Biology 2230 Microbiology Lecture Learning Objectives and Assessment Measures

Transcription

1 Biology 2230 Microbiology Lecture Learning Objectives and Assessment Measures A student who successfully completes the Lecture component of Biology 2230 (Microbiology) will have mastered the learning objectives in nine core themes: # Learning Objective Assessment Measure 1. Understand the nature of what is studied in Microbiology and be able to: 1a. Define microbiology.. D, 1b. Discuss several reasons why an understanding of microbiology is needed D,, H for a career in allied health. 1c Describe five ways in which microorganisms are good for humans D, and/or the environment. 1d. Describe three ways in which microorganisms are harmful to humans D, and/or the environment. 1e. List and describe the five basic groups of microbes. D, 1f, Know the proper nomenclature used for naming microbes and be able to D,, H use it correctly 2. Understand the structural organization and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and be able to: 2a. List and describe ten key differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. 2b. List the three basic shapes of bacteria. 2c. List and describe the five different arrangements of cocci. 2d, List and describe the two different arrangements of bacilli. 2e. List and describe the three different spiral forms of bacteria 2f. List the various cellular components that are often found external to the prokaryotic cell wall. 2g. Describe the composition, function and relevance to human health of the glycocalyx. 2h. Describe the structure and function of bacterial flagella 2i,. List and describe (or draw) the four prokaryotic flagellar arrangements, H 2i. Compare and contrast the structures and function of the conjugation pili and attachment pili. 2j. Describe the chemical makeup and function of peptidoglycan in the, H prokaryotic wall. 2k. Describe the composition of the Gram-positive cell wall, indicating the, H possible function of peptidoglyan, teichoic acids and surface proteins. 2l.. Describe the composition of the Gram-negative cell wall, indicating the, H possible function of peptidoglyan, porin proteins, lipopolysaccharides, periplasmic space and surface proteins. 2m. Briefly describe how the LPS of the Gram-negative cell wall can, H promote inflammation. 2n. Describe the composition of the acid fast cell wall., H

2 2o. Describe the atypical ell walls of archaea, L-forms and mycoplasmas. 2p Describe the chemical composition and major functions of the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane. 2q. Name and describe the various structures that may be located within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. 2r, Describe the chemical makeup and the functions associated with the nucleoid of bacteria. 2s. Describe plasmids and indicate their possible benefit to bacteria 2t. Describe structure and chemical composition of bacterial ribosomes and state their function 2u Describe the structure and function of a bacterial endospore 2v. State the function of inclusion bodies and describe six main types. 3. Understand the flow of genetic information in microorganism and be able to: 3a. Describe the chemical composition and organization of DNA 3b. Describe the process of DNA replication 3c. Describe the process of transcription., H 3d. Describe the process of translation. 3e. Describe tw0different mechanisms of spontaneous mutation and describe, H four possible results that may occur as a result of these mutations 3f. Briefly describe three ways chemical mutagens work. 3g. Describe the mechanisms for transformation in bacteria 3h. Briefly describe mechanisms of generalized transduction and specialized transduction in bacteria: 3i. Briefly describe mechanisms of conjugation in bacteria: 3j. Describe R-plasmids, R-plasmid conjugation, and the significance of R- plasmids to medical microbiology 4. Understand the basic concepts of microbial metabolism and be able to: 4a. Define energy and explain why cells require energy 4b. Define the following: photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemolithoautotroph, and hemoorganoheterotroph 4c. Define aerobic respiration. 4d. Give the overall chemical reaction for aerobic respiration. 4f. Describe the main events of the four stages of aerobic respiration 4g. Define anaerobic respiration and state the pathways involved 4h. Define fermentation.and indicate the reactants and products. 5.. Understand the chemical and physical factors that affect bacterial growth. 5a. Define the following in terms of bacterial growth: binary fission and generation time. 5b. Classify microorganisms into five groups on the basis of their preferred temperature range 5c. Distinguish among anaerobes, aerobes, aerotolerant anaerobe, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles, H

3 5d. xplain how oxygen can be fatal to organisms and describe how, H organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen 5e. Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media. 5f. Describe the use of selective media and differential media in the microbiology laboratory 5g. Describe the phases of bacterial growth 6. Understand the physical and chemical methods employed to control the growth of microorganisms in the environment, and be able to: 6a. Contrast sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and sanitization and describe their practical uses 6b. Contrast the terms sanitization and pasteurization 6c. Compare the effects of -static versus -cidal control agents on microbial growth 6d. Define microbial death rate and describe its significance in microbial control 6f. List factors to consider in selecting a microbial control agent 6g. Describe five types of physical methods of microbial control 6h. Compare and contrast eight major types of antimicrobial chemicals, and discuss the positive and negative aspects of each 6i. Describe ways it might be argued that the widespread commercial use of antiseptics and disinfectants has hurt rather than helped American health 7. Understand the control of microbial growth in humans with chemotherapeutic agents and be able to: 7a. xplain how semisynthetic and synthetic antimicrobials differ from antibiotics 7b. xplain the principle of selective toxicity 7c. List five mechanisms by which antimicrobial drugs affect the growth of, H pathogens 7d. List six clinical considerations when prescribing antimicrobial drugs 7e. Briefly describe how antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin affect bacterial cell wall synthesis. 7f. State how the antibiotic polymyxin affects the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. 7g. Give examples of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria 7h. Give examples of drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways of bacteria 7i. Give examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis of bacteria 7j. Briefly describe four different mechanisms as a result of genetic D,. H changes in a bacterium that may enable that bacterium to resist an antibiotic 8. Understand the principles of how infection and disease are contracted and spread in a population, and be able to: 8a. Define normal and transient microbiota 8b Define the three types of symbiosis and list them in order from most beneficial to most harmful to the host 8c. Contrast normal and transient microbiota with opportunistic pathogens

4 8d. xplain how a human is colonized with their microbiota 8e. Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease 8f. List Koch s postulates, explain their function and describe their limitations 8g Describe the three types of pathogens. 8h. Differentiate between a communicable and a noncommunicable disease. 8i. Categorize diseases according to frequency of occurrence and severity. 8j. Compare and contrast: bacteremia, toxemia, septicemia, and viremia 8k. Distinguish between a primary infection, secondary infection and subclinical infection 8l. Contrast symptoms, signs and syndromes, H 8m. List and describe the five typical stages of infectious diseases 8n. Define reservoir of infection and describe the three types of reservoirs of infection in humans 8o. xplain the three methods of disease transmission and give and example of each. 8p. Define nosocomial infections, and explain their importance D,, H 8q. Define epidemiology and discuss its importance 8r. Differentiate among the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic and pandemic. 8s. Describe the portals through which pathogens invade the body and describe the portals of exit that pathogens take from the host s body. 8t. xplain how microbes adhere to host cells and why this is important to pathogenicity 8u. Describe how microbial extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors, and antiphagocytic factors affect virulence. 9. Understand the nonspecific lines of defense that humans have against infection and disease and be able to: 9a. Define the following: resistance, susceptibility, innate resistance, acquired resistance. 9b. List and briefly describe the three lines of defense in the human body. 9c. Compare and contrast the body s first and second lines of defense against disease. 9d. Discuss the components of blood and their functions in the body s defense. 9e. Name and describe the five steps of phagocytosis. 9f. Describe the complement system, including its classical, alternate and lectin pathways 9g. List the components of the complement system. And describe three consequences of complement activation 9h. xplain the roles of interferons and defensins in nonspecific defense. 9i. Define inflammation and lists its characteristics 9j. Describe the cause and effects of fever 10. Understand the specific lines of defense that humans have against

5 infection and disease and be able to: 10a. Define antigen, immunogen, and epitope 10b. Distinguish between innate and acquired immunity 10c. Differentiate humoral from cell-mediated immunity 10d. Distinguish among exogenous antigens, endogenous antigen, and autoantigens 10e. Describe the characteristics of B lymphocytes 10f. Describe the basic structure of an antibody (immunoglobulin). 10g. Contrast the structure and function of the five classes of immunoglobulins. Describe the five functions of antibodies. 10h. Describe the formation and functions of plasma and memory B cells. 10i. Describe the steps and effect of clonal selection. 10j. Contrast primary and memory immune responses. 10k. Describe the basic characteristics of T lymphocytes. 10l. Describe and contrast the four types of T cells. 10m. Describe a cell-mediated immune response. 10n. Contrast active versus passive acquired immunity, and naturally acquired versus artificially acquired immunity. Give an example of each. 11. Understand the general characteristice of viruses and how they may be cultivated in the laboratory, and be able to: 11a. State two living andt hree nonliving characteristics of viruses. 11b. List the three criteria used to define a virus. 11c, List three methods of cultivating viruses in the lab 11d. Define bacteriophage 11e. List four shapes of viruses. 11f. Describe what an animal virus consists of structurally 11g. List the six types of nucleic acid that may be found among the viruses. 11h. Define prion and name an infection caused by a prion 11i. State what happens during each of the following steps of the productive life cycle of an enveloped animal virus and describe how the virus accomplishes each event: adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication, maturation and release D = Discussion; = xam; H = Homework