide 3. Growth occurs because of meiosis 4. Mitosis produces 2 non identical cells 5. Mitosis produces diploid cells 6. Meiosis produces gametes 7. Meiosis produces 4 identical cells X X X

10 Starter True or False? Justify your answers. Growth is an increase in dry mass How else do you know if something has grown? Increase in size Increase in length Growth Increase in mass

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12 How do plants grow? Plants continually grow. Plants have meristems in tips of roots or shoots. Cells in the meristem area keep dividing and then elongate. Older meristems differentiate into any cell eg a cell in a shoot can become a cell in a leaf.

13 Animal Growth Animal cells also divide but animals stop growing when they become adults. Animals have stem cells that can differentiate and become different specialised cells. Eg In an embryo the stem cells differentiate into every specialised cells eg muscle cells, needed in the body. These cells then form tissues eg muscle tissue. Different tissues form organs etc. Adults don t have many stem cells, and adult stem cells are limited in the cells they can become (they cannot change into every type of cell). This is why we cannot re grow a damaged body part but a plant can continually grow new leaves, roots etc.

14 Now take turns to annotate the text to help compare the growth in plant cells with that of animal cells. Which important bits will you pull out? Growth in both plants and animals involves cell division and cell growth. Plant cell division is followed by elongation and then differentiation. There are constant regions of cell division (meristems) where cells divide to form undifferentiated cells, so plants grow throughout their lives. In animals, cell division is immediately followed by differentiation and there is no elongation. Once cells have differentiated they can only form more of the same type of cell. Growth stops at adulthood in animals and so can not continue to regenerate as only a limited number of cells can differentiate and so cannot develop into a new organism. Yellow = B grade / Green = A grade

15 Percentile Charts Percentile: the value below which a percentage of data falls. Boys

16 The heart pumps blood around the body ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

17 Your blood carries oxygen and food around your body ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

18 There are 4 main parts in the blood: Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets These have all differentiated and become specialised from blood stem cells. Model Blood Soup ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

19 what s in digested food red blood cells white blood cells oxygen waste (urea) carbon dioxide platelets plasma hormones ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

20 Red Blood Cells carry oxygen No nucleus contains more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen Contain haemoglobin, a molecule that holds oxygen and carries it to body cells. Biconcave disc shape increases surface area for fast diffusion of oxygen in to the cell. Small and can flexible, it squeezes in single file through the capillaries. ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

21 White Blood Cells engulf and ingest microbes White blood cells contain a big nucleus contain DNA to make proteins.. Some white blood cells make antibodies these are proteins. They destroy microbes. Some white blood cells engulf and ingest micro organisms. Therefore they have a flexible cell membrane. Some contain enzymes that destroy the microbe once it has been ingested. ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

22 Platelets stick together to form scabs (clots). This stops blood loss and prevents entry of microbes. Platelets are sticky and produce fibres to form a scab to stop bleeding/ prevent entry of microbes. ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

23 A straw coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Also carries dissolved substances such as glucose and hormones. Composition of blood ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

24 Group quiz 1. What is the liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances. 2. What part of the blood carries oxygen? 3. Name the 4 components of the blood. 4. Which part of the blood destroys microbes and forms your immune system. 5. What do platelets do? 6. Which type of cell has no nucleus so it can carry more oxygen? 7. Give one adaptation of a red blood cell. 8. Explain how this adaptation helps it do its job. 9. Give one adaptation of a white blood cell. 10. Explain how this adaptation helps it do its job. 11. Which type of cell has a flexible cell membrane so it can engulf and ingest microbes. ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

25 Group quiz Answers 1. What is the liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances (Plasma) 2. What part of the blood carries oxygen? (Red blood cells) 3. Name the 4 components of the blood. (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma). 4. Which part of the blood destroys microbes and forms your immune system. (White blood cells). 5. What do platelets do? (Form scabs) 6. Which type of cell has no nucleus so it can carry more oxygen? (Red blood cells) 7. Give one adaptation of a red blood cell. Small and flexible 8. Explain how this adaptation helps it do its job., it squeezes in single file through the capillaries. 9. Give one adaptation of a white blood cell. White blood cells contain a big nucleus 10. Explain how this adaptation helps it do its job. contain DNA to make proteins such as antibodies and enzymes. 11. Which type of cell has a flexible cell membrane so it can engulf and ingest microbes. White blood cell. ALL: Outline the composition of blood (Grade D) MOST: Establish the functions of each part (Grade C) SOME: Analyse the adaptations of a red blood cell and link this to its function (GradeB) FEW: Explain in detail how all the cells in the blood are adapted to their function.(grade A)

26 Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Your heart is an organ. This is because it is made up of different tissues that work together to perform a function. (Eg, muscle tissue, fat tissue). Each tissue is made of similar cell working together. Eg muscle tissue is made up lots of muscle cells. Cells are the building blocks of life. The heart is not able to pump blood around the body on its own it has other organs that help it and so is part of an organ system (the circulatory system). ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

27 So which is the correct order and definition? Tissues Different tissues working together Organ Systems Cells These are the building blocks of life Groups of similar cells working together Different organs working together Organs ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

28 Heart Dissection The right side of your heart pumps blood to your lungs. The left side of your heart pumps blood to the rest of your body. This is why it is called a double pump. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

29 The heart The ventricles fill with blood and then the muscles contract which squeezes the blood out (this is felt as your heart beat) ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

30 Your pulse is the number of times your heart beats in a minute; it's your heart rate. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

31 How does the Heart work? STEP ONE blood from the body blood from the lungs The heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

32 How does the Heart work? STEP TWO The atria then contract and the valves open to allow blood into the ventricles. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

33 How does the Heart work? STEP THREE The valves close to stop blood flowing backwards. The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart. At the same time, the atria are relaxing and once again filling with blood. The cycle then repeats itself. The heart is sometimes called a double pump. One side collects blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the other side collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The two sides act as two separate pumps. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

34 The heart is a pump. It will continually contract and relax throughout the rest of your life to pump blood to the lungs and around the rest of the body. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

35 ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

36 The journey of blood Deoxygenated blood brought back from body tissues inferior Vena cava from the lower body, superior vena cava from the upper body. This feeds into the right atrium. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

37 The journey of blood Blood flows from inferior and superior vena cava into the right atrium. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

38 The journey of blood When full right atrium contracts and blood flows through the open valve from right atrium to right ventricle. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

39 The journey of blood When full right ventricle contracts sending the blood into the pulmonary artery. This will take the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

40 The journey of blood Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. What is this and what does it do? Pulmonary veins take the blood from the lungs back to the heart. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

41 The journey of blood Blood goes into the left atrium. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

42 The journey of blood Blood flows through the valve into left ventricle. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

43 The journey of blood When full left ventricle contracts. Blood goes in to the aorta (the largest blood vessel). This will take the oxygenated blood to the body tissues. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

44 Important to remember The heart is a double pump the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs. The left side of the heart pumps blood to body tissues. When the right side is contracting and pumping blood the lungs, at the same time the left side pumps blood to the body. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

45 Adaptations of the heart how do these help it carry out its function Valves (Close so blood flows forwards and not backwards). Tendons (Attached to the valves, stop the valves from turning inside out). Septum (Separates the left and right sides of the heart so deoxygenated and oxygenated blood do not mix). Left ventricle has thicker muscular wall. (Contracts with more force than the right to push blood all around the body and head. Right side only has to force blood to the lungs). ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

46 Assess the differences between modern ideas about the heart with ideas many years ago. (Grade A*) For almost 1500 years most of society followed the teachings of a Greek doctor called Galen. Galen believed there were two independent types of blood that ebbed and flowed to the upper and lower parts of the body and eventually evaporated. The venous blood (blood in veins) was filled with nutrients, while the arterial blood was infused with the vital spirit by a mixture of air from lungs, chemicals, and heat from the heart. The former was formed within the liver and the latter in the left ventricle. He also thought the blood flowed between the two ventricles through invisible holes in the septum, and the heart did not act as a pump. This blood was not recycled but was either evaporated or consumed by the organs. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

47 ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*) Tissues Systems Cells Organs Different tissues working together These are the basic units of life Groups of similar cells working together Different organs working together

48 The heart pumps blood around the body so that oxygen and glucose can get to all of the body s cells. What other organs are needed in the circulatory system? ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

49 Blood vessels are tube shaped organs that carry blood around the body. The three kinds are: Arteries Veins Capillaries Each have structures (adaptations) that help them with their functions. ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

50 I will project a statement Tell me whether it refers to arteries, veins or capillaries then how it helps do its job.

51 Vein Wide passage

52 Capillary Thin walls one cell thick

53 Artery Tough connective tissue on outside

54 Veins Valves

55 Artery Thick muscle layer

56 Capillaries Really small

57 Veins Thin muscle layer

58 The ARTERY Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries carry blood that is under high pressure. Strong, thick muscle walls that can cope with high pressure blood. The thick muscle can contract to push the blood along. Tough connective tissue that stops the artery from bursting due to the pressure that is exerted on the walls by blood flow.

59 The VEIN Veins carry blood towards the heart. The blood flowing through veins is under low pressure. Veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction as the blood is under low pressure. Thin muscle and elastic fibres as blood is pumped under low pressure (Thick wall not needed). Wide passage to allow more blood flow as blood flows quite slow under low pressure.

60 Capillaries Capillary walls are thin for easy diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose. Capillaries are so small that red blood cells can only travel through them in single file to maximise oxygen uptake.

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62 7 Describe the route of a small volume of blood from a capillary in your muscle where it has just given up its oxygen until it returns to the same place loaded with oxygen again. Include in your answer what substances pass into or out of the blood at each stage. next Pearson Education Ltd Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original.

63 A: Oxygen moves into muscle by... Blood moves through network of...into vein. Travels back to and enters through vena cava. Moves into..., then right ventricle, and then... Carried to... and travels through capillaries in...where oxygen moves into... by diffusion. Moves through capillaries into... and is taken back to heart. Enters, then left ventricle, then. Moves through arteries into capillaries ready to give up the...by diffusion again. pulmonary artery lungs Heart Capillaries right atrium diffusion aorta heart oxygen lungs left atrium red blood cells pulmonary vein

64 Explain the process of giving blood using our modern ideas about giving blood. (Grade A*) Hint: Highlight the main parts of the whole process why do you think this is done? Clues: Muscle contraction helps blood to flow through veins Red blood cells need to be collected whole

65 So red blood cells are not destroyed Vein blood under lower pressure so less chance of blood loss increase the blood flow through the vein. Stop blood loss Stop microbes entering the wound site You have lost red blood cells that need to be replenished.

66 Complete the C grade outcome in your books.. Cells are... The building blocks of life are cells. A group of similar cells working together are called a tissue. Different tissues working together are called an organ. Different organs working together are called an organ system. Eg A muscle cell Lots of muscle cells working together are muscle tissue. Muscle tissue and fat tissue are different tissues working together in the heart which is an organ. The heart, arteries and veins are different organs working together to form an organ system. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

67 Starter: The heart pumps blood around the body so that body cells receive the oxygen and nutrients they need. Do you know how the blood travels around the body? ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

68 Circulatory System: Is a transportation system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away.

69 Parts of the Circulatory System Divided into three major parts: The Heart The Blood The Blood Vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

70 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A) Circulation Travels through pulmonary arteries to lungs where it gets fresh oxygen and becomes bright red. Blood from lungs through pulmonary veins back to the heart's left side pump Pumped out into the body in arteries the arteries get thinner and thinner until they form capillaries, a network of tiny blood vessels near all of your cells.

71 Blood in arteries and veins Blood is pumped under high pressure in arteries and so flows faster in arteries. Blood in arteries is being taken away from the heart. Blood is pumped under low pressure in veins and so flows slower. Blood in veins flows towards the heart. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

72 Which is the artery, vein and capillary? Why do you think that? ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

73 Which is the artery, vein and capillary? Why do you think that? Artery: takes oxygenated blood at high pressure around the body to tissues. Capillaries: tiny blood vessels that carry blood near to cells so substances can diffuse into and out of the blood into the cells. Veins: Bring deoxygenated blood at low pressure back to the heart. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

74 Task: Use the diagram to fill in the table giving info about each blood vessel. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

75 Decide on the which blood vessel, what the adaptation is and how it help the blood vessel fulfil its function Eg lets do one together Valves are located it these vessels. The valves prevent the back flow of blood as the blood is under low pressure. Have thick, muscular walls to cope with high pressure blood and can contract to push blood along to reach all body parts. One cell thick wall for easy diffusion of oxygen into the cells and waste substances out of the cells. Tough connective tissue so the vessel does not burst due to high pressure blood. Very thin and branched allowing single file red blood cells to travel through allowing maximum exchange of substances (CO2, oxygen, glucose). Smooth inner layer so that the blood can flow easily Connect arteries & veins once the red blood cells have given up their oxygen they will need to return to the heart via the veins. Body muscles surround these vessels so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the blood vessel and push the blood along the vessel. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

76 The aorta takes blood around the body to the small capillaries. The oxygen (in a high concentration in the red blood cell) diffuses into nearby tissue cells (where oxygen is in a low concentration). Waste materials then diffuse from the cell into the blood plasma. emystxk ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

77 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A) Have strong, muscular walls to cope with high pressure blood and can contract to push blood along (Blood has to be under high pressure in the arteries as it has to each all parts of the body). The inner layer is very smooth so that the blood can flow easily Tough connective tissue so the artery does not burst due to high pressure blood. Has elastic tissue that stretches under pressure.

78 The CAPILLARY A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed. artery vein capillaries body cell ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

79 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A) Capillaries Very thin and branched allowing single file red blood cells to travel through allowing maximum exchange of materials (CO2, oxygen, glucose). Wall only one cell thick allowing easy diffusion of oxygen into the cells and waste substances out of the cells back into the capillary. Connect arteries & veins once the red bloods have given up their oxygen they will need to return to the heart via the veins.

80 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A) Valves are located inside the veins. The valves only allow blood to move in one direction (so it doesn t go backwards) as the blood is under low pressure. Body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel. Veins take blood to the heart.

81 This is how the circulatory system works. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

82 7 Determine the route of a small volume of blood from a capillary in your muscle where it has just given up its oxygen until it returns to the same place loaded with oxygen again. Include in your answer what substances pass into or out of the blood at each stage. Artery vein capillary diffusion Concentration gradient oxygen glucose Carbon dioxide heart ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

83 A grade model answer Deoxygenated blood move through the capillaries into a vein. Travels back to heart and enters heart through vena cava into the right atrium, through valves into the right ventricle then pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood comes back to the heart into the left atrium, then left ventricle. The blood is pumped through the aorta to be taken to cells in the body. Blood containing oxygen and glucose moves into a capillary near muscle cells. They will travel in single file. Oxygen and glucose moves into muscle cells by diffusion from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the cells to be used for respiration. Carbon dioxide moves from the cells where it is in high concentration into the blood where it is in a low concentration by diffusion. What happens then??? ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

84 So which is the correct order and definition? Tissues Different tissues working together Organ Systems Cells These are the building blocks of life Groups of similar cells working together Different organs working together Organs ALL: Label the structures of the heart (Grade C) MOST: Establish the journey of the flow of blood in the correct order through the heart (Grade B). SOME: Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function. (Grade A A*)

85 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

86 ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

87 6 mark question practice Explain how the 3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system are adapted to their function. What is the question asking??

88 6 mark question practice Arteries take high pressure blood Away from the heart to the body tissues / cells. Has thick muscular wall as it carries high pressure blood Has smooth inner layer so blood flows easily Capillaries are where the oxygen diffuses into the cells. Have one cell thick wall for easy diffusion of substances into and out of the cell. Are branched and small so red blood cells go through in single file allowing for maximum diffusion of substances. Veins take blood back to the heart under low pressure. Have valves so blood flows forwards and not backwards. Large central hole to allow more blood to flow. Surrounded by muscles which contract ad squeeze blood through the veins.

89 Why do body cells need oxygen? What happens to our heart and breathing rate when we exercise? Why does this happen? ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

90 Your muscles are contracting more this needs more energy. Energy is made by respiration respiration requires both oxygen and glucose. Breathing rate increases to get more oxygen into the blood. Heart rate increases to pump blood with oxygen and glucose in it quicker to muscle cells, then carry away more carbon dioxide. ALL: Recall how systems, organs, tissues and cells are organised in the human body. (Grade C) MOST: Establish the adaptations of different blood vessels and relate them to their function (Grade B) SOME: Discuss in detail how blood is transported around the body to take oxygen and glucose to respiring cells and transport waste materials away (Grade A)

91 Starter: The digestive tract Alimentary Canal Can you label the parts you know. Mouth Oesophagus Liver Gall Bladder Small intestine Bolus of food Stomach Pancreas Large Intestine Grade C Can you state which organs are involved in digestion and establish their function? Grade B Can you discuss the role of the liver and pancreas in digestion. Anus Grade A Can you explain the role of the gall bladder and bile in digestion.

92 When you eat, you eat large molecules of food. The whole point of digestion is to break down these large molecules of food into small molecules of food. What are the three large nutrients that need breaking down?

93 Mini whiteboards Identify the wrong words in these sentences. What is the correct word? 1. The liver makes the enzymes (carbohydrase, protease and lipase) that break down the large food molecules. 2. The mouth contains saliva that chews food into smaller pieces. 3. The oesophagus is a muscular tube that takes food from the mouth to the small intestine. 4. Bile breaks protein into small pieces, giving them a larger surface area for protease to break it down further. 5. Most of the large food molecules are broken down into small molecules by enzymes in the large intestine, where they are absorbed into the blood. 6. The stomach contains sulphuric acid that kills microbes in food. 7. Saliva contains the enzyme called amylase which breaks down fats into sugar (glucose). 8. The rectum removes excess water from faeces.

94 Food is squeezed through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine by a process called peristalsis. yps4 Peristalsis: muscular contractions that move or squeeze food along the gut.

95 Effect of bile Dg

96 STARTER There are three main nutrients your body needs. They are large molecules that need to be broken down. These are: Carbohydrates Protein Fat Question: What kinds of foods contain each nutrient?

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99 What am I? I am about 5 m long and 2.5 cm wide. I am a tube I am found in the human body If my inside surface was smooth my surface area would only cover 0.5m2 Luckily, the inside of me is covered in millions of finger like projections called villi that make the surface area much bigger (about 200m2 the size of a tennis court approx). This aids the absorption of nutrients into the blood.

100 I am... The small intestine

101 The small Intestine is where large food molecules are broken down into small food molecules. These are then absorbed into the blood.

102 C Grade Enzymes are catalysts because the speed up they rate of chemical reactions, they are called biological catalysts because they do this in the body. Enzymes are made of proteins. B Grade Enzymes are catalysts because the speed up the rate of chemical reactions, they are called biological catalysts because they do this in the body. Enzymes are made of proteins and remain unchanged after they have speeded up the rate of reaction. They can build substances up or break them down. Establish what an enzyme is by explaining why it is called a biological catalyst. (Grade C) Compare the uses of enzymes inside and outside of cells. (Grade B) Justify why enzymes are needed in the body by explaining the consequences if we didn t have them. (Grade A)

103 A Grade As B grade but also if we didn t have enzymes in the body then the chemical reactions would still occur but at a much slower rate and not quick enough for the body to function. Digestion would be too slow to provide glucose for respiration. Proteins would not be built quick enough. This would eventually lead to death. Establish what an enzyme is by explaining why it is called a biological catalyst. (Grade C) Compare the uses of enzymes inside and outside of cells. (Grade B) Justify why enzymes are needed in the body by explaining the consequences if we didn t have them. (Grade A)

104 The role of digestive enzymes. You need to be in groups of 4. (I will decide this). You will need to become experts in one particular type of digestive enzyme. (I will give you a number). You will need to explain how insoluble food molecules are broken down by enzymes into small soluble molecules so that can be absorbed into the blood. To do this you need to: State the name of the enzyme Where it is produced in the body Explain what kind of nutrient it breaks down, and what it is broken into. EXTENSION: Bile is not an enzyme but is very important in helping with digestion. Explain the role of bile. Use the info to fill in your table. 6 mins

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108 The role of bile.

109 True / False (Circle the correct answer) 1. Amylase is a carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates such as starch. T / F 2. Fats (lipids) are broken down by lipase enzymes into amino acids. T / F 3. Pepsin is a protease enzyme that is produced in the stomach and breaks down proteins into amino acids. T / F 4. Nutrients are absorbed through villi in the small intestine. T / F 5. The role of bile is to break up proteins into smaller pieces so enzymes have a larger surface area to break them down further. 6. Villi and microvilli decrease the surface area of the small intestine so nutrients are absorbed fast (efficiently). T / F 7. Enzymes are made of protein, and are called biological catalysts because they speed up reactions like breaking up large nutrient molecules. T / F 8. We can test for starch by adding iodine to the food. It will go red if starch is present in the food. T / F 9 The mouth contains teeth which chew food into bigger pieces. This gives it a larger surface area for amylase to break down starch into glycerol. T / F 10. The oesophagus (gullet) is a muscular tube leading to the stomach. Muscles in the oesophagus contract so food is pushed down into the stomach. T / F Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

110 Questions can you answer them 1. Where is amylase made? What does it do? 2. Where is carbohydrase made and what does it do? 3. Where is pepsin made and what does it do? 4. Where is protease made and what does it do? 5. What is lipase and what does it do? 6. What do carbohydrates get broken down into? 7. What do proteins get broken down into? 8. What do fats get broken down into? 9. What does bile do?

111 carbohydrase protease Bile carbohydrase protease lipase

112 Establish what an enzyme is by explaining why it is called a biological catalyst. (Grade C) Compare the uses of enzymes inside and outside of cells. (Grade B) Justify why enzymes are needed in the body by explaining the consequences if we didn t have them. (Grade A)

113 Rice contains starch a carbohydrate glucose starch C C C BIG starch molecule carbohydrase Small glucose molecules for energy Explain 113

114 Eggs contain proteins P P P BIG protein molecule protease Small amino acids for building cell components Explain 114

115 Oil is a fat L L L BIG fat molecule lipase fatty acid and glycerol to build cell membranes and supply energy Explain 115

116 Bile 2 jobs 1. Emulsifies fats (breaks them into smaller pieces). This means the lipase has a larger surface area to break the fats down further into fatty acids and glycerol. 2. Food is acidic when it leaves the stomach the bile increases the ph of the acidic food so it is not acidic anymore. Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

117 Watch this num.htm Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

118 L&K Academy 4 Nutrition SS6 L&K Academy 4 Nutrition SS6 Fingers of flesh The diagram shows a cut through one of your. Villi are found inside your small. They absorb nutrients more than a flat surface because they have a greater. Villi also have very thin so that nutrients from food can diffuse into your quickly. There are in the centre of the villi. These collect nutrients and carry them to all over your body. Cells use glucose and fat for and and for growth and repair.

119 Recap from last lesson you were listing the features of the small intestine and how they aid the efficiency of nutrient absorption One cell thick wall Good blood supply Capillary network Villi Microvilli Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

120 Enzymes are crucial. When you eat glucose it dissolves......and moves from your intestines to your blood quickly. Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine. Explain 120 glucose

121 Starch can t get out of your intestines. But when it mixes with carbohydrase, glucose appears in your blood. Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine. 121 glucose glucose starch glucose glucose

122 Glucose is a small soluble molecule. It can get into your blood. glucose molecules Starch is a large insoluble molecule. It can t pass through the wall of your intestine. part of a starch molecule Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. 122 Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

123 Evaluating the model of the small intestine.. The strengths of the model are.. The weaknesses of the model are I could modify the model by... This would improve it by... Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

124 Strengths of the model villi Shows a thin covering / membrane. Shows the amylase breaking down the starch. Shows that the water represents the blood. Shows the glucose going through the tubing into the blood.

125 However, weaknesses are Tubing not one cell thick Doesn t show microvilli There are usually lots of them only one. Doesn t show blood moving

126 Strengths and weaknesses / carbohydrase Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.

127 Strengths and weaknesses / carbohydrase Grade C Use the model to explain the function of the small intestine. Grade B Predict the results of the experiment explain your predictions. Grade A/A* Evaluate the model of the small intestine.