C H 3 14, 13, 1, 2 18

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1 C H 3.А. Или,.Ф. рлва N O Ч : 14, 13, 1, 2 18

2 ,,., (,, - -, ).,. :...,,..., И И-, ,.., 2013

3 5. Э щ щ... 6 К... 7 Кщ... 8 Г С щ К,,, щ С Кщ Г Э(IV) С Э щ щ С Кщ Г... 31,,, щ С Al, Ga, In, Tl

4 7. Э 1 (щ ) щ щ С щ Э 2 (Be, Mg, щ ) щ щ С Э 18 ( ) щ щ С Кщ С

5 5. Э 14 Ч щ 14,,,.. ns 2 np 2 К 2, Э 4 : C, Si Ge, Sn, Pb Э Э 2, ЭF 4 Э Si Ge Sn Pb (, ), ( 3, ), CO 2 ( ) SiO 2 (,, ), (NaAlSi 3 O 8.), SnO 2 () PbS () 5

6 5. Э 14 А щ. () n, ,, - ( ). 70, 74, 82,. ( ). (IV), (II). C + O 2 CO 2 2C + O 2 2CO : Fe 2 O Fe + 3. (),, ( ) : 3Fe + C Fe 3 C. 6

7 5. Э 14 () -,, (Э). () (). К И () Fe 3 C, ( =, W, Ta, Hf), SiC Al 4 C 3, Be 2 C MC 2 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) Li 2 C 2 Э + 2Al 2 O 3 + 9C. Al 4 C 3 + 6CO CaO + 3C. CaC 2 + CO Al 4 C H 2 O 4Al(OH) 3 + 3CH 4 CaC 2 + 2H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 7

8 5. Э 14 щ (II) ( ) М (IV) : ) : H2SO4 ц., CO + H 2 O.. 2) : H2SO4 ц., CO + CO 2 + H 2 O. CO 2. - : ( ), + PdCl 2 + H 2 O Pd + CO 2 + 2HCl.., : 5.,120 С + NaOH HCOONa. 8

9 5. Э 14 : n. () n. : Ni(CO) 4, Fe(CO) 5, Cr(CO) 6. (IV) ( ), М : Ca 3. CaO + 2. ( ): aco 3 + 2HCl CaCl 2 + CO 2 +H 2 O. К : CO 2. + nh 2 O CO 2 nh 2 O "H 2 CO 3 ", ~99,5 % ~0,5 % "H 2 CO 3 " + + CO 3 CO CO 3 K a1 ~10 7, K a2 ~ CO 2 : 2NaOH + CO 2. Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O, NaOH + CO 2. NaHCO 3. 9

10 5. Э 14 ( > 7)., : 2M CO H 2 O 2M(OH) 3 + 3CO 2 (M = Al, Fe, Cr, Sb). 2 ( ), (Mg, Na, K) 2 : 2Mg + 2 2MgO + C. C 4 ( = F, Cl, Br, I) l 4 () 2 ( ) CO 2 ( = F, Cl, Br) COCl 2 ( ) : COCl 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + 2HCl S 2 (. 46 ) S, P, I 2,. CS 2 K 2 S : S 2 + K 2 S K 2 CS 3. 10

11 5. Э 14 ( ) : K 2 CS 3 + 2HCl H 2 CS 3 + 2KCl., 27 : H 2 CS 3 CS 2 + H 2 S. щ, М HCN : 800 2H 4 + 2NH 3 + 3O 2 C, ThO 2 2HN + 6H 2 O. : NaCN + H 2 SO 4. HCN + NaHSO 4. К HCN ( ~ 10 9 ). HCN : HN N=C ~99,5 % ~0,5 % ( > 7). 11

12 5. Э 14 CN, N. [M 1+ (CN) 2 ] = 2 M = Cu, Ag, Au CN [M 2+ (CN) 4 ] 2 = 4 M = Ni, P, Zn, Cd, Hg [M 2+ (CN) 6 ] 4 = 6 M = Fe [M 3+ (CN) 6 ] 3 = 6 M = Co, Cr, Fe HCN, : uCl 2 + 6KN (N) 2 + 2K[Cu(CN) 2 ] + 4KCl. Э. (N) 2 : "", : (N) 2 + 2N NN + NN + 2. (: Cl 2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H 2 O ( 0 )) (K a ~ 10 4 ) : HN=C=O OCN. ~98 % ~2 % SCN () 12

13 5. Э 14. : HN=C=S SCN. (), ( ~ 7). : N. + S. SN. -., (S N),. SCN [M :SCN] () [P(SCN) 4 ] 2, [Ag(SCN) 2 ] [M :NCS] () [Cr(NCS) 6 ] 3, [Co(NCS) 4 ] 2,,, щ М ( ) ) 1900 : SiO C ~ 1900 C Si + 2. SiO 2 : SiO 2 + 2SiC ~ 1900 C 3Si

14 5. Э 14 ), GeCl 4. : GeCl 4 + 2H 2 O GeO 2 + 4HCl. GeO : GeO 2 + 2H 2 ~ 600 C Ge + 2H 2 O. ) SnO 2 : SnO 2 + 2C Sn + 2CO. ) PbS, (PbO, Pb 3 O 4, PbO 2 ) : 2PbS + 3O 2 2PbO + 2SO 2, PbO + C Pb + CO. ) : 3Si + 4HNO HF. 3H 2 [SiF 6 ] + 4NO + 8H 2 O. ) - (HCl., H 2 SO 4. ) : Sn + 2Cl. SnCl 2 + H 2. HCl. H 2 SO 4. Pb PbCl 2 PbSO 4,. : Sn + 3HCl. H[SnCl 3 ] + H 2, Pb + 4HCl. H 2 [PbCl 4 ] + H 2. 14

15 5. Э 14 ), - (H 2 SO 4., HNO 3. HNO 3. ): : 0 +4 Ge SO 4. Ge(SO 4 ) 2 + 2SO 2 + 4H 2 O, 0 +4 Sn SO 4. Sn(SO 4 ) 2 + 2SO 2 + 4H 2 O, 0 +2 Pb SO 4. Pb(HSO 4 ) 2 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O. : 0 +4 Ge + 4NO 3. H 2 GeO 3 + 4NO 2 + H 2 O, 0 +4 Sn + 4NO 3. H 2 SnO 3 + 4NO 2 + H 2 O, Pb + 4HNO 3. Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O. : Ge + 4NO 3. + H 2 O 3H 2 GeO 3 + 4NO, Sn + 8HNO 3. 3Sn(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O, Pb + 8HNO 3. 3Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O. ) () : Si + 2KOH + H 2 O K 2 SiO 3 + 2H 2. 15

16 5. Э 14 ) : Ge + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O 2 Na 2 [Ge(OH) 6 ]. ) : Sn + NaOH + 2H 2 O Na[Sn(OH) 3 ] + H 2, Pb + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O Na 2 [Pb(OH) 4 ] + H 2.,,, : 2Mg + Э Mg 2 Э (Э = Si, Ge, Sn). Mg + Pb. (), : Mg 2 Si + 4HCl. 2MgCl 2 + SiH 4 (+ ). Si n H 2n+2 C n H 2n+2 SiH 4 n = 1 CH 4 Si 2 H 6 n = 2 16 C 2 H 6 n = 6 n > 60,., Si=Si SiSi.

17 5. Э 14 : 2Si 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4SiO 2 + 6H 2 O. : SiH 4 + 3H 2 O "H 2 SiO 3 " + 4H 2 ( ), (xsio 2 yh 2 O) SiH 4 + 2NaOH + H 2 O Na 2 SiO 3 + 4H 2, ( ). Mg 2 Ge HCl. Ge n H 2n+2 ( n = 10) Mg 2 Sn HCl. SnH 4 Sn 2 H 6 ( ) Mg + Pb () HCl. PbH 4 ЭH 4 Э 4 щ (IV), : Na 2 SiO HCl. "H 2 SiO 3 " + 2NaCl. "H 2 SiO 3 " (xsio 2 yh 2 O). 17

18 5. Э 14 (IV). SiO 2 F: SiO 2 + 6HF H 2 [SiF 6 ] + 2H 2 O. SiO 2, : SiO NaOH Na 2 SiO 3 +H 2 O. К xsio 2 yh 2 O : "H 2 SiO 3 " 1 ~ ; 2 ~ : SiO H 2 O HSiO 3 + OH, 2HSiO 3 - H 2 O Si 2 O 2 5. : SiO NH H 2 O "H 2 SiO 3 " + NH 3.. Э 2 (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) М ) GeO 2 SnO 2 : Э + 2 Э 2. (Э = Ge, Sn) ) PbO 2 (CaOCl 2, Cl 2 Br 2 ) Pb(II): Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 + CaOCl 2 + H 2 O PbO 2 + CaCl 2 + 2CH 3 COOH, Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + Br 2 + 4NaOH PbO 2 + 2NaBr + 2NaNO 3 + 2H 2 O. 18

19 5. Э 14 К- Э 2 (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb). 2 Э 3 Э() 4. xэ 2 y 2. GeO 2, Ge(SO 4 ) 2. SnO 2 я.,. SnO 2 : SnO NaOH Na 2 SnO 3 + H 2 O Na 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ], : Na 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ] + CO 2 H 2 SnO 3 + Na 2 CO 3 +2H 2 O. - H 2 SnO 3 ( xsn 2 y 2, y > x) - (xsn 2 y 2, x > y), Sn (.. 15). Э, 2 -, -. PbO 2 я. я : PbO 2. + CaO.. CaO, CaPbO 3 a 2 PbO 4-19

20 5. Э 14 Pb(IV) GeO 2 SnO 2 -. PbO 2 : PbO 2 + 4HCl. PbCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O, 2PbO 2 + 2H 2 SO 4. 2PbSO 4 + O 2 + 2H 2 O, 5PbO 2 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2 SO 4 5PbSO 4 + 2HMnO 4 + 2H 2 O. Э (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) М ЭO (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) Э(OH) 2 : Ar, Э(OH) 2 ЭO. (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) SnO PbO : PbCO 3. Pb + CO 2, SnC 2 O 4. SnO + CO + CO 2. К- Э Э() 2 я. я Ge(II) Pb(II): GeO Ge(OH) 2 SnO Sn(OH) 2 PbO Pb(OH) 2 я 20

21 5. Э 14 Э(OH) 2 (Э = Ge, Sn) ЭSO 4 Na[Э(OH) 3 ],,.. ( Ge) : GeCl 2. GeCl 4 + Ge, Na[Sn(OH) 3 ] - Na 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ] - + Sn. PbO Pb(OH) 2 я : PbO + 2HNO 3 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 O, Na 2 [Pb(OH) 4 ]: Pb(OH) 2 + 2NaOH. - Na 2 [Pb(OH) 4 ]. Sn(II) Sn(II). ) : KMnO 4 + 5SnSO 4 + 8H 2 SO 4 2MnSO 4 + 5Sn(SO 4 ) 2 + K 2 SO 4 + 8H 2 O. ) : 2KMnO 4 + K[Sn(OH) 3 ] + 3KOH 2K 2 MnO 4 + K 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ]. Pb 3 4 Pb 3 O 4 (" "), Pb(II) Pb(IV). Э HNO 3 : Pb 3 O 4 + 4HNO 3. PbO 2 + 2Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O. Na 2 SO 4, PbSO 4. Pb 3 O 4, : Pb 3 O 4 + 8HCl. 3PbCl 2 + Cl 2 + 4H 2 O. 21

22 5. Э 14 Pb 3 O 4 (II) (IV): Pb 3 O 4 + 6NaOH H 2 O 2Na 2 [Pb(OH) 4 ] + Na 2 [Pb(OH) 6 ]. Э(IV) SТ 4 ( = F, Cl, Br, I) SТ 4 : ) = F: : SiF 4 + 3H 2 O H 2 SiO 3 + 4HF, : 2SiF 4 + 4HF 2H 2 [SiF 6 ], : 3SiF 4 + 3H 2 O H 2 SiO 3 + 2H 2 [SiF 6 ]. ) = Cl, Br, I: Si 4 + 3H 2 O H 2 SiO 3 + 4H. Э 4 (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) Ge Sn Э 4 ( = F, Cl, Br, I).,, : GeCl 4 + 2H 2 O GeO 2 + 4HCl. PbF 4 PbCl 4 ( Pb(IV)). PbCl 4 ( 15 ), : PbCl 4 PbCl 2 + Cl 2. Pb(IV),, 2 [PbCl 6 ] ~200 C. 22

23 5. Э 14 Э(II) (Э = Ge, Sn, Pb) Na 2 S. ЭS 2 Э = Ge Sn (,.. Pb(IV) ). Na 2 S : ЭS 2 + Na 2 S - Na 2 ЭS 3 (Э = Ge, Э = Sn ). ЭS : ЭS + Na 2 S 2 - Na 2 ЭS 3 (Э = Ge, Sn) PbS + Na 2 S 2 - : Na 2 SnS 3 + 2HCl SnS 2 + 2NaCl + H 2 S. 23

24 5. Э 14 Ы ? : ) ; ) +2 +4? 5.2.??? ( ) -?, : ) ; ). 5.3., 14 (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb): ) - (HCl., HCl., H 2 SO 4. ); ) ; ) ; )., : 1) Sn + H 2 SO 4. 2) Pb + HCl. 3) Ge + HNO 3. 4) Sn + HNO 3. 5) C + HNO ) Si + HF. + HNO 3. 7) Sn + HNO 3. 8) Pb + HNO 3. 9) Si + NaOH. - 10) Sn + NaOH Э 4 Э = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb.?

25 5. Э ? : SiC, CaC 2, Fe 3 C, Al 4 C 3, Be 2 C ) ; ) ; )?? : ) -я ; ) - () Э(II) Э(IV), Э = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb?, : 1) CO + NaOH., p 6) Pb 3 O 4 + HCl. 2) + CuO 3) Ca(OH) CO 2. 4) PbO + HNO 3. 5) SnCl 2 + NH ) SnCl 2 + NaOH.. - 8) SnCl 4 + NaOH.. - 9) SnCl 2 + K 2 [PCl 4 ] + HCl. 10) PbO 2 + Mn(NO 3 ) 2 + HNO ? ( ) : ) CCl 4, SiCl 4, SiF 4, GeCl 4 ; ) SnCl 2 SnCl 4 Na 2 S. (II) Na 2 S 2?. 25

26 5. Э (, ), : Ni (2)... S, o (5)... PdCl 2.? HCOOH CO... (1) (3) NaOH.? KCN (CN) 2... (6) (7) Cl 2, h (4)... FeCl (8)... HF ц. (9) SiO 2? (12)? (10) Si NH 4 Cl. Na 2 SiO 3 (11)... PbS? (13) Na 2 CO 3. (14) Pb(NO 3 ) 2? (15) Na[Sn(OH) 3 ] (16)... PbO ,, (PbS) ( Pb) : PbO, PbO 2 K 2 [PbCl 6 ]. 26

27 6. Э 13 Ч щ 13,,,,.. К ns 2 np 1 1, : B Al, Ga, In, Tl. Tl Tl 2 O, TlCl Э 2 3, ЭF 3 Э B Al Ga, In, Tl Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O (), H 3 BO 3 () Al 2 O 3 xh 2 O () : Ga, In Al, Tl K 27

28 6. Э 13 щ М () (III) : 2H 3 BO 3. B 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O, B 2 O Mg. 3MgO + 2B. MgO + B : MgO MgCl 2,. 13., ( ).. B 2 O 3 O o C H 2 BF 3 F 2 o. B BЭ 3 (Э = Cl, Br, I) Э 2 o N o C BN ( ) 1350 o C BN ( ) 28

29 6. Э HNO 3 : B + 3HNO 3. H 3 BO 3 + 3NO 2.. : 2B. + 2NaOH + NaClO 3. NaBO 2 + NaCl + H 2 O., : n B + x Mg Mg x B n, n B 2 O 3 + (2x + 3n) Mg. 2 Mg x B n + 3n MgO. - : 2 Mg x B n + 4x HCl 2 B n H m + (2x m) H 2 + 2x MgCl 2. BH 3. B n H m n = 2 20, : m = n + 4 m = n + 6 B 2 H 6 () B 6 H 10 () B 10 H 14 () 29 B 4 H 10 () B 5 H 11 () B n H m., 2 6 (12 ē). H H H B B H H H

30 6. Э 13 Х B n H m, 2 2 : B 2 H 6 + 3O 2 B 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O, B 2 H 6 + 6H 2 O 2H 3 BO 3 + 6H 2., -: B 2 H 6 + 2NaH 2Na[BH 4 ]. Na[BH 4 ]. : Na[BH 4 ] + HCl + 3H 2 O 4H 2 + H 3 BO 3 + NaCl. щ H 3 BO 3 ( ), ( < 0,02 ): H 3 BO 3 + H 2 O [B(OH) 4 ] + H + ( ) 1 ~ 9. : 3H 3 BO 3-3H 2 O H 3 B 3 O 6 ( ) 1 ~ 7, 4H 3 BO 3-5H 2 O H 2 B 4 O 7 ( ) 1 ~ 4. ), : (NaBO 2 ) 3, [Ca(BO 2 ) 2 ] n. ) : Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O, Na[B(OH) 4 ] 2H 2 O. 30

31 6. Э 13 H 3 BO 3, : B 4 O H + + 5H 2 O 4H 3 BO 3. H 3 BO 3 : 4H 3 BO B 4 O H 2 O. B 3 ( = F, Cl, Br, I). Si 4 (.. 22). ) = F: 4BF 3 + 3H 2 O H 3 BO 3 + 3H[BF 4 ]. ) = Cl, Br, I: B 3 + 3H 2 O H 3 BO 3 + 3H.,,, щ М ( ) Al 2 O 3 Na 3 [AlF 6 ]* ~950. К: Al ē Al А: 2O 2 4ē O 2 Na 3 [AlF 6 ] (.(Al 2 O 3 ) = 2053 C). Ga, In Tl. *, % Al 2 O % Na 3 [AlF 6 ]. 31

32 6. Э 13, +3. NaOH ц. - H 2 + MCl 3 HCl Na[M(OH) 4 ] + H 2 (М = Al, Ga, In) (М = Al, Ga) M 2 O 3 (М = Al, Ga, In) O 2 o M NaOH. NaMO o 2 + H 2 (М = Al, Ga) MCl 3 (M = Al, Ga, In) Cl 2 o S o H 2 O M 2 S 3 (М = Al, Ga, In) M(OH) 3 + H 2 S (М = Al, Ga) +1. Cl 2 H 2 SO 4. - TlCl H 2 + Tl 2 SO 4 o Tl 2 O O 2 o Tl NaOH Tl 2 O 3 O 3 S o Tl 2 S 32 H 2 O, :, : 4Tl + O 2 + 2H 2 O 4TlOH; (I) Tl 2 SO 4, TlNO 3, Tl 2 CO 3 ;,, Tl ( = Cl, Br, I) Tl 2 S;,,.

33 6. Э 13 Al, Ga, In, Tl Al, Ga In +3. Tl +1. AlCl GaCl InCl TlCl +1 Э(III) я : Al(OH) 3 Ga(OH) 3 In(OH) 3 Tl(OH) 3 я, я я Al(OH) 3 Ga(OH) 3 Al(III) Ga(III) : AlCl 3 + 3NH 3 + 3H 2 O Al(OH) 3 + 3NH 4 Cl, 2AlCl 3 + 3Na 2 CO 3 + 3H 2 O 2Al(OH) 3 + 6NaCl + 3CO 2. Al(OH) 3 Ga(OH) 3, : Al(OH) 3 + NaOH.. - Na[Al(OH) 4 ]. (III) : InCl 3 + 3NaOH. - In(OH) 3 + 3NaCl. : In(OH) 3 + NaOH.. - Na[In(OH) 4 ]. 33

34 6. Э 13 (III) (I), : TlNO 3 + 3NaOH + Cl 2 Tl(OH) 3 + 2NaCl + NaNO 3. Tl(III) ( 0 (Tl 3+ / Tl + ) = 1,25 ), : Tl(NO 3 ) 3 + HCl. TlCl + Cl 2 + 3HNO 3. (III), 40 : TlCl 3 40 C TlCl + Cl 2. 34

35 6. Э 13 Ы ? : ) ; ) +1 +3? 6.2.,,,?. 6.3., 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): ) (O 2,.); ) - (HCl, H 2 SO 4. ); ) ; )., : 1) B + O 2 6) Al + H 2) In + O 2 2 SO ) Tl + H 3) Tl + O 2 2 SO ) B 4) Ga + Cl 2. + HNO 3. 9) Ga + HNO 3. 5) Tl + Cl 2 10) Al + NaOH ? ( 2-3 )? BH 3?. ( ). 35

36 6. Э ( ), :... HCl. (3) NaBH 4 HCl (11)? (2) Mg, o (10)... H 2 O (1) B 2 H 6?? H 2 O, 800 o C BF 3 B (5) (7) (9)... NH 3, (4) 180 o C... NH 3, 0 o (6) C... N 2, 1200 o (8) C я () Э(III), Э = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl? 13 +3??, : 1) B 2 O 3 + NaOH. 2) H 3 BO 3 + NaOH - 3) GaCl 3 + Na 2 CO 3-4) Al(OH) 3 + NaOH. - 5) AlCl 3 + NH ) Ga 2 O 3 + NaOH. 7) TlNO 3 + Cl 2 + KOH. - 8) Tl 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + SO 2. 9) Tl(OH) 3 + HI. 10) TlCl H 2 SO 4.,. 36

37 6. Э ,,.,, : ) BCl 3 BF 3 ; ) BCl 3 BF 3 NaOH; ) AlCl 3 TlCl 3 Na 2 S ( ), : (Al 2 O 3 ), (S), (CaF 2 ), (NaCl) : NaAlO 2, Na 3 [AlF 6 ], Al 2 S 3, AlCl 3. 37

38 7. Э 1 (щ ) Ч щ 1 ( ),,,,,.. ns 1 К Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr M 2 O, MF, M 2 S Э Na K Li, Rb, Cs Fr NКCХ (), Na 2 SO O (, ) KCХ (), KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O () :, NК K, ( ( Li), ( Rb), ( Cs)), 38

39 7. Э 1 ( ) щ М (), MCl: 2MCl э. 2M () + Cl 2 () (M = Li, Na, K). 750 : ~ o 750 C, 2MCl + Ca 2M + CaCl 2 (M = Rb, Cs). : (,,,.), (Rb Cs 100 ).,. H 2 o H 2 O H 2 + MOH MH H 2O MOH + H 2 MCl Cl 2 M N 2 Li 3 N ( я Li) M 2 S S o O 2 o я M = Li: Li 2 O () я M = Na: Na 2 O 2 () я M = K, Rb, Cs: MO 2 () 39

40 7. Э 1 ( ), Mg ( ), : Li ( Mg) N 2, o Li 3 N ( Mg 3 N 2 ); Li ( Mg) Li 2 CO 3 ( MgCO 3 ), LiF ( MgF 2 ), Li 3 PO 4. щ, (. 3 «Э 16 ()»).,, : 2MOH + 2M 2M 2 O + H 2 ( = Na, K, Rb, Cs). : M 2 O + H 2 O 2MOH. MOH.., : NaX (X = F, Cl, Br, I, NO 3, NO 2, ClO 3, 1 / 2 SO 2 4, 1 / 2 O 2 3, 1 / 3 PO 3 4.). Э. KClO 4. 40

41 7. Э 1 ( ) Ы 7.1..? 7.2.? ( )? 7.3..? : 1) Na 2 O 2 + NaI + H 2 SO 4 6) Li + N 2 2) O 2 + H 2 SO 4. 3) Li + H 2 7) Na 2 O 2 + HCl. 8) KOH + K 4) NaH + H 2 O 9) KNO 3 + NaClO ) Li 2 O + CO 2 10) LiCl + Na 2 CO , : 1) Li 2 O 2) Na O2, CO 2 3) KCl KClO 3, MnO 2 4) KOH O 3 2 O "", H 2 Cs 4 Al 4 Si 9 O 27. ( - ). 41

42 7. Э 1 ( ) ) 7 H 2 SO ,,. ). -. ), SbCl 3.,,., ), ) ). 42

43 8. Э 2 (Be, Mg, щ ) Ч щ 2,,,,,.. ns 2 К M MO, MF 2, MS Э Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra 3BeO Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2 () CaCO 3 MgCO 3 (), KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O () CaCO 3 (), CКF 2 (), CaSO 4 (), CКSO 4 2H 2 O () SrCO 3 (), SrSO 4 () BaCO 3 (), BaSO 4 (), 43

44 8. Э 2 (Be, Mg, ) щ М ().. Be Al,, ( ). Na 2 [SiF 6 ]. Na 2 [BeF 4 ] Na 3 [AlF 6 ],,. BeF 2, ( ): BeF 2. + Mg Be + MgF 2. (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) : MCl 2 э. M () + Cl 2 () (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). 2.. Щ ( ), ( ). 44

45 8. Э 2 (Be, Mg, ) H 2 + MCl 2 HCl H 2 O H 2 + M(OH) 2 Be: Mg: o Ca, Sr, Ba:. o Be: MCl 2 Cl 2 M H 2 o MH 2 Mg: o (MgH 2 ) n H 2 O Ca, Sr, Ba: MH 2 M(OH) 2 + H 2 MO MS O 2 o S o H 2 O Be: Be С 2 C Be(OH) 2 + CH 4 o H 2 O Ca, Sr, Ba: MC 2 M(OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 ц N 2 o M 3 N 2 H 2 O NH3 + M(OH) 2,, : Be + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O Na 2 [Be(OH) 4 ] + H 2.. (BeH 2 ) n, : 2BeCl 2 + LiAlH 4 эр 2BeH 2 + LiCl + AlCl 3.. (MgH 2 ) n,. 2, Be 2 C. Э, : Be 2 C + H 2 O Be(OH) 2 + CH 4. 45

46 8. Э 2 (Be, Mg, ) MC 2, : MC 2 + 2H 2 O M(OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). 2, : Be(OH) 2 + 2HCl BeCl 2 + 2H 2 O, Be(OH) 2 + 2NaOH Na 2 [Be(OH) 4 ]., Mg(OH) 2. я :,. Mg(OH) 2 + 2HCl MgCl 2 + 2H 2 O, Mg(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 Cl MgCl 2 + 2NH 3 + 2H 2 O., MgCl 2, NH 4 Cl NH 3,. Э - Mg(NH 4 )PO 4 ( L ~ ).,. M(OH) 2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba).. Ca, Sr Ba: X 2 (X = Cl, Br, I, NO 3, NO 2, 1 / 2 S 2 ). Э. : MSO 4, MCO 3,M 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). 46

47 8. Э 2 (Be, Mg, ) Ы ? ? ( )? ? ( 2-3 )? 8.4. B, Be, Ca Al.., 0, : 1) Ba + H 2 O 6) Ca(OH) CO 2. 2) Mg + HCl 7) Mg(OH) 2 + NH 4 Cl. - 3) CaC 2 + H 2 O 8) Be + NaOH 4) Sr + O 2. - NH 9) MgCl 2 + Na 3 PO 4 + NH 4 Cl 3 д. 5) Mg + CO 2. 10) BaCl 2 + SO 2. + H 2 O , : BeSO 4 NH 3 д. BeO NaOH., 47

48 9. Э 18 ( ) Ч щ 18 ( () ),,,,,.. Э Э (I 1 ), Э ns 2 ns 1 (n+1)s 1 ( He) np 6 np 5 (n+1)s 1 ( Э), He 1s 2 24,6 19,8 0 Ne 21,6 16,6 0 Ar 15,8 11,5 0 ns 2 np 6 Kr 14,0 9,9 0, +2 Xe 12,1 8,3 0, +2, +4, +6, +8 ( 2 ( ) 8 ( Э) )., I 1., I 1, (Kr, Xe,, Rn). 48

49 9. Э 18 ( ) ( ),. 1 %.,. Ar, Kr, Ne, Xe. (U, Th, Ra). щ, ( " ", "" "" -- )., Э = Ar, Kr, БО Rn Э 5,75H 2 O. (1962.) : Xe + PF 6 [XeF] + [PF 6 ], [XeF] + [PF 6 ] ~ 60 C [XeF] + [P 2 F 11 ]. (Kr, Xe, Rn)., : Xe + F 2., h XeF 2, 400 Xe + 2F 2 C, 6. XeF 4, 250 C, 40 Xe + 3F 2.. XeF 6.,. 49

50 9. Э 18 ( ) XeF 2, XeF 4, XeF 6, (.. 49). : XeF 2., Mn(II) Mn(VII): XeF 2 + KBrO 3 + H 2 O KBrO 4 + Xe + 2HF, 5XeF 2 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2 O 2HMnO 4 + 5Xe + 10HF + 2H 2 SO 4. : XeF 2., : 2XeF 2 + 4KOH Xe + O 2 + 4KF + 2H 2 O. XeF 4 Xe +4 : XeF 4 + 8H 2 2XeO 3 + 2Xe + O HF. XeF 6 : +6 XeF 6 H 2 O +6 XeOF 4 H 2 O +6 XeO 2 F 2 H 2 O +6 XeO 3. 50

51 9. Э 18 ( ) :, F 2, : 2XeF 6 + SiO 2 2XeOF 4 + SiF 4. :,.,, As, Sb Bi, : XeF 2 + 2SbF 5 [XeF] + [Sb 2 F 11 ], XeF 4 + BiF 5 [XeF 3 ] + [BiF 6 ], XeF 6 + RuF 5 [XeF 5 ] + [RuF 6 ]. А ( ) : XeF 6 + RbF Rb[XeF 7 ], XeF 6 + 2CsF Cs 2 [XeF 8 ]. Cs 2 [XeF 8 ], 430. щ Xe 3, Xe 4. : 2XeO 3 70 C 2Xe + 3O 2, 3XeO 4. 2XeO + Xe + 3O. 3 2 Xe 3 XeF 6 : XeF 6 + 3H 2 O XeO 3 + 6HF. 51

52 9. Э 18 ( ) Xe 4 : Ba 2 XeO 6 + 2H 2 SO 4. 0 C XeO 4 + 2BaSO 4 + 2H 2 O. Xe 3 : XeO 3 + 2Ba(OH) 2 + O 3 Ba 2 XeO 6 + O 2 + 2H 2 O. XeO 3 (H 2 XeO 4 ): XeO 3 + NaOH. NaHXeO 4. : NaHXeO 4 + 2NaOH Na 4 XeO 6 + Xe + O 2 + 2H 2 O. XeO 4 H 4 XeO 6,,.. : XeO 4 + 2H 2 O [H 4 XeO 6 ] XeO / 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O. ( ), 0, : В (Н=0) +8 +2,36 H 4 XeO 6 +6 XeO 3 +2,12 Xe 0 В щч (Н=14) ,94 HXeO _ +6 +1,26 6 HXeO _ 4 Xe 0. 52

53 9. Э 18 ( ), : -180 C, Kr + F 2 э.рряд KrF 2. KrF 2.,, ( 1/2 = 3,82 ): 2Rn + nf 2 2RnF n.,, : 2Au + 5KrF 2 2AuF 5 + 5Kr. 53

54 9. Э 18 ( ) Ы 9.1..?? 9.2..? 9.3. ( )??? 9.4.???. -?,., : ) ; ). 9.5.?? : 1) XeO 3 + MnSO ) XeO 3 + NaOH + O 3 2) XeO 3 + FeSO 4 + H 2 SO 4 5) XeO 4 + KIO ) XeO 3 + NaOH.. - 6) XeO 4 + Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + H 2 SO ?. 9.7., : XeF 2, XeF 4, XeOF 4, XeO 3, XeO 4. 54

55 55

56 ,, : 14, 13, 1, / Times New Roman , 3,,

= 11.0 g (assuming 100 washers is exact).

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