Spatial Transformations and the Governance of Street in Shanghai

Transcription

1 Seminar Developing Urban Space for Wellbeing and Sustainability April 20-22, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, London Spatial Transformations and the Governance of Street in Shanghai Jian ZHUO Professor, Associate Chair Department of Urban Planning, CAUP, Tongji University

2 SHORT BIO Educational background 1996, Bach. U.P., M. Arch., Tongji University , ENPC, Paris (France)» 2000, Professional training of AUE in Ecole de Chaillot (Paris)» 2002, Master of research, territorial mutations and urban gouvernance, IFU» 2004, architecte DPLG, École d architecture, de ville et des territoires à Marne-la-Vallée» 2007, Ph.D en Urbanisme et Aménagement, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC) Since 2014, Professor, Deputy Head of Urban Planning Department» In charge of master programs and international collaborations Research interests Practices Physical and political environment of urban mobility in Chinese cities Interactions between the land use and transport system (TOD model) Spatio-temporal organization of network city Social impacts of local transport policy Integrated design of transport infrastructure into the urban space Traffic calming in historic districts Elaboration of Master Development Plan and the Local Transportation Plan

3 PROFESSIONAL PREFERENCE FOR BIG PLAN? Daniel Burnham advised planners: "to make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's blood, and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans: aim high in hope and work." (Hall, 1988: 174) ISOCARP 2015, Pre-congress Event in Seoul (March 12-15, 2015) The theme is "Beyond Big Plans; Let's reinvent planning : how existing physical and social structures are disrupted by large-scale developments. SHANGHAI 2040 Transformation of Urban Development Mode A new benchmark for Master Plan? RETHINKING PLANNING!

4 STREET EVOLUTIONS IN SHANGHAI Transportation infrastructure STREET Commercial spaces Public initiative Private initiative What the BIG Plans did - dominant Spatial restructuring in the scale of city region What happened outside the plans should not be neglected Transformations spoteneous in the neighbourhoods

5 1 CONTEXTS City of Shanghai & its Master Plans

6 THE CITY : ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORY One municipality for a territory at regional scale - a city or a metropolitan area? - Greater London: 1579 km2, 33 administrative zones A city dominated by rural space - Urban built areas 2057 km 2, rural space km 2 (2010) Area (km2) % Municipality 6340,5 100% 7 Ctrl. Dist. 289,44 4,57% 8 Suburban Dist. 5009,85 79,01% 1 rural district 1041,21 16,42%

7 THE CITY : FUNCTIONAL TERRITORY Urban system : Urban: 1 central city, 9 new cities, - Rural: 60 key towns, 600 administrative villages - How to distinguish urban/rural : Land use regime High population concentration - More than 10 millions population in the central city - 42% population concentrated on 10% of the territory Area km2 % Municipality 6340,5 100% Outer ring road % Middle ring road % Inner ring road % How to improve the urban-rural integration?

8 MASTER PLAN 1949

9 MASTER PLAN 1953 & 1959

10 MASTER PLAN 1986

11 MASTER PLAN 1986

12 MASTER PLAN [CURRENTLY IN EFFECT]

13 2 The street evolutions driven by the BIG Plans

14 WHAT PLANNING DID - POLARIZATION The Master Plan

15 WHAT PLANNING DID - POLARIZATION The Lay-out Plan for Commercial Centres ( ) Centers at city level Centers at district level The key rules behind the «GOOD»plans Order: Rational system with clear hierarchy Accessibility: Service range (radius) Equity: homogeneous coverage Centers at community level

16 WHAT PLANNING DID - POLARIZATION The Lay-out Plan for Commercial Centres ( ) Centers at city level Centers at district level However The people acted not as rational as planned The spatial distance is not the only factor for accessibility The social space is not homogeneous Centers at community level

17 WHAT PLANNING DID - CONNECTION The road system: Prioritize the primary road Radial-centric structure : 3 ring roads+13 radial trunk road

18 WHAT PLANNING DID - CONNECTION The public transit : development of subway network 14 lines, 548km, 337 stations, about 10 million passengers/day

19 TOD : A VERY POPULAR CONCEPT IN CHINA TOD is advocated as a referential model of sustainable city More compact, saving land-use In favor of public transit Combining the two processes: polarization + connection

20 TOD : A VERY POPULAR CONCEPT IN CHINA But in reality, TOD becomes very often DOT Transport infrastructure serves as the starter of urban projects New project of transport infrastructure Add-value to the surrounding land Land acquisition Fiscal incomes get from the land Sell the development right to private Build the infrastructure Transport Infrastructure Projects Realize the urban projects Urban Projects

21 EVOLUTIONS OF STREET The decline of tradictional walkable commercial streets

22 EVOLUTIONS OF STREET The bloomsom of «urban complex» High density Mix-used Large scale Well connected to subway Built by private Targeted to high income population, with less connection to surrounding neighbourhood

23 EVOLUTIONS OF STREET The return of «street» in the «urban complex»? To socialize the space To add urban atmosphere

24 3 Shanghai 2040: a new prospect for street evolutions

25 OUTLINE OF SHANGHAI MASTER PLAN 2040 Published in Dec 2015 The objective Global Competitiveness: a City of Prosperity and Innovation Sustainable Development: a City of Green and Well-being Cultural Attractiveness: a City of Happiness and Humanity

26 MAIN CHALLENGES OF SHANGHAI 2040 Constant growth of population vs limited resources Regulation of Population Scale 2014: million, +45% Compared with 2000 (16,74 mln) Objective: under 25million in 2040 Measures: Land supply + Industrial restructure + Spatial distribution Intensification of Using Land Resources 2014: urbanized areas 3100 km2, close to 50% Objective: Zero growth of lands for urban construction Measures: Coordination at regional level + Land-Use Optimization and Mixed Spatial Use

27 INTEGRATION WITH YANGTZE RIVER DELTA REGION Improve the Functional Network Reinforce Transportation Corridor Stress on coordinative development with adjacent areas Strengthen ecological protection and cultural identity

28 CONSTRUCT AN URBAN-RURAL SPATIAL NETWORK Strategies of Town Clusters in Shanghai Metropolitan Area Foster a Multi-Center Functional System for public services Guide the transfer of employment to the suburban areas Promote the Integration of Industrial and Urban Development Construct Working-Living Balance Industrial District

29 TRANSPORTATION-SPATIAL INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT Development principles Form a Multi-layer Urban Passenger Transportation System Differentiated Transportation Strategies and social equity Commuting duration control: 1h, 30min, 15 min access 9 new subway lines planned for

30 ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION BOTTOM LINE Strategies of Town Clusters in Shanghai Metropolitan Area Foster a Multi-Center Functional System for public services Guide the transfer of employment to the suburban areas

31 IMPROVE THE HIGH-QUALITY URBAN CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL FUNCTION Enhance Urban Tourism Service Highlight Water-Based Landscape Construct Grid-like Greenway System

32 Transformation of Urban Development Mode Bottom-line Constraints From expansive new development to use better existing space Importance of Urban regeneration Transformation of Urban Planning Method Public participation in the elaboration Wide consultation with different institutions Attention to the governance principals

33 4 A street making process out of the planning : «Break the wall and turn to stores»

34 WHAT PLANNING DID NOT DO In the neighbourhood: «break the wall and turn to store»

35 3 TYPES OF HABITATION IN SHANGHAI Li-Nong Built before 1949, FAR: Today: protected

36 3 TYPES OF HABITATION IN SHANGHAI Commercial housing (private-owned) Built after 1990, FAR: >1.2 Today: gated communities, colletive property management

37 3 TYPES OF HABITATION IN SHANGHAI Xin-Cun (workers village) Built between , FAR: Today: degradation

38 WHERE THE STREET TRANSFORMATION HAPPENED In the 3rd type of habitation Secondary road without high trafic Access roads within the community

39 WHERE THE STREET TRANSFORMATION HAPPENED In the 3rd type of habitation Secondary road without high trafic Access roads within the community

40 MULTI-FUNCTIONS OF STREET Arrival city for the immigrants: accommodation Job generator: Social integration : Services and merchandise for local people

41 PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION The owner: initiator The transformation could only initiated by the owner The transformation allow them a social ascension The store keepers Could be owner Could be New migrant: use the store as an arrival point to the city The clients Local inhabitants who need services in proximity But who suffer also from the inconvience The regulator Community commission Cheng-guang

42 THE STREET GOVERNANCE IN QUESTION

43 COMPARISON OF TWO TRANSFORMATIONS BIG Plan by planners On government's initiative Without planner On individual s initiative Scale Large scale in City-region level Small scale in Neighbourhood/community level Legitimacy clear In between, ambiguous Social aspect Segregative Positive approach Less public participation Permanent negotiation between the players Spatial impacts Privatization of public space More Safety and more dynamic

44 THE STREET GOVERNANCE How these two initiatives could be integrated/associated into the planning?

45 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Jian ZHUO - Jian.zhuo@tongji.edu.cn