Department of Microbiology Model Question Paper for Ph.D. Entrance Examination in Microbiology ( )

Transcription

1 Department of Microbiology Model Question Paper for Ph.D. Entrance Examination in Microbiology ( ) Note: 1. Answer all questions 2. All questions carry equal marks. 1. The step in the flow of genetic information wherein DNA is copied into mrna is called ( ) a) Transduction b) transcription c) translocation d) replication 2. Allosteric enzyme name proposed by ( ) a) Buchner b) Monod J Etal c) Weber d) Gerhart 3. Negative interaction is exemplified by which of the following. ( ) a) Symbiosis b) Cooperation c) Competition d) mutualism

2 SYLLABUS FOR Ph.D. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION IN MICROBIOLOGY ( ) Microbiology : Evolution and development of microbiology, bacterial taxonomy and classification, phylogenetic trees. Nutritional types, Reproduction and economic importance of microorganisms. Microbial cultures. Methods of sterilization, containment, sterilization at industrial level. Microbiological media, Preservation and maintenance of microbial cultures. Microscopic and biochemical identification, staining methods. Bacterial growth kinetics. Metabolic diversities, Growth measurement. Factors affecting growth. Cultivation of aerobes and anaerobes. Toxic effects of oxygen. Morphology, structure and types of viruses. Subviral agents. Isolation, cultivation and assay of viruses Viral replication and genome expression. Virus host interactions. Viral pathogenicity, Transmission and Inactivation of viruses. Normal microbial flora of human body, bacterial virulence. Organotropisms. Classification and characters of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Diagnosis and control measures. Biochemistry : Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Classification, chemistry, properties, functions and purifications. Enzymes : classification, nomenclature, assay & kinetics. Factors affecting enzyme reaction. Ribozymes and abzymes. Enzyme inhibitors, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Enzyme purification. Analytical Techniques : Microscopy & centrifugation techniques. Types, principle and applications. Chromatography- Principles and applications of paper and thin layer chromatography, column, Ion exchange, gas chromatography, affinity chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, FPLC and HPLC. Principles and types of electrophoretic separation. Concepts of spectroscopy, visible and UV spectroscopy.. Basic principles and applications of UV, IR, ESR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Radioactivity, principles of scintillation counting, GM counters. Applications of isotopes.

3 Biostatistics: Measures of Central tendency and distribution mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, variance. Basic principles of probability theory, Bayes theorem, Normal distribution, statistical inference Types of errors and levels of significance. Comparison of variance (F-test), small sample test, t-test for comparison of means, Chi square test. Correlation and Linear regression. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism : Biological membranes, Bacterial photosynthesis, primary photochemistry of PS I and PS II, and photosynthetic electron transport, CO 2 fixation, Biological oxidation, Biological redox carriers, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation. Carbohydrate metabolism in microbes: Fermentation of carbohydrates by microorganisms - Embden- Meyerhof- Parnas pathway, Pasteur effect, Warburg effect Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, C2-C4 split Pathway Kreb s cycle- amphibolic nature and anapleurotic reactions. glyoxylate cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP), gluconeogenesis. Metabolism of amino acids, Lipid. Catabolism of amino acids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides Cell Biology & Genetics : Organellar Biology: structure, function & biogenesis of chloroplast and mitochondria. Mesosomes, lysosomes and cytoskeletal system. Nutrient transport. Centromeres and telomeres. Signal transduction in eukaryotes, protein translocation across membranes. Recombination at molecular level, heteroduplex analysis. C value paradox, C 0 t curves. Plasmids.Transposable elements, Retroposons, Hybridization in yeast. Bacterial recombination. Bacterial conjugation. Transduction Generalized and specialized transductions. Bacterial transformation, Complementation test Mutations : Types of mutations, Molecular basis of mutations. Site directed mutagenesis, mutational hot spots. UV damage of DNA and repair. Immunology : Innate immunity, adaptive immunity. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity..antigens & antibody, Ag-Ab reactions. The complement system. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) restriction. Tumor immunology,

4 immunological tolerance and immunosuppression. Hypersensitive reactions, Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency diseases, MAB s.; Immunization; vaccinotherapy, serotherapy. Molecular Biology : Nature of genetic material, organization of genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA replication. Types of DNA polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Transcription and translation, Regulation of gene expression. The operon concept, negative & positive control and attenuation. RNA and gene silencing. Environmental Microbiology : Concepts of Ecology, Biotic components and their interactions, Energy flow, abiotic factors and their interaction, ecological pyramids, trophic levels. Microbial ecology, microbial interactions, kinetics, Microbial community, r and k strategies, Extremophiles. species diversity indices. Biofilms, Aerobiology & Aquatic microbiology, Pollution and waste treatment. Wastes: types, DO, COD, BOD. Primary, secondary, tertiary treatment methods. Bioremediation of oil spills, pesticides and detergents, bioaccumulation of metals and detoxification. Biodeterioration of paper, leather, wood, textiles, metal corrosion, mode of prevention. GEMS and their impact. Recombinant DNA Technology : Enzymes in rdna technology: Blotting techniques. PCR Principle, types and applications. Cloning vectors and their applications. Artificial chromosomes. Screening and selection of clones, cdna and construction of genomic / gene libraries. Probes,. introduction and expression of cloned genes in bacteria, yeast, plant and animal cells. Isolation of nucleic acids. DNA sequencing methods. Restriction mapping, DNA foot printing, chromosome walking. chromosome jumping. Protein sequencing using various methods. DNA and protein microarrays. Transgenic plants, animals and their applications, Gene therapy. Bioethics.

5 Food and Agricultural Microbiology : Fermented foods - preparation of yogurt, cheese: single cell protein, Genetically modified foods.contamination and spoilage of food. Detection of spoilage and characterization. Food poisoning- mycotoxins and bacterial toxins.food preservation and asepsis. Soil environment - soil structure, soil profile, biogeochemical cycles. Rhizosphere, biochelators (siderophores).biofertilizers - Introduction, nitrogen fixing microbes, Biopesticides and Biological control, commercial production of biogases Fermentation Technology : Industrially important microorganisms isolation, screening, preservation and strain improvement. industrial media formulation. Types of fermentations and scale up studies. Design of fermentor, types of fermentors: aseptic conditions., computer applications in fermentation technology, fermentation economics. Production of ethyl alcohol, beer, wine enzymes, organic acids, vitamins and antibiotics. Microbial products from genetically modified organisms. Downstream processing, recovery and purification of microbial products. Petroleum microbiology, microbial leaching, role of microorganisms in the recovery of minerals Enzyme probes, biosensors, biochips, biosurfactants, biotransformation. Intellectual property rights.