OBD vs Tailpipe Testing Future test options for Emission Control System of modern in-use vehicles extension to non-road vehicles
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1 WORKSHOP A SESSION TWO Presentation 1 OBD vs Tailpipe Testing Future test options for Emission Control System of modern in-use vehicles extension to non-road vehicles Antonio Multari Director Project Management MAHA Maschinenbau Haldenwang GmbH & Co, KG
2 International Motor Vehicle Inspection Committee Regional Advisory Group Europe CITA Conference, th May, Seville, Spain OBD vs. Tailpipe Testing - Future Test Options for Emission Control Systems of Modern In-Use Vehicles By Antonio Multari, Technical Expert Emissions, CITA and Vice Chairman of WG Diagnostic & Emissions, ASA and Director Project Management, MAHA For further information or feedback please contact the CITA Secretariat: secretariat@cita-vehicleinspection.org, Tel: , Fax:
3 Content Emission Test for Modern Vehicles Need an Update Due to: Report of the WHO (World Health Organisation) Air Quality Directives Results from German Emission Check 2010 Results from German UBA Study Results from EU TEDDIE Study Results from French UTAC/OTC Study Further Study by German BASt Technological Outlook Summary CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 3
4 12 June 2012 WHO Press Relaese CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 4
5 PM EU Air Quality Directives Source: Air Quality in Europe 2011 Report from European Environment Agency CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 5
6 NO 2 and NO x EU Air Quality Directives Source: Air Quality in Europe 2011 Report from European Environment Agency CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 6
7 Exposure Levels in the EU Percentage of the urban population in the EU exposed to air pollutant concentrations above the EU and WHO reference levels ( ) Source: Air Quality in Europe 2011 Report from European Environment Agency CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 7
8 Exceeding PM 10 Limits in Europe The red dots indicate stations reporting exceedances of the 2005 annual limit value (40 μg/m 3 ), as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). The orange dots indicate stations reporting exceedances of a statistically derived level (31 μg/m 3 ) corresponding to the 24-hour limit value, as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). The pale green dots indicate stations reporting exceedances of the WHO air quality guideline for PM 10 of less than 20 μg/m 3 but not in exceedance of limit values as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). Source: Air Quality in Europe 2012 Report from European Environment Agency The dark green dots indicate stations reporting concentrations below the WHO air quality guideline for PM 10 and implicitly below the limit values as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 8
9 Exceeding NO 2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) Limits in Europe Red dots correspond to exceedances of the annual limit value + 5 μg/m 3. Orange and red dots correspond to exceedances of the annual limit value (40 μg/m 3 ). The pale green dots indicate stations reporting exceedances of the WHO air quality guideline for NO 2 but not in exceedance of limit values as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). The dark green dots indicate stations reporting concentrations below the WHO air quality guideline for PM 10 and implicitly below the limit values as set out in the Air Quality Directive (EU, 2008c). Source: Air Quality in Europe 2012 Report from European Environment Agency CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 10
10 Results of the Studies German Project Emission Check 2010 ( ): - OBD specially on diesel engines is not covering all emission aspects - Present limit (k 1.5 m -1 / k 3.0 m -1 ) values used during PTI are too high - Second generations of opacimeter and light scattering measurement devices are much more sensitive and precise DTC = Diagnostic Trouble Code // MIL = Malfunction Indicator Light CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 11
11 Results of the Studies German Project UBA ( ) (German Environmental Protection Agency): - OBD specially on diesel engines is not covering all emission aspects - Present limit (k value 1.5 m -1 / k value 3.0 m -1 ) values used during PTI are too high - Second generations of opacimeter and light scattering measurement devices are much more sensitive and precise - Reference value for Diesel vehicles with after treatment systems should not be higher than k value 0.1 m -1 (Opacity)! - Petrol vehicles with direct injection are producing significant amount of particles particle filters are necessary too damaged filter channels CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 12
12 Results of the Studies EU TEDDIE Study ( ): Founded by the European Commission in to investigate new measurement devices for particle mass and NO/NO 2 -ratio - to evaluate if OBD is capable via MIL or storing DTCs to identify PM emissions above the given limits Limits: type approval = 5 mg/km in NEDC, OBD threshold = 50 mg/km - to identify reliable and effective methods of emission testing Vehicles prepared with defects of the exhaust emission system: - defects of particle trap (DPF) - defective/damaged/aged SCR - manipulated crankcase breather - defective air mass flow sensor Source: DEKRA AdBlue CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 13
13 Results of the Studies EU TEDDIE: Deterioration of the Particle Trap (DPF) New European Driving Cycle Source: DEKRA CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 14
14 Results of the Studies EU TEDDIE: Emission Test Results: Max. Particle Emission OBD-MIL OBD-DTC results: in use compliance (>5.0 mg/km) vehicle mg/km OFF none vehicle mg/km OFF none vehicle mg/km OFF none vehicle mg/km OFF none Defects (e.g. defective particle traps) might cause higher emissions up to the OBD MIL threshold, without MIL and DTC activation. Limits for emission testing (opacity is ranging from 3.0 m -1 down to values below 0.5 m -1 ) comes closer to the technical limitations of opacity measurement. New measurement technology: Laser Light Scattering Photometry (LLSP) / Opacimeter New Generation Source: DEKRA CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 15
15 TEDDIE Conclusions Use of OBD and Tailpipe Measurements European studies show that a variety of serious defects of emission systems in diesel engines will not be identified by OBD. Tailpipe emissions may increase by more than 10 times without being detected by OBD! The new technologies for measuring tail pipe PM concentration are sufficiently sensitive to deliver valid results even with Euro 6/VI engines. It is not necessary to rely on OBD to identify faults in the emission system. Source: DEKRA & CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 16
16 Comparison OBD/Tailpipe Measurement Made by UTAC/OTC CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 17
17 The French Landscape: Sample s Extraction from OTC Data Base PTI National Agency OTC Data Base vehicle records January 2013 Euro vehicle records CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 18
18 ,11% No EOBD test Tail Pipe vs. EOBD Population ,21% No Opacity test EOBD FAIL + Opacity FAIL ,81% 596 0,14% ,13% EOBD FAIL Opacity FAIL ,48% ,99% CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 19
19 ,62% No EOBD test Tail Pipe vs. EOBD Population ,11 % Gas test ,02 EOBD FAIL + Gas FAIL ,56 % ,77% EOBD FAIL Gas FAIL ,46% ,2% CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 21
20 Comparison OBD/Tailpipe Measurement Made by UTAC/OTC This is a first level of analysis more data are available (since 2007!). Trucks data are also available. Noticeable: No direct correlation between Tail pipe and EOBD for Diesel and Petrol. Tail pipe test is more severe. Diesel Tail pipe test are relevant on Euro 4 vehicle car park Ratio of MIL off when engine is off, and key on, are related to attempted fraud Visual MIL inspection are less efficient than electronic reading (delta between MIL KO Engine ON Visual and MIL KO Engine ON internal) Additional analysis might be required in order to understand the level of EOBD DTC presents without MIL trouble CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 23
21 Conclusions Limits for emission testing and measurement devices The pass-fail criteria for PTI test should be set to reflect the certification standard of the vehicle being tested. It should allow for some reasonable deterioration during the service life of the vehicle. Limit k value of 0.1 m -1 But the limit should not allow excessive deterioration to occur before repair- maintenance is required CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 24
22 Further Studies BASt Study (August 2012 approx. July 2013) The German Transport Ministry has commissioned BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) as the Federal Government s field-oriented, technical-scientific institute in the field of highway research to have this actual situation examined in a study: Determination of the extent of different emission test results between tail pipe measurement and outcome of the on-board diagnostic system CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 25
23 Further Studies BASt Study (August 2012 approx. July 2013) According to the German Emission directive (national implementation of 2010/48/EU), gaseous emissions can be inspected either by measurement using an exhaust gas analyser (tail pipe measurement) or by appropriate reading of the OBD device and checks on the proper functioning of the OBD system. It is known from several studies that, between these two alternative inspection methods, differences in the detection of emission relevant failures can occur. As a basis for possible political decisions in Germany, a data collection is necessary to assess the relevance of the difference of both methods. CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 26
24 Further Studies BASt Study (August 2012 approx. July 2013) Conditions inspection on entry, visual inspection tail pipe measurement according to 2010/48/EU plus OBD outcome according to 2010/48/EU ~2000 vehicles M1, ~50% Diesel-, ~50% Otto-engines first registration from 2006 on random sample on PTI stations Nationwide high/low mileage different vehicle users inspectors of several German PTI bodies especially instructed for this project CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 27
25 Further Studies BASt Study (August 2012 approx. July 2013) Analysis percentage of vehicles which have passed (not passed) the OBD percentage of vehicles which have passed (not passed) the tail pipe measurement percentage of vehicles which have passed OBD and not passed the tail pipe measurement percentage of vehicles which have passed the tail pipe measurement and not passed OBD differentiated between Diesel- and Otto-engines analysis of the influence of vehicle age, mileage, emission standard, vehicle model, CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 28
26 Technological Outlook LLSP Laser Light Scattering Photometry - size range 40 to 1000 nm mg/m 3 PM concentration - m -1 (Opacity) by correlation - #/m 3 number concentration - nm (mode) particle at logarithmical normal size distribution - non road PM emitters - CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 29
27 Summary For an Environmental effective Diesel and Petrol Emission Test it is necessary to have a modern Mechatronic System. OBD + Tail Pipe = is the Ultimate Diesel and Petrol Emission Test System for an 100% PTI or garage test for Diesel and Petrol Emissions. Especially for modern diesel-powered vehicles equipped with a emission after treatment system such as a diesel particulate filter, SRC, SRCT,, only this combination of tests ensure the effectiveness of the emission test during PTI. The above mentioned measuring instruments are available today. CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 30
28 Thank you for your attention! CITA 2013 theme Strategies for Benefiting Roadworthiness 31
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