Urban Infrastructure INDIA. pyrocratsystems Indianexpress thehindu. Ibnlive.com. AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool

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1 AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool Times of India pyrocratsystems Indianexpress thehindu Urban Infrastructure Ibnlive.com INDIA

2 OUTLINE 74 th Amendment CAA Urban Infrastructure Policies in India JnNURM New Urban Agenda AMRUT Swacch Bharat National Smart Cities Mission NIUA NIUA-CIDCO Smart City Lab

3 74 th Amendment Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 Accords formal recognition and powers to ULBs in the Constitution as 'independent institutions of self-government' Makes ULBs more autonomous (collect taxes, develop projects) and participatory It directed states to devolve specific (18) functions to ULBs under Schedule XII (Annex C) Requires states to set up State Finance Commission (SFCs) to review and make recommendations regarding distribution of taxes, revenue-sharing, grant-in-aid system, issues of local autonomy between the state and ULBs Maharashtra and Gujarat had Regional and Town Planning Acts which defined urban infrastructure Development Control Regulations for local bodies

4 Urban Infrastructure Policies in India First Major National Urban Infrastructure Policy Fund Flow 2005 JNNURM Urban Infrastructure and Governance Urban Infrastructure Development of Small & Medium Towns Basic Services to the Urban Poor Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme National City Level New Urban Agenda Fund Flow 2015 AMRUT (infrastructure development) SWACCHA BHARAT (solid waste management, sanitation infrastructure) SMART CITIES MISSION (ICT for governance and infrastructure & resource management) HRIDAY ( heritage city development and augmentation) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (affordable housing for all) City National State

5 Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission JNNURM

6 JnNURM Launched in December 2005 as a mission mode programme To address the challenges of urbanization, need for urban sector development and improve quality of life in cities The main thrust of this programme was to ensure improvement in urban governance and financial strength of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Reform linked assistance to State Governments and Urban Local Bodies Focus on Bringing in efficiency in urban infrastructure & service delivery mechanisms, Community participation Accountability of city institutions Mission Period Seven years ( )* Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas and gave impetus to urban reforms (23 reforms of which 13 are mandatory) *However, JnNURM was extended till 2014

7 JnNURM Sub Missions Sub Mission Administered by Ministry Focus Area Coverage Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) Urban Development Infrastructure Development 65 Cities Urban Infrastructure Development of Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) Urban Development Planned urban Infrastructural Improvement All 5161 towns/cities as per 2001 census except 65 Mission UIG cities Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Integrated Development of Slums 65 UIG Cities Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Holistic Slum Development All 5161 cities and towns as per 2001 Census except cities/towns covered under UIG and BSUP

8 JnNURM Implementation Led to good practices and innovations across cities and states Recognized that states which are relatively advanced and economically sound had taken reform initiatives ahead of others Analysis of the sector wise distribution of funds released during indicated water supply sector allocation around 37% and 63% in Mission and Non Mission Cities respectively. Sector wise percentage distribution of JnNURM priorities in seven mega cities indicate Greater Mumbai and Bangalore with zero percentage under urban renewal and preservation of water bodies whereas Hyderabad and Ahmedabad were leading the chart with 9.1% and 6.5% respectively. City Development Plans failed to link spatial planning with socio-economic planning, and exclusion of peri-urban areas Only 72% of the total allocations have been released under JnNURM

9 Service Level Benchmark Data 2012 Water Sewerage Solid Waste Management SLB Median SLB Median SLB Median Coverage Coverage of Toilets LPCD Coverage of Network Household Coverage Level Metered Connections Collection efficiency of Network Efficiency of Collection Non Revenue Water 0 38 Adequacy of sewerage treatment capacity Extent of Segregation Continuity of Supply 24 3 Reuse and Recycle 20 1 Extent of MSW recovered Quality and Treatment Quality of sewerage Treatment Extent of Scientific Disposal 20 0 Redressal of Customer Complaints Efficiency in Redressal of Customer Complaints Efficiency in Redressal of Customer Complaints Cost Recovery Cost Recovery Cost Recovery Efficiency of Collection Charges Efficiency of Collection Charges Efficiency of Collection Charges Water Index Sewerage Index SWM Index Best Performance Pune Best Performance Bangalore Best Performance Surat Poorest Performance Vadodara Poorest Performance Agartala Poorest Performance Mathura Source: Ministry of Urban Development 2012

10 AMRUT SWACCHA BHARAT SMART CITIES MISSION NEW URBAN AGENDA HRIDAY Pradhan Mantri Housing Yojana (Housing for All)

11 CITIES IN MISSIONS AMRUT SWACCH BHARAT HRIDAY 12 HRIDAY Cities 97 Smart Cities 476 Swacch Bharat Cities 500 AMRUT Cities SMART CITIES Indicative List

12 AMRUT

13 AMRUT All Cities and Towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities, including Cantonment Boards (Civilian areas), All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ UTs, not covered in above All Cities/ Towns classified as Heritage Cities by MoUD under the HRIDAY Scheme Thirteen Cities and Towns on the stem of the main rivers with a population above 75,000 and less than 1 lakh, and Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not more than one from each State).

14 AMRUT Financial Plan/Fund Allocation Centrally Sponsored Scheme with Financial Outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore for five years from FY to FY The Mission funds will consist of the following four parts: Project fund - 80% of the annual budgetary allocation*. Incentive for Reforms - 10% of the annual budgetary allocation. State funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 8% of the annual budgetary allocation MoUD funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 2% of the annual budgetary allocation *However, for FY the project fund would be 90% of the annual budgetary allocation as incentive for Reforms will be given only from FY onwards.

15 AMRUT Approach and Priorities Project approach to ensure basic infrastructure services Implementation of mission is linked to promotion of urban reforms States get the flexibility of designing schemes based on the needs of identified cities and in their execution and monitoring Cities need to prepare Service Level Improvement Plans (SLIPs) States need to aggregate SLIPs, prioritize the projects in consultation with ULBs and submit SAAP for each financial year starting States need to submit State Annual Action Plans (SAAP) to the Ministry of Urban Development for broad concurrence based on which funds will be released Preparation of GIS based Master Plans for AMRUT cities a key reform is facilitated by convergence with National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme

16 Service Level Improvement Plans Prepared in consultation by city government and parastatal agencies staff SLIPs are reviewed by City Level Nodal Officer and appraised by State Nodal Agency Mission Thrust areas are: 1. Water Supply 2. Sewerage and Septage management 3. Storm Water Drains 4. Urban Transport 5. Green Spaces and Parks SLIPs include Sectoral Master Plans, Prioritized Projects, Fund Sharing clearly indicating Convergence, and Year Wise Plan for Service Improvements

17 State Level Annual Action Plan (SAAP) Prepared based on consolidation of State AMRUT cities SLIPs State Level High Powered Steering Committee (SHPSC) reviews and approves the SAAP for submission to Ministry of Urban Development SAAP includes Sector wise and City wise projects prioritzed Breakup of Total MoUD Allocation in AMRUT Sector wise proposed total project fund and sharing pattern including convergence Use of funds on projects on going and new Plan for achieving service level benchmarks Master Plan of all projects to achieve universal coverage during mission period State level plan of action for physical and financial progress Reforms implementation timeline Individual Capacity Building Plan Annual Action Plan for Capacity Building Details of Institutional Capacity Building

18 Evaluation of SAAP and SLIPs Priority Sector Analysis

19 Reforms Implementation Timeline S.no Reform Implementation Timeline 1 E-Governance 06 months - 36 months 2 Constitution & professionalization of municipal cadre 12 months - 36 months 3 Augmenting double entry accounting 12 months - 24 months 4 Urban Planning and City level Plans 12 months - 48 months 5 Devolution of funds and functions 06 months - 18 months 6 Review of Building by-laws 12 months - 24 months 7 Set-up financial intermediary at state level 12 months - 18 months 8 (a) Municipal tax and fees improvement 12 months 8 (b) Improvement in levy and collection of user charges 12 months 9 Credit Rating 18 months 10 Energy and Water audit 12 months - 24 months 11 Swachh Bharat Mission 36 months

20 SWACHH BHARAT

21 Swachh Bharat Mission Agenda Elimination of open defecation Eradication of Manual Scavenging Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management To effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health Capacity Augmentation for ULB s To create an enabling environment for private sector participation in Capex (capital expenditure) and Opex (operation and maintenance)

22 Swachh Bharat Mission Status Dec 2015 Solid Waste Management Total Wards Wards with 100% door to door collection Total Waste Generation MT/D Total waste processing % Processing of waste to be achieved by March % Toilets 7,71,763 Completed 20% 18% 19% 20,15,509 Work Commenced 11,65,993 Not Sanctioned 29% 51% 94,479 Work Commenced 81% 21,728 Completed 38,097 Commenced 82% 8,409 Completed

23 NATIONAL SMART CITIES MISSION

24 National Smart City Mission Incorporates both ICT for governance (North America) and ICT for infrastructure and resource management (Europe, Singapore etc) Top down effort to build bottom-up stakeholder participation. Tripartite coalition between center, state and urban local body Competitive, convergent and built on best practices from other previous and current missions

25 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

26 National Smart City Mission

27 STAGE II SCORING CRITERIA 15% 30% 55%

28 Challenges and Opportunities Paradigm shift in urban planning Smart Cities is about smarter ways of imagining and developing cities. ICT is an enabler not the end Strategic not project based convergence with other missions, risk management and mitigation (citizens, finance and land) Data and evidence driven planning Incremental changes through an area based approach rather than city wide regeneration. Allows for failure and regenerative learning. Challenges the cities to program for alternative financing other than government transfers - property tax, higher FSI development rights, public transportation value capture, city bonds. Enables financial reform through intermediaries and institutional and governance reform through Special Purpose Vehicle

29 Challenges and Opportunities Development (planning, policy, finance) capacities within cities To build communication channels with citizens through a participatory approach to planning To build trust with citizens & business community through demonstration of quick replicable successes To understand that smaller targeted interventions (ICT driven) on core infrastructure can deliver big gains - Real time bus passenger information systems - Bus signal prioritization To understand public transportation and open spaces have to be part of core infrastructure while increasing FSI To apply multiple approaches to economic development such as heritage, open spaces, affordable housing, adaptive reuse of assets, public transportation, digital economy To diffuse knowledge through out the organization by using the central handholding assistance during the process For asset management, asset reuse and asset optimization as important as asset generation.

30 Challenges and Opportunities Inclusive Smart Cities Addresses needs of all citizens - women, children, senior citizens, physically challenged, migrants, informal livelihood workers, alternative gender, lower income households, environmentally vulnerable populations Bridges the Digital Divide - bringing ICT applications to accessible platforms. ICT for public transportation and NMT instead of smart parking Increasing access to broadband infrastructure through various models ICT to bridge the knowledge gap Smart City Plans could include open data, digital literacy strategies ICT is the most flexible and easy to implement therefore the last step of solution Small investment large impact - 2-3% of total infrastructure spending Bottom Up Smart City Planning engage social entrepreneurs, social movements, crowd sourcing data and problem solving, sharing economy. Top down Smart City Planning in Masdar, Songdo results are uncertain.

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32 THEMATIC RESEARCH AREAS MISSION To develop new research and expertise for supporting effective innovations in the urban sector and their dissemination through knowledge exchange, training and capacity development. 1. Urbanization, Urban Infrastructure and Economic Growth 2. Municipal Finance and Governance 3. Land Economics and Transportation 4. Urban Poverty 5. Affordable Housing 6. Sustainable Habitat, Environment and Climate Change 7. Smart Cities 8. Child Friendly Smart Cities WHAT WE DO Provide research support to MoUD Evaluate Government of India s urban programs/schemes Analyze and promote policy change agenda Conduct research studies on contemporary urban issues Capacity Building Cell Disseminate information Urban Data Centre Information, Publication & Communication Cell

33 NIUA CIDCO Smart City Lab Siddharth Pandit