processing, tibia ash, and serum Ca and 25-OH D3 status J.D. Striplin, R.A. Hirai, and K.G.S. Wamsley

Transcription

1 Effects of dietry Vitmin D nd 25-OH D3 levels on 0-53 d broiler chicken performnce, processing, tibi sh, nd serum C nd 25-OH D3 sttus J.D. Striplin, R.A. Hiri, nd K.G.S. Wmsley Broiler chicken production is Mississippi s top griculturl commodity. Feed nd feed mnufcture represent ~70% of the costs required to rer poultry; therefore, ny smll chnge in diet formultion cn hve drmtic impct on production cost, s well s broiler performnce nd helth. Previous reserch hs demonstrted improved brest yield nd bone minerliztion for broilers fed diets supplemented with 25-OH D3. The objective of this study ws to investigte the effects of dietry Vitmin D nd 25-OH D3 supplementtion on dy 0-53 broiler performnce, processing yield, tibie sh; s well s serum C nd 25-OH D3. The following inclusions were mde to common corn, soyben mel nd DDGS bsed diet: tretment (Trt) 1- Low Vitmin (Vit) D3 (165 IU/kg); Trt 2-Low Vit D ppb Bio-D; Trt 3-High Vit D3 (2756 IU/kg); Trt 4-High Vit D ppb Bio-D; Trt 5-High Vit D ppb Bio-D. On dy 0, 1140 mle chicks were eqully plced in 60 pens; ech Trt ws rndomly ssigned to pen with 12 replictions per trt. On dy 0, 14, 28, 42, nd 52 blood ws collected from 3 birds/pen nd nlyzed for serum C nd 25-OH D3 levels. Also, on dy 14 nd 28 tibie were extrcted from 3 birds per pen nd on dy 53 from processed birds for bone sh mesurements. Birds fed Trt 1 exhibited decresed performnce, s well s lowest tibie sh weight nd serum C nd 25-OH D3 levels. Birds fed Trts 2-5 demonstrted improved performnce s compred to Trt 1, long with serum 25-OH D3 levels displying stepwise increse from tretment 1-5 (P <0.001). Overll, birds fed diet with dded 25-OH D3 nd Low Vit D (165 IU/kg) levels hd improved performnce s compred to birds fed High Vit D (2756 IU/kg).

2 Striplin 1 Joshu Striplin Dr. Kelley Wmsley Undergrdute Reserch Experience During the undergrdute reserch opportunity, one of the reserch projects tht ws conducted ws testing the dietry effects of Vitmin D nd 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 on the mle Ross x Ross 708 birds throughout grow-out period from dy zero to dy fifty-three. The fctors tht were tested for were broiler performnce, processing yields, tibi sh content, nd the serum levels of clcium in the blood. The project rn smoothly with no complictions tht occurred. Currently, the effects of dding supplementry Vitmin D nd 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 hve not been hevily reserched topic. In recent yers, more reserch hs been conducted on lying hens; however, not much reserch hs been produced on the benefits of the vitmin supplements for broilers but tht trend is strting to shift (Persi et l 2013). This spect mde the topic very interesting to be investigted to discover the results of dding these vitmin supplements to the feed. The hypotheses tht were formulted were tht birds tht consumed higher level of Vitmin D in the diet would show improved performnce nd tibi sh content (Grci et l 2013). Also, birds eting diet with the dded 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 would demonstrte better performnce, processing yields, nd tibi sh content (Fritts nd Wldroup 2003). The overll dt tht ws chieved from the experiment led to incredibly interesting results. By tking body weight mesurements on dy zero, fourteen, twenty-eight, forty-two, nd fifty-two, body weight gin ws ble to be mesured. Hving these mesurements llowed us to clculte the bodyweight gin. The dt chieved for bodyweight gin ws quite enlightening. The birds fed from the tretment tht hd low level of Vitmin D dded to the diet nd no supplementry dietry 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 showed the lowest performnce s compred to

3 Striplin 2 the other tretments. Tretments tht hd higher levels of Vitmin D nd 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet showed significnt increse in performnce over the tretment with the low level of Vitmin D nd no supplementry 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet. One diet hd higher levels of Vitmin D dded to the diet s compred to the first diet, but it did not hve the 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet. This diet exhibited similr results s compred to the tretments tht hd the higher levels of Vitmin D nd the 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet. The dt tht ws nlyzed showed no significnt difference between the diets tht hd higher levels of Vitmin D nd tht did or did not included the 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 supplement. D0-53 Averge Bodyweight Gin (kg) b b b b Tretment On dys tht the birds were weighed to ttin verge bodyweight gin, the feed ws lso weighed to determine the mount of feed consumed during those specific times which llowed

4 Striplin 3 for the feed conversion rtio to be clculted. Hving low feed conversion rtio is benefit when feeding birds due to the fct tht the birds re converting the feed to muscle t better rte s compred to other birds (Cowieson nd Selle 2012). This will led to birds being more efficient with the feed they consume which sves money throughout the grow-out process. The tretment tht hd the low level of Vitmin D nd no 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet exhibited the lowest feed conversion rtio when compred to the diets with higher levels of Vitmin D nd whether the supplementry 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 ws or ws not dded to the diet. Feed Conversion Rtio b b b b Tretment Another fctor tht ws evluted ws tibi sh content. Tibis were collected from birds nd smpled on dys fourteen, twenty-eight, nd fifty-three. The sh content ws nlyzed since bone sh content is n indictor of vilble phosphorous which mkes it n esy vrible to

5 Striplin 4 mesure (Hll et l 2003). The right tibi ws used from ll birds tht were used, dried, nd crushed to determine sh content. On dys fourteen nd twenty-eight, birds fed the diet contining the low mount of Vitmin D nd no 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 hd the lowest percentge of bone sh s compred to the other diets. The other diets showed no significnt difference between the percentges of bone sh on these dys. However, on dy fifty-three there ws chnge in the findings of bone sh percentge between the tretments. The diet with the low level of Vitmin D nd no dded 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 hd the highest percentge of bone sh s compred to the other diets. The diet with high level of Vitmin D nd the supplement 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to it showed the second highest percentge. Two diets ech with differing levels of Vitmin D nd the 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded to the diet displyed similr results below the previous two diets while the diet contining just high level of Vitmin D hd the lowest percentge of bone sh.

6 ASH PERCENT (%) Striplin D14 D28 D53 Tretment The finl fctor tht ws tested ws blood serum levels cross ech of the diets. Clcium is key component of the diet in broilers due to it being pivotl in the homeostsis process in broilers (Proszkowiec-Weglrz nd Angel 2013). When the diets were formulted, they were designed to contin low levels of clcium to determine the effects Vitmin D nd 25- Hydroxyvitmin-D3 hve on clcium content in the serum. Blood ws collected from birds on dys fourteen, twenty-eight, forty-two, nd fifty-two to be nlyzed. The dt showed firly similr results cross ech of the dys tht the serum ws collected nd tested. The diet tht hd the just low level of Vitmin D dded to the diet displyed the lowest level of clcium in the blood s compred to the other diets. The other diets showed no rel significnt difference between ech other cross the smpling dys.

7 CALCIUM LEVEL (mg/dl) Striplin b Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt 5 0 D14 D28 D42 D52 After the experiment ended, the dt ws fully nlyzed nd compred to the originl hypotheses. The findings help confirm the hypotheses tht were formulted nd showed the importnt effects of Vitmin D in the diet. Not only ws the level of Vitmin D in the diet importnt, dding 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 to the diet ided in yielding improved results (Grci et l 2013). The wy tht this ws proven ws tht one diet contined low level of Vitmin D nd hd 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 dded into the diet nd displyed similr results to the diet with just high level of Vitmin D nd the diet with high level of Vitmin D nd the 25- Hydroxyvitmin-D3. Overll, the experiment ws successful nd provided deeper insight to the positive effects of the inclusion level of Vitmin D nd supplementl 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 in the diet on multiple spects of broiler performnce.

8 Striplin 7 Throughout the entirety of the undergrdute reserch progrm, I lerned plethor of helpful trits nd chrcteristics tht will id through the rest of my life nd in the business world. Lerning to sk for help from others ws one of the key principles tht I cquired. The reserch project ws incredibly in-depth nd required ton of help. Mny of the tsks tht were necessry to chieve crucil dt involved help from others. Weigh dys were one of these spects. The mount of personnel required to just weigh birds ws more thn one person could hndle. Also, extrcting tibis from birds ws quite time consuming nd if ttempted lone would hve lsted much longer without help from others. Not only tht but on the dy of processing, mny hnds were needed to record dt nd mke sure ll of the prts of processing rn smoothly. The mount of help tht ws vitl to record nd chieve proper dt ws not the only re in which I needed id. Mny times vrious questions would occur tht I would not know the nswer to nd needed help to discover the nswer. Without the ssistnce of my dvising professor Doctor Kelley Wmsley, severl grdute students, nd coworkers the nswers to these questions would hve never been discovered. These essentil resources were pivotl to the lerning experience nd helped me to ttin success. Another tool cquired during this process ws lerning how to coordinte schedules to hve much needed id in ttining ll dt nd help to nswer questions. Everyone who ssisted me throughout the project ech hd their own schedules to work round which required plnning for ech process in dvnce. Coordinting with ll prties who worked on this project ws chllenge; however, weekly lb meetings helped everyone be informed on the coming week s ctivities so tht ll were informed. These meetings were crucil prt in reching success throughout this project. One of the min prts of this project ws the processing dy t the end of project. The processing dy possessed mny crucil res in which necessry ttention ws

9 Striplin 8 mndtory to rech the desired result of cquiring dt. The members of the immedite lb tem were not enough to cover every re so coordinting with the schedules of dditionl prties ws impertive. Orgnizing nd ssigning tsks to ll workers hed of the desired dte mde the job much more mngeble nd helped the project run smoothly. By lerning how to orgnize nd coordinte schedules, this hs helped me prepre to gther id in dvnce from multiple sources for future tsks tht will be ssigned lter in life. Every individul hs their own unique personlity nd gining the knowledge on how to work with similr nd opposing personlities ws nother crucil component tht ws lerned throughout this whole experience. By working with differing personlity types, choosing one of the mny wys on how to del with ech one ws discovered. The sme pproch did not work for ll personlities which reveled severl different decisions on how to hndle ech sitution. By listening to ll opinions nd views, resonble consensus ws chieved from ll prties which enbled n informed decision to be mde. Methods for deling with differing personlities which my not lwys gree with your own were ble to be discerned from working with others with these types of personlities during this project. The finl lesson tht ws lerned during this entire process ws how deep nd rduous tsk it is to conduct reserch. One must give necessry ttention to ll the meticulous detils tht every reserch project hs in store for the resercher. Smll devitions from ny project cn led to ctstrophic results in the long term for the project. Proper checks nd blnces re criticl whenever reserch is being conducted. These systems help mintin tht the project continues to run smoothly without errors. Without these systems, minor errors erly or lter on in the reserch project cn led to detrimentl outcomes with the project. Hving others double check work tht hs been done or dt tht hs been inputted is essentil in cquiring proper nd correct results.

10 Striplin 9 Conducting reserch experiment is not one person job nd hving others id in the process helps chieve the desired outcome. Not only re detils nd other s opinions vitl component of the process, the time commitment necessry for ech project is not to be tken lightly. The time needed for ech step must be properly llotted to ensure successful conclusion to the experiment. One must give full dediction of time, energy, nd hert to ny reserch project to ensure desired outcome. In conclusion, gret del of respect must be given to nyone who hs chosen to commit their life to conducting reserch due to the immense time nd effort required to complete ny experiment. During the reserch symposium, I presented on the experiment of the effects of dding Vitmin D nd supplementry 25-Hydroxyvitmin-D3 to the diet. Presenting on this project helped me relize the complete difference in presenting reserch s compred to ny other presenttion. Reserch is precise nd gives definitive nswers to questions tht were formulted. The dt is concrete nd leves little room for interprettion which is unlike presenting on other topics. Other topics llow for different interprettions to be formulted which led to one s own opinion on the mtter. This is unlike reserch since the results re unwvering in nture nd wht hs been reported cnnot chnge. Proper ttention must be given to ny reserch presenttion to ensure tht the udience is correctly informed on the findings. By discussing reserch topic, I hve been enlightened on how different the world of reserch is s compred to different presenttions such s sles one. By prtking in the undergrdute reserch experience, whole new side of the world hs been reveled to me. Nutrition is subject tht I m gretly interested in nd lerning bout how crucil Vitmin D is to broilers hs been superb experience. Also, seeing how dding 25- Hydroxyvitmin-D3 supplement to broiler s diets cn significntly increse results during the

11 Striplin 10 grow-out period ws incredibly insightful. By viewing the results of verge body weight gin, tibi sh content, nd blood serum levels fter the experiment ws finished helped put everything in perspective for wht results the project hd ccomplished. Lerning bout one nutrition spect of broiler s diets ws not the knowledge I gined from the experience. Acquiring the experience in sking for help when you do not know the nswer ws very helpful. Plnning nd scheduling for certin tsks with multiple prties ws n essentil tool obtined during this process which will be much needed throughout the rest of my creer nd life. Deling with vrious personlity types nd methods of reching similr outcome ws nother key spect tht ws gined from this opportunity. Finlly, by prtking in reserch project nd seeing it to its conclusion ided in reveling the true mount of work nd dediction tht is required to hve creer in the field of reserch. It lso divulged the full mount of effort given by ll people who ssist on ny reserch experiment. Overll, the undergrdute reserch experience ws n mzing opportunity nd experience in which I ws llowed to prtke in nd would recommend the opportunity to nyone who is will to dedicte to this superb lerning progrm nd endevor.

12 Striplin 11 References Cowieson, A.J., nd P.H. Selle. "The Environmentl Impct of Low Feed Conversion Rtios in Poultry." Engormix.com. Engormix, 17 July Web. 30 Apr Fritts, C. A., nd P. W Wldroup. "Effect of Source nd Level of Vitmin D on Live Performnce nd Bone Development in Growing Broilers." Journl of Applied Poultry Reserch 12 (2003): Web. 30 Apr Grci, An Flvi Quiles Mrques, Alice Eiko Murkmi, Cristine Regin Do Amrl Durte, Ivn Cmilo Ospin Rojs, Krl Pol Picoli, nd Mir Mngili Puzotti. "Use of Vitmin Dnd Its Metbolites in Broiler Chicken Feed on Performnce, Bone Prmeters nd Met Qulity."Asin-Austrlsin Journl of Animl Sciences 26.3 (2013): Web. 30 Apr Hll, L. E., R. B. Shirley, R. I. Bklli, S. E. Aggrey, G. M. Pesti, nd H. M. Edwrds, Jr. "Power of Two Methods for the Estimtion of Bone Ash of Broilers." Journl of Applied Poultry Reserch 82 (2003): Oxford Journls. Web. 30 Apr Persi, M. E., M. Higgins, T. Wng, D. Trmple, nd E. A. Bobeck. "Effects of Long-term Supplementtion of Lying Hens with High Concentrtions of Choleclciferol on Performnce nd Egg Qulity." Poultry Science92.11 (2013): Web. 30 Apr Proszkowiec-Weglrz, M., nd R. Angel. "Clcium nd Phosphorus Metbolism in Broilers: Effect of Homeosttic Mechnism on Clcium nd Phosphorus Digestibility1." The Journl of Applied Poultry Reserch 22.3 (2013): Oxford Journls [Oxford UP]. Web. 30 Apr

13 Effects of dietry Vitmin D nd 25-OH D 3 levels on 0-53 d broiler chicken performnce, processing, tibi sh, nd serum C nd 25-OH D 3 sttus J. D. STRIPLIN*, R. A. HIRAI AND K. WAMSLEY SPRING 2015 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

14 Mississippi Rnking of Mrket Vlue of Ag Products Sold Item Poultry nd eggs Frms Sles ($1,000) Rnk by Sles Percent of Totl Sles 2,742 2,744, Aquculture , Cttle 13, , Hogs , Totl sles 38,076 6,441,025 (x) Source: USDA, 2012

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16 7 U.S. Broiler Performnce Mrket Weight (lbs) Mrket Weight (lbs) *estimted Source: Ntionl Chicken Council Jnury 9, 2015

17 Introduction: Vitmin D Benefits Clcium nd phosphorus metbolism in bone development nd mintennce (Wrd,2014) Improved immune system (Reinhrdt nd Hustmyer,1987) Improved growth performnce (Yrger et l., 1995; Brito et l., 2010) nd met qulity (Enright et l., 1999; Hn et l., 2012)

18 Vitmin D3 - Choleclciferol Vitmin D3 is one of the most importnt compound of the Vitmin D group After sunlight ws estblished for its role in the prevention of rickets, it becme known s the sunshine vitmin (Wrd, 2014)

19 Deficiency of Vitmin D Elevtion in blood glucose levels of chicks (Hunt nd Nielsen, 1987) Skeletl nd Bek Deformities

20 25-Hydroxyvitmin D3 25-OH D3 is vitmin D metbolite Provides plethor of commercil dvntges (Wrd, 2014) Reduce Tibil Dyschondroplsi (Sunde, 1975) nd increse bone sh (Applegte et l., 2003) Studies hd been completed to evlute 25-OH D3 on the live performnce chrcteristics due to its potentil improvements in broiler performnce (Wrd, 1995)

21 Objective To investigte the effects of Vitmin D3 level nd 25-OH D3 source on 0-53 d broiler performnce, processing yield, tibi sh, nd blood serum mesurements

22 Hypotheses Birds consuming diet with higher inclusion level of Vitmin D will exhibit improved performnce nd tibi sh mesurements Inclusion of 25-OH D3 in diet with lower levels of Vitmin D will improve the performnce, processing yields, nd tibi sh mesurements

23 Mterils nd Methods 109E House South Frm, MSU 1140 mle chicks Ross x Ross 708 Experimentl Period: D0-D53 Wter nd feed d libitum

24 Mterils nd Methods Vccintion: Live coccidiosis vccine (5x mnufcturer recommendtions)

25 Experimentl Design Rndomized complete block: 5 Tretments 12 blocks Experimentl Unit: One pen with 19 mle broilers Ross 708 SAS (2013 Version): Anlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) Fisher s Lest Significnt Differences (LSD) P 0.05

26 Tretment outline Tretment D3 premix 25-OH D3 Inclusion (ppb) 25-OH D3 Anlyzed 3 (ppb) 1 NRC NRC Industry Industry Industry NRC D3 = 5 g/ton of feed = 165 IU/kg 2 Industry = 83.3 g/ton of feed = 2756 IU/kg 3 Smples from Grower phse feed

27 Bsl Diet Formultion for Ech Phse Ingredient Nme Strter (D0-14) Grower (D14-28) Finisher 1 (D28-42) Finisher 2 (D42-53) Corn SBM (48% CP) Corn DDGS Poultry Ft Diclcium Phosphte Limestone Slt Sodium Bicrbonte HCl-Lysine DL-Methionine L-Threonine Choline-Cl Selenium Premix VIT/TM Premix Phytse Corn or 25OHD Premix Phytse (spring 0.12% C nd vilble P). Avilble P nd C were reduced to 75% of breeder recommendtions

28 Experimentl Diet Mnufcture Bsl diets btched t Mississippi Stte University Poultry Reserch Unit Pellets were mnufctured t USDA Poultry Reserch Unit (Strkville, MS) Trt Order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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30 Mesured Vribles Live performnce Blood collection Tibi collection nd sh determintion Processing nd Debone chrcteristics Mesured vrible D0 D14 D28 D42 D52 D53 Live performnce X X X X X Blood X X X X X Tibi X X X Processing X

31 Live performnce Mesured vrible D0 D14 D28 D42 D52 D53 Live performnce X X X X X Birds nd feed were weighed by pen BW gin, feed consumption, nd feed conversion rtio were clculted

32 Blood collection Mesured vrible D0 D14 D28 D42 D52 D53 Blood Collection X X X X X On D0, ten chicks were bleeding for serum nlysis to obtin bseline 25-OH D3 level Three birds from 10 replicte pens were used for serum nlysis

33 Tibi collection nd sh determintion Mesured vrible D0 D14 D28 D42 D52 D53 Tibi X X X Three birds were used per pen On D 53, four birds per pen were chosen

34 Tibi collection nd sh determintion METHODOLOGY: Tibie extrcted from right leg of ech bird Crucibles nd tibie were dried (dryer t 105ºC, 12h) Muffle t 600ºC, overnight All steps were weighed nd recorded

35 Processing Mesured vrible D0 D14 D28 D42 D52 D53 Processing nd debone X On D53, four birds per pen were processed Determine crcss, bdominl ft pd, brest, tender, wing nd leg weight/yield

36 AVG BWG (kg) Results: D0-52 Avg. Body Weight Gin 4.5 b b b b Tretment Tretment P-vlue <.0001

37 FCR Results: D0-52 Feed conversion rtio b b b b Tretment TREATMENT P-vlue =.0055

38 ASH PERCENT (%) Results: Tibi Ash (%) b bc bc b d bc c bc b Tretment D14 D28 D53 P-vlue <.0001

39 ASH WEIGHT (mg) Results: Tibi weight (mg) b b b Tretment c b D14 D28 D53 P-vlue <.0001

40 PROCESSING MEASURES (kg) Results: Processing mesures (kg) b Crcss 1.5 Totl brest 1 Brest b 0.5 b TREATMENT P-vlue <.0001

41 PROCESSING MEASURES (kg) Results: Processing mesures (kg) b Tenders Leg qurters b b b b Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt 5 b Wings

42 Ft Pd (g) Results: Processing mesures (g) 7.00E E-03 b 5.00E E-03 TREATMENT E E-03 b E E TREATMENT

43 CALCIUM LEVEL (mg/dl) Results: Blood Serum Clcium b c b b b 8 b b Trt 1 6 Trt 2 Trt 3 4 Trt 4 Trt D14 D28 D42 D52 P-vlue <.0001

44 25-OHD (ng/ml) Results: Blood Serum 25-OH Vitmin D b b c b c b c TREATMENT c d d d d 20 e e e e 0 D14 D28 D42 D52 P-vlue <.0001

45 Discussion Adding supplementl 25-OH D3 incresed bone density No significnt difference on growth performnce Incresed Phosphorus serum levels Source: Hui et l 2013

46 Discussion Gurel et l (2013): 2 different doses of 25-OH D3 commercil source without dding Vit D3 did not contribute on bone development However, the supplementtion of 25-OH D3 on the feeds which contin IU/D3 effect the bone development nd the strength

47 Tke Home Messge Birds fed Low inclusion of Vitmin D (165 IU/kg) exhibited the lowest performnce results The remining birds consuming different diets thn birds fed low inclusion of Vitmin D displyed improved results Serum levels displyed n increse dependent on the inclusion level of 25-OH D3 source when used in conjunction with Vitmin D

48 Thnk You