Microbiology at high salinity. Types of saline environments. Microbial Processes in Soda Lakes 5/11/11

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1 Microbiology at high salinity Types of saline environments Classifica;on based on salinity tolerance Microbial diversity of halophiles Metabolisms occurring at high salt Mechanisms of salt tolerance Halophiles isolated from halite brine inclusions Types of saline environments Thalassohaline Originates by evapora;on of seawater reflects ionic composi;on of the sea: Na+, Cl, SO 4 2 ph is near neutral Athalassohaline Inland saline lakes with ionic composi;on very different than sea water. Soda lakes High ph dominated by carbonate, bicarbonate, Na+ and Cl Mg2+ and Ca2+ are low because they precipitated out during the evapora;on process One the most stable ph environments on earth Microbial Processes in Soda Lakes 1

2 Soda Lakes Past and Present 80% of inland water is in soda lakes. Closed systems with a complete nutrient cycles CO 2 and N 2 fixa;on mainly due to phototrophs Primary producers, fermentors, and respiratory processes Fossilized soda lakes in UT and WY covers 100,000 km 2 and has over 3 km thick deposited carbonate sediment (trona). Age million years ago oil shales underlying the trona implies incomplete decomposi;on of organics in ancient soda lakes Even older fossilized soda lake in South Africa 2.3 billion years ago Archaean era Implica;ons Archaean ocean were soda oceans Ionic composi;on of salt lakes Solar Salterns Ar;ficial shallow ponds used for producing halite (NaCl) from seawater Oaen involve mul;ple ponds that increase in salinity Halite forms in the crystallizer pond CaCO3 ppt out at 2 3X seawater salinity 4X seawater salinity CaSO4 is formed Finally NaCl forms at about >300 g/l hdp://simple.wikipedia.org 2

3 Three zones of the saltern 2 3X seawater 3 7X Seawater Hypersaline Dense algal blooms Brine shrimp feed on algae Deep red colora;on brine flies Looks like seawater High density of Halophilic birds feed on on similar flora/fauna as archaea (10 zooplankton cell/ml) seawater too Some;mes Dunaliella Many moderate algal, which is red halophilic bacteria lots of protozoa some cyanobacteria Some well known salt lakes Great Salt Lake No ocean connec;on but has similar composi;on as ocean Shallow ~10 or so meters Dead Sea hypersaline terminal desert lake Shore is at 400 meters 730 m deepest part Unique ionic composi;on Slightly acidic hdp://great_salt_lake.pictures images.com Closer to home Mono Lake and Big Soda Lake Alkaline soda lakes Close basins that have no oullow 3

4 Classifica;on of Prokaryotes living in high salt concentra;ons Phylogeny of salty bugs Archaea vs. Bacteria Archaea Halobacteriales: Halobacteria species Some methanogens Bacteria Staphylococcus is halotolerant but not a halophile Gram posi;ves Cyanos and some purple sulfur bacteria Most within the Gamma proteobacteria 4

5 Survival in halite inclusions Halophilic archaea known to survive in halite Up to 270 million year old halite controversial due to processing methods for the halite crystals; culturing a contaminant. Mormile paper describes new approaches to isola;ng microbes from brine inclusions within halite Alkaliphilic halophiles Some hyersaline lakes are also alkaline because of high levels of carbonate/ bicarbonate ph could be Microbes have addi;onal ability to maintain ph homeostasis within the cytoplasm. Metabolic diversity of halophiles 5

6 Metabolisms con;nued Many or organotrophs Dissimilatory metabolisms Many are anaerobes because of low O2 solubility Anoxygenic photosynthesis Halorhodospira Halochromaitum Thihalocapsa Purple sulfur bacteria (Ectothiorhodospira) Some green sulf baccteria Methanogensis at high salinity Problem with H2/CO2 dependent methanogensis at high salinity Why has methanogensis of C1 compounds been observed. Methylated amines, methanol, DMS H2/CO2 acetogenesis can occur: Haloanaerobiales (bacteria) Why? has to do with the mechanism for salt adapta;on Other missing metabolisms No ammonia or nitrite oxidizers above 150 g/l why? energy gains aren t that great Halophilic methanotrophy? Not well study even though methane is abundant in some environments 6

7 Two ways to tolerate salt Salt In Let certain salts in K+, Cl very important Adapt enzymes to high salt Enzymes inac;ve at low salt Found in halophilic archaea and extremely halophilic bacteria Permits lidle flexibility and adaptability Doesn t require much energy requirement Salt Out Keep the salt out with various efflux pumps Use compa;ble solutes to maintain neutral osmo;c pressure Use conven;onal enzymes Allows flexibility to changing salini;es but requires lots of energy Salt In 7

8 Salt Out Some Compa;ble Solutes 8

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