Environmental pollution impact on Cultural Heritage of the European cities
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1 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM FOR THE EUROPEAN FUTURE: ITALIAN APPROACH AND EXPERTISES Bruxelles, 4 October 2012 Environmental pollution impact on Cultural Heritage of the European cities Alessandra Bonazza Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) National Research Council
2 ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL HERITAGE CLIMATE/POLLUTION PARAMETERS - Temperature - Relative Humidity - Precipitation - Wind - Gas (SO 2, NOx) - Particles - Sea salts - ph precipitation INTERACTION COMBINATION ACCUMULATION MATERIALS -Stone/Masonry Materials: Marble Limestone Sandstone Bricks Clay containing mat. - Wood - Metals Iron Bronze Copper Lead Zinc - Glass A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
3 IMPACT ON CULTURAL HERITAGE - URBAN Damage layer and black crust formation Chemical dissolution (surface recession) Salt crystallisation (decohesion, powdering) A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
4
5 Environment - Cultural Heritage interaction Marble/limestone in urban areas BLACK AREAS - Rain sheltered areas - Calcite gypsum (Sulphation process - SO 2 ) - Carbonaceous particle deposition BLACK CRUSTS WHITE AREAS - Rainwashed areas - Chemical dissolution - Material loss SURFACE RECESSION
6 SOILING AND BLACK CRUSTS FORMATION SULPHATION gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) BLACK CRUSTS Carbonaceous particles A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
7 Concentration (ppm) SOLUBLE ANION CONCENTRATION ( g/g), IC MILAN FLORENCE ROME VENICE PARIS SEVILLE LONDON 10 1 SO4-- SO3-- HPO4-- F- NO3- NO2- Cl- Br- CHO2- C2H3O2- C2O4-- SO 2 dry deposition Bonazza et al., Atmos. Env. (2005)
8 SULPHATION PROCESS NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT Shift in modern urban atmospheres from a SO 2 dominated situation to a multipollutant situation Need to expanmd this slide!. Joakim Langner
9 CRUSTS : Corrected values (no substrate) Modern SAMPLES DAMAGE LAYER (%) GYPSUM (%) EC (%) OC (%) OTHERS (%) EC/OC MILAN 96,08 79,46 1,73 0,70 18,12 2,48 MILAN 95,92 97,35 1,17 0,53 0,96 2,20 MILAN 92,08 76,92 1,70 0,62 20,75 2,75 MILAN 93,92 81,59 1,44 0,20 16,77 7,11 FLORENCE 99,00 64,93 0,46 0,69 33,92 0,68 FLORENCE 83,67 61,69 0,31 0,72 37,28 0,43 FLORENCE 95,58 66,94 0,66 1,11 31,30 0,59 VENICE 87,92 74,83 1,52 0,71 22,94 2,16 VENICE 95,17 56,03 1,89 2,12 39,96 0,89 VENICE 98,67 82,41 0,78 0,67 16,14 1,17 VENICE 94,33 55,98 1,57 2,72 39,73 0,58 ROME 95,83 65,15 1,34 1,62 31,90 0,83 ROME 99,92 65,40 0,93 1,16 32,51 0,80 ROME 93,25 25,80 2,21 3,29 68,70 0,67 PARIS 97,25 70,74 1,84 2,80 24,62 0,66 SEVILLE 91,92 54,00 0,50 3,38 42,11 0,15 SEVILLE 93,42 58,31 0,64 2,37 38,69 0,27 LONDON 88,67 67,81 1,25 2,45 28,49 0,51 LONDON 74,25 57,21 0,93 2,28 39,58 0,41 LONDON 82,50 11,39 0,10 0,81 87,70 0,12 LONDON 51,25 49,66 0,41 3,14 46,79 0,13 LONDON 94,08 64,75 1,01 2,23 32,01 0,45 Gypsum = 80-90% A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
10 CARBON IN THE BLACK CRUSTS/DAMAGE LAYERS TC = CC + EC + OC NCC Stone substrate Atmospheric deposition Biological weathering Surface treatments Particles emitted by combustion processes Stationary and mobile sources CARAMEL EVK4-CT Ghedini et al., EST (2006)
11 CRUSTS European Monuments (carbonate stone) Substrate OC prevails on monuments in European towns 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% OC (%) EC (%) due to urban traffic 10% 0% FLORENCE ROME PARIS SEVILLE LONDON Bonazza et al. Atmos. Env. (2005)
12 OLD-MODERN CRUSTS MILAN CATHEDRAL SITE MONUMENT AGE (years) EC (%) OC (%) EC/OC MILAN CATHEDRAL 500 1,73 0,70 2,48 MILAN CATHEDRAL 500 1,17 0,53 2,20 MILAN CATHEDRAL 500 1,70 0,62 2,75 VENICE CORNER PALACE 500 1,52 0,71 2,16 VENICE CORNER PALACE 500 0,78 0,67 1,17 ROME VITTORIANO 100 1,34 1,62 0,83 ROME VITTORIANO 100 0,93 1,16 0,80 RAVENNA P. RASPONI 100 0,88 1,67 0,53 FLORENCE S.M. DEL FIORE 50 0,66 1,11 0,59 VITTORIANO MONUMENT, ROME Modern crusts are richer in organic compounds A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
13 Centennial Hall, Poland Pollution impact on modern cement built heritage Casa Galleria Vichi (1911), Florence (Italy)
14 S tot (µg/cm 2 ) Vulnerability of building materials is different depending on chemical composition and porosity Reactivity to SO carbonate stones (mean) lime mortar pozzolan mortar cement mortar SIMULATION CHAMBER TEST
15 Cement Mortar Atmosphere Gypsum formation on cement SO 2 gas SO 4 = Catalysts aerosol SO = SO = 3 4 Catalysts material GYPSUM CALCIUM CARBONATE CALCIUM ALUMINATES CALCIUM SILICATES A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
16 SECONDARY DAMAGE PRODUCTS Gypsum + Calcium aluminate ETTRINGITE 3CaO Al 2 O 3 3CaSO 4 31H 2 O Gypsum + Calcium silicate THAUMASITE Sabbioni et al., Atmos. Env. (2001) CaSiO 3 CaSO 4 CaCO 3 15H 2 O
17 10-15 nm Laboratory test BREAKDOWN BY EXPANSION ETTRINGITE FORMATION ETTRINGITE DISSOLUTION /DECOMPOSITION TAUMASITE Damage occurs in spite of SO 2 decreases FORMATION EC Project EDAMM
18 AESTHETIC IMPACT ON SURFACE BUILDINGS St. Maria del Fiore, Florence Not surveyed Lucia De Prato
19 AESTHETIC IMPACT ON SURFACE BUILDINGS Not surveyed Modern urban atmospheres deposit less sulfur (phytotoxic) more nitrate (nutrient) more organic (nutrient) Surface yellowing Warmer conditions Encourage biological damage (green, grey and black) Grossi et al., 2006; Bonazza et al., 2007; Grossi et al., 2008, Smith et al.,
20 Technologies and tools to prioritize Assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable Cultural Heritage ARRIAGA THEATRE, BILBAO NATIONAL GALLERY, OSLO NATIONAL MUSEUM, CRACOVIA S. MARIA DEL FIORE, FIRENZE COLOGNE CATHEDRAL EC Project Teach
21 Relative colour changes on architectural exemplifying building stone Process SO 2 dry deposition Blackening (EC!!) Laser irradiation on clean surfaces Organic consolidant and protective agents application Biodeterioration Oxidation of trace iron Organic pollutants deposition (OC) - yellowing Most distinctive change b* (simulation chamber) yellowish limestone L* (field test/in situ analysis) whitish limestone, marble a*, b* (laboratory) reddish limestone, pink granite L*, b* (laboratory) whitish limestone L*, a*, b* (in situ analysis) - calcarenite a*, b* - sandstone b* - whitish limestone, marble To be aware of: surface roughness (affects L* and C*) and original material color Duran-Suarez et al., 1995; Urzì and Realini, 1998; Benavente et al., 2003; Bonazza et al., 2007, Grossi et al. 2007
22 mean a* mean b* AESTHETIC IMPACT ON SURFACE BUILDINGS Increase a*: more red Reference marble Increase b* : more yellow Florence Black crusts / damage layers
23 Aerosol monitoring in urban areas Traffic Gas (SO 2, NO x, O 3 ) Pedestrian area Ghedini et al., Atmos. Env. (2011) Total suspended particulate (TSP): (soluble and carbon fraction)
24 TSP concentration (ugm -3 ) The Florence Baptistery 120,00 100,00 80,00 ND SD MR Monthly mean atmospheric concentrations of total suspended particulate at ND (entrance), SD (exit) and MR during ,00 40,00 The crucial importance of performing aerosol monitoring 20,00 in the proximity of monuments 0,00 is evidenced by specific campaigns TRAFFIC PEDESTRIAN Non carbonate carbon concentration (NCC) at ND and SD during 2004
25 TSP concentration (ugm 3 ) Visitor impact - Mobility The unusually severe drought conditions that occurred in summer 2003 may have reinforced the re-suspended dust contribution from visitors. This phenomenon is particularly significant in the vicinity of ND, where visitors queued for long periods prior to entry 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 ND R2 = 0,9998 SD R2 = 0,3752 Winter Autumn Visitors ND SD FRUITION Summer Ghedini et al., Atmos. Env. (2011)
26 CAMPOSANTO MONUMENTALE, PISA Environmental monitoring for the identification of critical climate and pollution parameters causing deterioration of building materials Monitoring of: 1. T and RH 2. Solar radiation 3. Wind speed and intensity 4. CO 2 5. TSP: soluble and carbon fraction 6. Biological fraction 7. Surface T Field test on samples
27 TSP: comparison Sito PTS (μg/m 3 ) SO 4 = (μg/m 3 ) NO 3 - (μg/m 3 ) Cnc (μg/m 3 ) Pisa 47,17 2,31 1,62 0,17 Firenze 52,00 3,99 4,64 17,85 Cimitero Monumentale, Pisa Monitoring, 2007 Battistero, Firenze Monitoring, 2004 A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
28 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN EUROPEAN CITIES -Identify and prioritize climate parameters and pollutants causing deterioration, depending also on the sensitivity of materials and the environmental context in which monuments are located. - Define risks of cultural heritage by adopting continuous environmental monitoring close to monuments as a valuable tool. Definition of risks allows heritage managers to single out the priorities for greater investment in preservation and funding of actions to reduce the cause. -Promote actions aimed at reducing exposure of cultural heritage to harmful agents. -Mitigate the negative causes by regulation at regional and local levels aimed at the reduction of pollutants, especially in developing urban plans for a sustainable mobility. A. Bonazza, CNR - ISAC, Bologna Bruxelles, 4 October 2012
29 THANKS Cristina Sabbioni Adriana Bernardi Francesca Becherini Izabela Joanna Ozga Irene Natali Chiara Bertolin Valentina Turci Paolo Mandrioli Dario Camuffo Nadia Ghedini Giacomo Moriconi Francesca Tittarelli Orlando Favoni Paola De Nuntiis
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