Pulmonary Hypertension in William Hopkins, MD, FACC, FACP University of Vermont College of Medicine
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1 Pulmonary Hypertension in 2013 RV William Hopkins, MD, FACC, FACP University of Vermont College of Medicine
2 Disclosures Merck Actelion 2
3 Case 1 61 year-old woman with severe dyspnea Doppler: severe pulmonary hypertension (PA systolic > 70 mmhg) RV RV
4 Case 1 Before and After 61 year-old woman with severe dyspnea Doppler: severe pulmonary hypertension (PA systolic > 70 mmhg) RV RV Baseline Treatment x 4 months
5 Pulmonary Hypertension Definition 4 th th World Symposium (Dana Point 2008) Normal PA pressure: mean 20 mmhg at rest Borderline elevated PA pressure: mean mmhg at rest Pulmonary hypertension: mean 25 mmhg at rest What do I tell patients? Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure of the blood vessels of the lungs!! *Pulmonary Hypertension* 5 th World Symposium Nice, France
6 Pulmonary Hypertension Symptoms *** Shortness of breath *** *Decreased CO Pleural effusions Fatigue Weakness Angina Syncope Abdominal distension Edema 6
7 Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Approach Primary vs Secondary It doesn t t work anymore!!
8 World Health Organization Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
9 WHO Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Small arteries and arterioles Idiopathic (IPAH formerly PPH) Heritable (Familial) Drug and toxin induced Anorexigens/methamph/amph/cocaine Associated with (APAH): Connective tissue diseases (scleroderma) Congenital heart disease Liver disease (portopulmonary hypertension) HIV infection (0.5-1% incidence) Schistsomiasis The Same 9
10 WHO Group 1 PAH Deadly Disease Survival (%) HIV Liver Scleroderma Non Group 1: HF, IPF, CTEPH Time (years) IPAH (PPH) mean age 35 yrs Mayo , n=120 NIH , n=194 Hopkins et al , n=57 Modified from: Hopkins et al. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996;15:100 5 Hopkins W. Coronary Artery Disease 2005, 16:19 25.
11 Kaplan-Meier Survival Estimates in Scleroderma By Organ Involvement Percent Survival None Lung Involvement (without PH) PAH Years from Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension Koh et al. Brit J Rheumatol 1996;35:
12 Systolic CHF and Pulmonary Hypertension Chin and Rubin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51: Copyright 2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.
13 Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of PAH 1. Nitric oxide 2. Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) 3. Endothelin The net result is: Vasoconstriction *Cell proliferation* McLaughlin V and McGoon M. 13 Circulation 2006;114:
14 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Advanced Medical Therapy Prostanoid Analogues Epoprostenol (Flolan - IV or inhaled; Veletri - IV) Treprostinil (Remodulin - IV, SQ; Tyvaso - Inhaled) Iloprost (Ventavis inhaled) Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (ERA) Bosentan (Tracleer - oral) Ambrisentan (Letairis - oral) Macitentan (Opsumit - oral) Nitric oxide guanylate cyclase cgmp pathway PDE 5 inhibitors Sildenafil (Revatio oral) (IV sildenafil available) Tadalafil (Adcirca oral) Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators Riociguat (Adempas; oral) WHO Group 1 PAH WHO Group 1 PAH WHO group 4 CTEPH (Non-operative operative or post-operative) operative) 14
15 Treatment of PAH Why PDE-5 5 inhibitors or soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators? Ghofrani, H. A. et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: Lung 15 Copyright 2004 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.
16 Baseline Case 2 56 year-old woman with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) RA: 10 mmhg PA: 107/41 (64) mmhg PCWP: 6 mmhg LVEDP: 7 mmhg CO: 3.8 liters/minute CI: 2.1 L/min/m 2 PVR: 15 Wood Units 16
17 Case 2 56 year-old woman with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) Baseline RA: 10 mmhg PA: 107/41 (64) mmhg PCWP: 6 mmhg LVEDP: 7 mmhg CO: 3.8 liters/minute CI: 2.1 L/min/m 2 PVR: 15 Wood Units IV treprostinil + bosentan 4 mmhg 57/27 (39 mmhg) 6.3 liters/min 4.3 Wood units 17
18 Case 2 56 year-old woman with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) Baseline IV treprostinil + bosentan 18
19 Pulmonay Hypertension Why do people die? RV failure or 19
20 World Health Organization Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
21 WHO Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension Left Atrial Hypertension 2. PH Due to Left Heart Disease Valvular disease Systolic dysfunction Diastolic dysfunction Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Systolic CHF
22 Case 1 Before and After 61 year-old woman with severe dyspnea Doppler: severe pulmonary hypertension (PA systolic > 70 mmhg) RV RV Baseline Treatment x 4 months
23 Case 1 CXR and Chest CT FVC: 2.59 (81% predicted) FEV1: 1.02 (42% predicted) FEV1/FVC: 40 (50% predicted) DLCO: 27% predicted
24 WHO Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension Hypoxic vasoconstriction +/- vascular remodelling OXYGEN 3. PH Due to Lung Diseases and / or Hypoxia COPD ILD Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern Sleep-disordered breathing Alveolar hypoventilation disorders Chronic exposure to high altitude Developmental abnormalities
25 Regulation of Potassium Channels by Oxygen in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Mechanism to minimize ventilation-perfusion mismatch Weir EK et al. N Engl J Med 2005;353:
26 TBL: Pulmonary Hypertension Case 3 72 year-old man from Norwich, VT Retired college professor Exercised on a regular basis (daily); strong and fit Healthy with no history of heart or lung disease 2002 sudden onset of SOB with exertion no progression, but no improvement Echocardiogram RV dilatation and dysfunction Severe pulmonary hypertension PA systolic 80 mmhg Referred to our Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic in
27 Ventilation-Perfusion Lung Scan Diagnosis: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH; WHO group 4)
28 Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy University of California San Diego
29 World Health Organization Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
30 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Advanced Medical Therapy Prostanoid Analogues Epoprostenol (Flolan - IV or inhaled; Veletri - IV) Treprostinil (Remodulin - IV, SQ; Tyvaso - Inhaled) Iloprost (Ventavis inhaled) Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (ERA) Bosentan (Tracleer - oral) Ambrisentan (Letairis - oral) Macitentan (Opsumit - oral) Nitric oxide guanylate cyclase cgmp pathway PDE 5 inhibitors Sildenafil (Revatio oral) (IV sildenafil available) Tadalafil (Adcirca oral) Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators Riociguat (Adempas; oral) WHO Group 1 PAH WHO Group 1 PAH WHO group 4 CTEPH (Non-operative operative or post-operative) operative) 30
31 Pulmonary Hypertension Final Thoughts Try to use the WHO classification system Don t t start calcium channel blockers they don t t work in most patients, and they may be dangerous Don t t start advanced medical therapy without a thorough evaluation Viagra/sildenafil Evaluation should include a comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation (don t t cut corners) Therapeutic progress has been made 31
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