Circulatory System Function. Circulation. Types of Circulation. Types of Pumps (Hearts) Invertebrate Circulation: Annelids. Types of Channel Systems

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1 Circulatory System Function Circulation Chapter 3 Move circulatory fluid (blood) around body Gas Transport Nutrient Transport Excretory Product Transport Cell Signal Transport Hydraulic Force Heat Conductance Immunity Types of Circulation Sponges intracellular spaces allows water to flow through Nematodes, Platyhelminths, etc gut cavity, coelomic fluid Arthropods, annelids, chordates, etc distinct circulatory system pumps and channel system Types of Pumps (Hearts) Peristaltic waves of muscular contraction along tubes drives blood flow Chamber muscular pump divided into chambers which contract Pressure contraction of muscles external to the circulatory system drives flow Types of Channel Systems Closed circulatory systems blood carried in tubes (blood vessels) arteries, capillaries and veins vertebrates, cephalopods, echinoderms, annelids Open circulatory systems blood (hemolymph) passes from heart through short arteries into open sinuses surrounding the tissues most mollusks and arthropods Annelids Closed circulatory system Dense capillary network at integument (respiration) Peristaltic dorsal blood vessel drives blood flow 1

2 Bivalves and Gastropods Open circulatory system (hemolymph) circulated in an open space (hemocoel) divided into lacunae Two- or three-chambered heart Hydraulic force used to control movement of the foot in bivalves Cephalopods Closed circulatory system pair of branchial hearts (drive blood to gills) single chambered systemic heart (ventricle) similar to system in higher vertebrates separate pulmonary and systemic circuits Insects Open circulatory system Minimal gas transport Large dorsal vessel w/peristaltic heart in posterior segment hemolymph runs anteriorly to head, then ends in hemocoel flow directed through hemocoel by longitudinal membranes flows back to posterior dorsal vessel Auxillary pumps supply wings limbs, and antennae Arachnids Similar to insect design Hemolymph contains higher [hemocyanin] O 2 transport More extensive arterial systems in arachnids with books lungs Specific arteries supply hydraulic pressure to legs for locomotion legs of spiders lack extensor muscles Crustaceans Some small or sessile spp. lack heart or blood vessels Larger spp possess open system similar to insects Extensive circulation in gills heart receives oxygenated hemolymph from the gills then pumps it to the rest of the body General Patterns Single passage through heart during circuit (e.g., fish) Single circuit Double passage through heart during circuit (e.g., mammals) Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits 2

3 Cyclostomes Partially open system large blood sinuses Multiple hearts branchial (regular) heart two chambered cardinal heart portal heart caudal hearts gills (drive arterial blood) Teleosts and Elasmobranchs Two-chambered heart atrium + ventricle Atrial contraction (systole) pushes blood into ventricle valves prevent flow into sinus venosus Ventricular systole forces blood into bulbus arteriosus Backflow upon relaxation (diastole) prevented by valves elastic recoil of bulbus arteriosus drives blood through blood vessels Dipnoi (Lungfish) Three-chambered heart Two-chambered atrium Partially divided ventricle & bulbus cordis (conus arteriosis) Separates oxygenated (left) and deoxygenated (right) blood Can shunt blood to lungs or gill lamellae Amphibians Three chambered heart Two chambered atrium Undivided ventricle Spiral valve - separates blood flow in conus arteriosus Right side (pulmonary) Receives blood from tissues and skin Pumps to skin and lungs Left side (systemic) Receives blood from lungs Pumps to tissues Non-Archosaur Reptiles Three chambered heart Two chambered atrium partly divided ventricle Ventricle contains three sub-chambers divided upon contraction five-chambered heart allows heart to redirect blood flow btw pulmonary and systemic circuits cardiac shunting Crocodilians Four-chambered heart Left aortic arch and pulmonary artery arise from right ventricle L and R arches connected by foramen of Panizza Allows cardiac shunting blood directed to lungs during air breathing blood directed to tissues during diving 3

4 Mammals and Birds Four-chambered heart Complete separation into right and left halves Blood pressure can differ between pulmonary and systemic circuits systemic BP = 95 mmhg pulmonary BP = 14 mmhg Mammals and Birds Atria Thin walled, support ventricular filling Ventricles Primary pumps for driving blood through circulation One-way valves Atrioventricular valves Arterial (semilunar) valves ensure unidirectional flow veins atria ventricles arteries Mammalian/Avian Cardiac Cycle Systole (contraction) Muscular walls of the ventricles contract Elevation of blood pressure in the ventricles Closure of atrioventricular valves Blood pushes through arterial valves Blood flows into arteries Mammalian/Avian Cardiac Cycle Diastole (relaxation) Muscular walls of the ventricles relax Blood pressure in the ventricles falls below arterial pressure Closure of arterial valves Pressure falls below atrial pressure Blood pushes through atrioventricular valves Ventricular volume increases Cardiac Output amount of blood pumped by the heart per min. Q h = ƒ h * V h ƒ h = heart rate frequency of contraction V h = stroke volume volume of blood pumped by heart per contraction Cardiac Output Adjusted to meet metabolic demands of an organism activity, cardiac output Modify cardiac output by changing either heart rate or stroke volume 4

5 Heart Excitation: Myogenic (Vertebrates) Heart excitation and contraction can occur in absence of external stimulation Presence of internal pacemakers (modified muscle cells) form conduction system Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle Purkinje fibers Heart Excitation: Neurogenic (Arthropods) Signals received from neurons directly responsible for muscle contraction Posterior cells act as pacemakers Anterior cells stimulate muscle contraction Regulation of Cardiac Output (Mammals) Heart rate (modify pacemaker activity): The autonomic nervous system: Parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve) acetylcholine slows HR Sympathetic nervous system (accelerans nerve) norepinephrine increases HR Hormones Epinephrine (released from adrenal glands) increased HR Regulation of Cardiac Output (Mammals) Stroke volume (modify force of contraction): neural/hormonal epinephrine and norepinephrine increases force of muscle contraction autoregulation Frank-Starling Law increased venous return increases stretch on the heart increased stretch leads to stronger contractions Oxygen Delivery During Exercise activity, O 2 requirements and CO 2 production Three mechanisms of obtaining more O 2 O 2 extraction from the blood only 25% of O 2 removed from blood at rest increase to 80-90% during exercise Heart Rate Stroke Volume Animal Size and Cardiac Output Smaller animals have relatively higher metabolic rates (b ~ 0.75) Smaller animals have relatively higher cardiac outputs (b ~ 0.75) Higher cardiac output due to higher heart rates, not larger stroke volumes 5

6 Blood Vessels Arteries - large, elastic tubes, multiple layers of muscles Arterioles - smaller diameter, less elastic, fewer muscle layers Capillaries - thin diameter, thin walls, low diffusion resistance Venules - larger diameter, thin walled, no muscle Veins - large diameter, elastic walls, little muscle, may possess valves Structural Patterns Blood Vessels diameter, number, cross-sectional area Functional Patterns Blood volume: largest in veins, smallest in capillaries Blood pressure: with distance passed Blood flow velocity: with diameter and crosssectional area Blood Flow Blood flows from an area of high total fluid energy to low total fluid energy Bernoulli s Theorem E = pv + mgh + 1/2mu 2 E = total fluid energy pv = potential energy of pressure generated by the heart mgh = gravitational potential energy 1/2mu 2 = kinetic energy Overview of Blood Flow Reasonable assumptions that will help simplify things Kinetic Energy varies little from one location to another within the system being analyzed Flow is horizontal (gravitational potential energy is constant) Blood Flow: Poiseuille s Law For the laminar flow of a fluid through a straight, rigid tube: Q = ( pr 4 π) / (8Lη) Q = blood flow (volume per unit time) p = difference in pressure between both ends r = radius of the tube L = length of the tube η= viscosity Blood Flow: Poiseuille s Law Q α p as pressure gradient increases, flow increases Q α r 4 increased radius, large increase in flow decreased radius, large decrease in flow Q α 1/L flow decreases with increased tube length Q α 1/ η increased viscosity decreases flow 6

7 Gravity Effects on Blood Pressure As height s, gravitational potential energy s, pressure s Venous return blood pressure in lower body greater than upper body due to gravity pressure in veins exceeds arterial pressure blood pools in leg veins returned by venous pressure pumps Gravity Effects on Blood Pressure Head perfusion arterial blood pressure must be high enough for blood to reach head giraffes - long vertical neck high arterial BP venous values prevent backflow when head brought to ground level Capillaries Enormous number of capillaries overall large cross-sectional area Extremely thin diameter slow blood flow high SA/V ratio Thin walls (simple squamous endothelium) low diffusion distance Ultrafiltration Small molecules can diffuse into and out of capillaries Additional amounts of fluid driven out by hydraulic pressure inside the capillaries = ultrafiltration. Small particles driven out with water large molecules (e.g. plasma proteins) remain in blood Ultrafiltration Loss of water with retention of proteins increases the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood generates tendency for water to flow back into the blood as pressure in the capillaries decreases Lymphatic System Generally water loss by ultrafiltration exceeds water uptake by colloid osmotic movement of water lost fluid enters lymphatic system returned to the blood 7

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