Terry R Trammell MD. Henry Bock MD
|
|
- Amelia Nicholson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Spine Fractures in Open Cockpit Open Wheel Race Car Drivers Reducing the Risk through Seat Modification Terry R Trammell MD OrthoIndy Trammell Motorsports and Consulting Indy Racing League Henry Bock MD Indy Racing League
2 Introduction 11,000 cases of Spinal Cord Injury / year in US 47.5% from MVA Spinal Cord Injury: Facts and Figures at a Glance. 2004, National Spinal Cord A Injury Statistical Center. CIRENS Data Spinal Fractures 18.6% of Injuries in MVA Spine and Spinal Cord Injury in MVC: Smith and Siegel New Jersey Medical School CIREN Center
3 Introduction Incidence of Spinal Fractures in Indy Car From % of drivers injured 9.8% of all injuries (12/123) Spinal Injuries in Indy Car a 12 year experience Presented at the ICMS Mtg Toronto CA 11/23/06 IRL % of drivers injured
4 Introduction PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION Spinal Fractures Occurrence Location / level Type Severity Correlate with direction of major impact Determine Kinematics Accident analysis Barrier Impact test Sled tests Computer modeling Determine Load Path Preventative measures
5 Material and Methods Spinal fractures occurring in Open cockpit Open wheel single occupant racecars Seasons IRL,IPS,CART, F-1,Toyota Atlantic, and Champ Car
6 Materials and Methods Data Extracted Impact direction Fracture location Fracture type and severity Data Generated Impact Barrier test HYGE sled tests X-ray Analysis of Spinal Contour Measurement of Seated Position in race car Computer modeling
7 Material and Methods Driver Data Principal Author Initial or Final Treating Physician 35 of 36 surviving drivers Extracted from Medical Records Diagnostic Imaging (X-rays, CT and MRI) Autopsy Results in two
8 Materials and Methods SPINAL REGIONS Occipital Cervical (O-C1-2) Cervical (C3 T1) Thoracic (T2 T9) Thoracolumbar (T10 L2) LumboSacral (L3 Sacrum) Courtesy DaVinci
9 Materials and Methods Impact Vector Analysis in 35 of 38 ADR 2 data Accident reports Video tape
10 Materials and Methods ADR 2 Crash Recorder Attached to the chassis of race car 6 axis accelerometer Senses and records 1000 times/sec Prior to, during and after a triggering event Records X,Y,Z accelerations Yaw rate Steering angle
11 Materials and Methods Fracture Classification: Comprehensive Classification System Gertzbein in Controversies in Spine Surgery Vol 1, 1999
12 Materials and Methods Fracture classification Gertzbein s Comprehensive Classification system
13 Materials and Methods Definition of Fracture Severity: 1. Compression Fracture without Deformity (vertebral contusion) 2. Compression Fracture <10% compression (single endplate) <15 angulation 3. Compression Fractures >10%<30% compression >15 <30 angulation
14 Materials and Methods Definition of Fracture Severity: 4. Compression or single endplate burst fx >30% compression 30 angulation 5. #4 + posterior column injury Burst Fracture (both endplates) 6. Fracture Dislocation / Cord Injury
15 Materials and Methods Driver Seated Position in the Car Series of Measurements (direct and indirect) Seated in the car in race trim Belts tightened HANS Helmet
16 Materials and Methods X-ray Analysis of Spinal contour in race car Indy Pro Series tub X-rays obtained w/wo HANS Upright Nose down Nose up Inverted Normal standing and seated posture
17 Materials and Methods Barrier Impact Test Fully loaded Indy Car Rearward into a rigid barrier Hybrid III with HANS and Helmet High speed video Multiple channels Multiple accelerometers
18 Materials and Methods HYGE Sled Tests Delphi Vandalia OH 80 g pulse THOR ATD T8 and T12 load cells HANS Indy Car Posture Reclined 45
19 Material and Methods Computer Model MADYMO Full FE Human body Model SAE MSEC # MADYMO Facet Human Body Model Correlated with sled test Validated
20 Materials and Methods THOR Physical dummy In frontal impact, up to 30mph THOR dummy math model Real human body At frontal and rear impacts, under low severity impacts Human Body math model
21 Results Fracture Data Number Location Impact direction Classification Severity Barrier Impact Test Spinal Alignment X-ray analysis Seated Position Measurements from driver in car HYGE sled tests Computer model
22 Results Spinal Fractures 36 - drivers sustained spinal injury 38 - incidents resulted in spinal injury Two drivers with two separate incidents 54 - spinal levels injured 9 sustained injury at more than one level
23 Results Fracture Location Region of Injury OCC Cervical Thoracic ThoracoLumbar LumboSacral Region
24 Results Fracture Location Cervical Fractures by Level Number O-C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Level
25 Results Fracture Location Thoracic Fractures Number T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Level
26 Results Fracture Location Thoracolumbar Fractures Number T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 Level
27 Results Fracture Location Lumbosacral Fractures L3 L4 L5 Sacrum Level
28 Results Impact Direction Impact Direction vs. Injury Frontal Rearward Axial Poly Direction
29 Results Impact Direction Impact Direction v. Fracture Region OC Fracture Region Cervical Thoracic ThoracoL L/S Poly Axial Rearward Frontal Frontal Rearward Axial Poly OC Fracture Region Cervical Thoracic ThoracoL L/S Frontal Rearward Axial Poly
30 Results Impact Direction Impact Direction vs. Cervical Level Number Total Number Rearward Impacts O-C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Level
31 Results Impact Direction Thoracic Fractures: Impact Direction Thoracolumbar Fractures: Impact Direction Number All Fractures Rearward Axial Force Only Number 3 All Fractures Rearward Impact T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Level 0 T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 Level
32 Results Data Segregation Study of thoracic and thoraco- lumbar fractures Fractures resulting from rearward impacts 22 cases (drivers injured) 13 incidents of thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures» 19 levels fractured
33 Results Fracture Classification: Comprehensive Classification System Gertzbein in Controversies in Spine Surgery Vol 1, 1999
34 Results Fracture Type by Direction of Impact Frontal Rearward Type B2 Flexion Axial Compression Type A1 Axial Compression
35 Results Classification of Fractures from Rearward Impacts All Type A Vertebral Body Compression Group 1 Impaction Fracture -11 Subgroup 1 End Plate Infraction 4 Subgroup 3 Wedge impaction - 7 Group 3 Burst Fracture Subgroup 1 Partial burst - 2
36 The Injury FRACTURE SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION Type 1: Vertebral compression without deformity Only present on MRI seen best in T2 sagittal
37 The Injury Type 2: <10% Comp; <15
38 Type 3: >10%<30% compression;>15 <30 The Injury 26% & 27 * 38% & 14 Type 4: 30% 30 ± posterior injury
39 The Injury Type 6: Fracture dislocation T12 Burst Fracture >50% compression Type 5: Burst Fracture
40 Results Injury Severity Severity vs. Direction T11 - L1 T-3-9 T11 - L1 Overall Severity forward rearward axial T-3-9 Overall Severity forward rearward axial T T11 - L
41 The Focus REARWARD IMPACTS 67% of the injuries 63% levels injured 2.9 ave.severity index (frontal = 4.8) Large database
42 Accident Analysis Analysis of Crash Videos and ADR data + x g s = 60 -z g s = 25 Δ V = 68 mph
43 Accident Analysis A Group 1 Type 4
44 Accident Analysis ADR 2 Data 13 incidents of rearward impact with Th and T/L spinal fractures Average ΔV G s x z
45 Barrier Impact Test 50 mph cv (80kph) ; +x g s = z g s = 44.6 Pelvic displacement = 4.7 inches
46 Driver Position in Race Car MEASUREMENTS Driver height Below roll hoop Forward of roll hoop Faceplate to steering wheel Chest to steering wheel Height above surround at visor pivot HANS to helmet
47 V H Visor P Chest Height 69.1 Rollbar V 14.8 Rollbar H 7.8 Pivot 2.0 Visor 13.2 Chest 13.6 HANS 1.1 HANS to Helmet
48 Spinal Contour Spine X-rays in tub with and without HANS in 4 orientations
49 Spinal Contour X-ray acquisition and analysis
50 Spinal Contour Normal Th Kyphosis T10 L2 0 Lumbar Lordosis Seated in race car Th Kyphosis 59 T10 L2 +17 (kyphosis) Lumbar Lordosis -5-40
51 Spinal Contour SEAT CONTOUR and ALIGNMENT
52 Seat Contours
53 HYGE Sled Testing ATD CALIBRATION & VALIDATION THOR Hybrid III
54 HYGE Sled Testing New Sled Buck designed and built to accommodate THOR Variable seat back angle Thigh torso angle Complete visibility of ATD HyG Sled buck for THOR and variable seat back angle and thigh torso angle
55 SledChk Rev IRL Rear Impact, Pulse 107, THOR Std Pulse: PlsI107 ATD Position: Buck/All Positions Test# IS56F031 Test Type: Frontal Sled Time [Sec] Released By: WT Process Date: (+)Le Re Accel. Max.: 2.2[G's] Time of Max.Acc: [Sec] Le Re Accel. Min.: -73.3[G's] Time of Min.Acc: [Sec] (*)Std Pulse Accel. Max.: 0.0[G's] Time of Max.Acc: [Sec] Std Pulse Accel. Min.: -82.1[G's] Time of Min.Acc: [Sec] CAC: CFC60 THOR N6060FtRLft 8010 RVHIC15S 41 HIC36S Ili Cht A CtLd 3S lti SAEJ1727 3S ThorFtLowerSpine Rev ThorFtLowerSpine Rev Rear Impact Sled Test With 6pt Belts ATD Type: THOR ATD Position: Front Row Left Test# IS66F010 Test Type: Frontal Sled Rear Impact Sled Test With 6pt Belts ATD Type: THOR ATD Position: Front Row Left Test# IS66F010 Test Type: Frontal Sled Time [Sec] Time [Sec] Filter Class: Released By: M.Shipp Process Date: (X)-Force X Max.: 1.326E+02[N] Time of Max. X: [Sec] (X)-Force X Min.: E+03[N] Time of Min. X.: [Sec] (+)-Force Y Max.: 4.087E+02[N] Time of Max. Y: [Sec] (+)-Force Y Min.: E+03[N] Time of Min. Y.: [Sec] (*)-Force Z Max.: 8.218E+02[N] Time of Max. Z: [Sec] (*)-Force Z Min.: E+04[N] Time of Min. Z.: [Sec] CAC: Filter Class: CFC1000 Released By: M.Shipp Process Date: (X)-Force X Max.: 3.503E+02[N] Time of Max. X: [Sec] (X)-Force X Min.: E+03[N] Time of Min. X.: [Sec] (+)-Force Y Max.: 7.912E+01[N] Time of Max. Y: [Sec] (+)-Force Y Min.: E+02[N] Time of Min. Y.: [Sec] (*)-Force Z Max.: 2.367E+03[N] Time of Max. Z: [Sec] (*)-Force Z Min.: E+04[N] Time of Min. Z.: [Sec] CAC: CFC1000 Page of Test# IS66F010 Page of Test# IS66F010 HYGE Sled Testing T-8_X_Y_Z [N] 8360N Thor T8 Load Cell T-12_X_Y_Z [N] 80g s +x Page of Test# IS56F031 Indy Car Rear Impact Pulse 8430N Thor T12 Load Cell Sled_X [G's]
56 Computer Modeling COMPUTER MODELING Validation and refinement Integration of known parameters Acquisition of software Sled Model integration Model Behavior with variable modification Review past work SAE papers on FE model Schmidt Thesis Model refinement Model development
57 Computer Modeling Full MADYMO FE HBM Unable to allow IndyCar Seating position (SAE ) MADYMO Facet Model Adapted to position of the reclined driver posture Reliable at high g s MADYMO Facet Human Body Model
58 Computer Modeling Facet Model demonstrated large z loads at all vertebral levels with applied pulse in the +x direction
59 HBM Positioning HBM Positioning by Rotating the Whole body Pre-positioned HBM From TASS
60 Result Analysis Overall Occupant Kinematics HBM Positioning by Rotating the Whole body Pre-positioned HBM From TASS Movie
61 Result Analysis Overall Occupant Kinematics HBM Positioning by Rotating the Whole body Pre-positioned HBM From TASS Movie
62 Result Analysis Overall Occupant Kinematics T=0ms T=3ms T=6ms T=35ms Note: All vertebrae are made of rigid elements, no deformation, no stress and strain outputs
63 Result Analysis Acceleration Comparison The acceleration curves from the THOR dummy sled test only as a reference point for the HBM responses. THOR dummy math model outputs expected to match dummy sled test outputs The HBM outputs not expected to match those of the THOR dummy sled test or dummy math model General trend of HBM accelerations reasonable Rock-and-roll spinal motion resulting in unrealistic pelvis acc
64 Result Analysis Numerical Stability Pre-positioned model becoming unstable after 35ms Excessive element deformation Penetrations among the internal organs, the skeleton and the skin Elbow joint dislocation
65 THUMS Computer Modeling Total Human Model for Safety Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratory
66 Validation Toyota FIA Modeling Project Cooperative with THUMS
67 Discussion PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Load required to produce fracture Effect of rate of application Effect of position Degree of flexion Superior endplate failed most commonly Wedging
68 Discussion Loads to failure for Endplate and Vertebral Body were rate dependant Higher velocity loading resulted in increased likelihood of fracture Loads from 2500N N Thoracic Vertebral Fractures 4200N 7600N Dependent on the age of the specimen
69 Discussion Type and Severity of Fx Force Magnitude Point of application Rate of application Associated moment Direction +x (rearward) -y (axial compression) Effect of loading rate on endplate and vertebral body strength in human lumbar vertebrae Ochia, R., Tencer, A. & Ching, R. Journal of Biomechanics 36 (2003)
70 Discussion Major Injury Vector Major Injury Vector Compression loading of the end plate z axis (axial) Fracture types from rearward impacts are variants of axial loading with some flexion moment
71 Discussion EJECTION SEAT INJURY STUDIES Biomechanics of fracture Load path z axis Magnitude of load >20 g s Rise time (rate) Crash pulse Canon shell Rocket motor Spatial orientation of the vertebral column out of position spinal flexion Dampening effect of the seat material Eccentric Load vs Facet Rotation * **
72 Discussion Common Factors ejection vs. race car Fracture type Fracture severity Anatomical location Mid Thoracic Upper Lumbar Posture at impact Out of position Indy Car posture
73 Discussion EJECTION SEAT INJURIES Spatial Orientation Normal contours Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis Straight spine Thigh Trunk angle 135 Pelvis anchored INJURY LEVELS Mid thoracic spine Compression Fractures less likely when spine extended Thoracolumbar contour preserved
74 Discussion Risk of Fracture Reduced Maintaining physiologic posture Contact with seat back Altered position of ejection lever Anchoring pelvis Thigh torso angle 135 Reducing rate of force application <20g s Limiting rise time with rocket Seat cushion material
75 Discussion Results of Previous Modeling Optimum Position for Rearward Impact
76 Discussion Driver Kinematics Forward rotation of torso Out of position seating Ramping phenomenon Video analysis Rear impact barrier test HYGE sled tests Viano effect
77 Discussion Compressive Loads Ramping with inertial loading Torso rise Frontal rise on impact Straightening of thoracic kyphosis Viano data VIANO EFFECT: Impact applied to the thoracic kyphosis resulted in straightening of the spine and a compressive load on the spine remote from the point of force application
78 Discussion THOR in HYGE Sled z (axial) loads produced in rearward impact (+x) T8 and T12 load cells Ramping Model Validation
79 Discussion Seated Position Upright seated posture in aircraft ejection and preservation of physiologic contours reduced fracture risk
80 The Mechanism Seating Position Confirmed by xray analysis and seat contour
81 Discussion Environmental Limitations Cockpit /Monocoque dimensions fixed Maximum driver height below roll hoop Driver size Anthropometry Height 67.9 inches Weight 164.5# Seated height 35.2 in
82 Discussion Variation in Fx Level Load Path ADR shows -z loads Rear crash test high z loads (compressive) Injuries consistent with z loading Rear Crash test demonstrated chassis buckling and rise
83 Discussion Variation in Fx Level Load Path ADR shows -z loads Rear crash test high z loads (compressive) Injuries consistent with z loading Rear Crash test demonstrated chassis buckling and rise
84 Discussion Variation in Fx Level Load Path ADR shows -z loads Rear crash test high z loads (compressive) Injuries consistent with z loading Rear Crash test demonstrated chassis buckling and rise
85 Conclusions Spinal fractures occurrence increasing 8.5% to 21% 71.4% in rearward impacts (+x) All fractures MIV is in z axis (axial compression)
86 Conclusions Rearward (+x) impact generates a compressive (z) in the driver s spine ADR-2 chassis accelerometer (z) ADR-2 ear accelerometer (z) Barrier Impact test with Hybrid III ATD HYGE sled test with THOR ATD MADYMO Facet HBM Load is sufficient to produce fracture 6000N or 20g s vertical
87 Conclusions X-ray Analysis of Driver in Car Loss of normal spinal contours Loss of lumbar and cervical lordosis Accentuated Thoracic Kyphosis Thoracolumbar kyphosis Pre loads vertebral endplate Hydrostatic property of intervertebral disc
88 Conclusions Development of Spinal Compressive (z) loads is multifactoral Spinal alignment Ramping of the torso Viano effect Frontal rise of vehicle during impact
89 Conclusions Interaction of torso with the seat Material characteristics Energy management Variable density Control ramping Pelvic anchorage Promote/maintain lumbar lordosis
90 Conclusions Goal of Study to reduce Compressive loading of 6500 N Vertical g s < 20 g s
91 HYGE Sled Testing New Sled Buck designed and built to accommodate THOR Variable seat back angle Thigh torso angle Complete visibility of ATD HyG Sled buck for THOR and variable seat back angle and thigh torso angle
92 Seat Modification EPP 1.76# IS64f030 66F012 Drilled IS66F013 67F012 EAR foam added IS68F025 With pelvic void IS68F028
93 Seat Modification EEP 1.76# with carve out IS72F022 With EPS 1.5# IS72F024 Posterior Void filled IS72F25-26 Carbon Kevlar unsupported ISbF024
94 Seat Modification Hyge Sled Testing Rearward impact Test No. T1 G's Z T8 Z (N) 8 MnY (Nm T12 Z (N) T12 MnY (Nm) IS64F IS65F IS66F IS66F011 x IS66F IS66F IS67F IS68F IS68F IS69F IS69F IS6BF
95 Progress Report Past Testing and Analysis EPS and EPP testing Seat back too stiff (hard) Unable to manage energy Ramping Thoracic straightening Loads in excess of limits Drilled out seat to soften Results improved Belt Geometry alterations 7 point most effective
96 Progress Report Testing in February 2007 Proof of Concept Carbon Kevlar Shell Foam backed Reduced loads T8 z s = 7500 T12 z s = 4700 Excessive excursion Available space ~ 2 in
97 Progress Report Testing in June 2007 New Bracket design All restraint harness anchor points out of position relative to ATD Invalid tests!
98 Progress Report Testing in August sled runs EPS seats from Mk 1 Corrugated EPP seats from Createc Modular backing Fenestrated Corrugated
99 Progress Report Results: Data wouldn t trend T8 & T12 loads remarkable similar regardless of condition Unpredictable effects of seat modification
100 Progress Report Analysis of Results ATD unsupported by seatback Lack of contact due to error in original seat molding - pour Original mold used to form all subsequent seats All tests to date unrepresentative of actual event
101 The Problem New Spine Fx s in IRL 2 IPS 2 Champ Car
102 Progress Report New seat mold made for THOR Bald Spot / Createc and Mk-1 have use of mold Both have fabricated new seats with accurate fit to THOR Carbon Kevlar shell EPS and EPP backing and seats
103 Progress Report Sled Testing at CAPE (preliminary results) 6 rearward runs BSS - 1.7# EPP Mk # EPS BSS - 1.0# EPS Mk # EPS with Carbon Shell Mk EPS beads All performed below fracture threshold, issues with motion and undesirable loading
104 Progress Report
105 Progress Report T8 X (N) T8 Z (N) T8 MnY (Nm) T12 X (N) T12 Z (N)
106 Progress Report Summary Injury mechanism validated Clinical review, sled test analysis, THUMS Seating platform design Seat parameters defined Softer seat with better energy management to capture pelvis and prevent ramping Design to lessens loads below threshold as yet unidentified
107 Guidelines Obtain Seat from either Bald Spot Sports or Mark 1 Composites DO NOT MAKE IT YOURSELF from 2 part foam Don t press yourself into the mold when making seat try to maintain normal contour
108 Desired Seat Contour
109 Guidelines 2 inch minimum thickness of the back 1 inch minimum thickness of the bottom High friction surface Don t cover the seat with glossy duct tape
110 Guidelines Restraints Use a 7 th center belt Use the Schroth HANS 2 over 3 shoulder belts (HANS goes between the belts) Protect your knees Pad the forward side of the dash bulkhead
111 Goal of Project
112 Goal of Project
113 Goal of Project A Happy Ending
114 The End
INVESTIGATION OF LOWER SPINE COMPRESSION FRACTURES IN FRONTAL CRASHES
INVESTIGATION OF LOWER SPINE COMPRESSION FRACTURES IN FRONTAL CRASHES Rodney W. Rudd, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Company Logo Here Overview Lower spine includes: 10 th through 12 th
More informationStudy on Structural Behaviour of Human Vertebral Column Using Staad.Pro
Study on Structural Behaviour of Human Vertebral Column Using Staad.Pro Healtheephan alexis. S Post graduate student, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641 013 healtheephan@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
More informationSAE / Government Meeting. Washington, D.C. May 2005
SAE / Government Meeting Washington, D.C. May 2005 Overview of the Enhancements and Changes in the CIREN Program History of Phase One Established 1997 (7 centers) Four Federal centers Three GM centers
More informationWheelchair Back Supports
Wheelchair Back Supports Mark R. Schmeler, MS, OTR/L, ATP Mary Ellen Buning, MS, OTR, ATP Center for Assistive Technology, UPMC Health System Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology University
More informationSafety performance comparisons of different types of child seats in high speed impact tests
Safety performance comparisons of different types of child seats in high speed impact tests Jia Hu Dazhi Wang Michael Mellor Guoqiang Chen Dayong Wang Zheng Li Yongguang Wang Xing Su Jianyong Ma Xiaodong
More informationEvaluation and Treatment of Spine Fractures. Lara C. Portmann, MSN, ACNP-BC
Evaluation and Treatment of Spine Fractures Lara C. Portmann, MSN, ACNP-BC Nurse Practitioner, Neurosurgery, Trauma Services, Intermountain Medical Center; Salt Lake City, Utah Objectives: Identify the
More informationCIREN Improved Injury Causation Coding Methods; An Initial Review
CIREN Improved Injury Causation Coding Methods; An Initial Review Mark Scarboro, NHTSA This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright in the United States; it may be used or reprinted
More informationDOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMATION
AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUREAU DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMATION Title and Subtitle Development of an Anti-Whiplash Seat Authors Michael Yuen, Mr. Lynne E. Bilston, Dr. Performing Organisation The Prince
More informationENHANCEMENT OF SEAT PERFORMANCE IN LOW-SPEED REAR IMPACT
ENHANCEMENT OF SEAT PERFORMANCE IN LOW-SPEED REAR IMPACT Harald Zellmer Michael Stamm Alexander Seidenschwang Autoliv GmbH, Elmshorn, Germany Anton Brunner Winterthur Insurance Corp., Dep. of Accident
More informationVolvo Trucks view on Truck Rollover Accidents
Volvo Trucks view on Truck Rollover Accidents Mario Ligovic, Volvo Truck Corporation, Göteborg, Sweden INTRODUCTION Rollover is the most common heavy truck accident type. Experiencing a rollover is like
More informationQ dummy family. Fahrzeugsicherheit Berlin e.v. Robert Kant, Christian Kleessen (Humanetics)
Computational models of Q dummy family Ines Lehmann, Heiko Johannsen (VFSB) Robert Kant, Christian Kleessen (Humanetics) Protection of children hld in cars, December 2 3, 2010, Munich Fahrzeugsicherheit
More informationRear Impact Dummy Biofidelity
GTR 7 Informal Working Group February 28 March 1 211 Brussels, Belgium Rear Impact Dummy Biofidelity Kevin Moorhouse, Ph.D. NHTSA Yun-Seok Kang Ohio State University Objectives & Tasks Evaluate biofidelity
More informationGuide for the use of HANS in international motor sport The HANS (Head And Neck Support) head restraint Issue: 05/01/2005 1. Choosing a HANS HANS devices exist not only in different sizes but with different
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College Ninth Edition Human Anatomy & Physiology C H A P T E R 7 The Skeleton: Part B Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Vertebral
More informationMotorcycle accident reconstruction in VL Motion
Motorcycle accident reconstruction in VL Motion Presenter Nicola Cofelice ESR 14 AGENDA 1 Motorcycle accident reconstruction - Overview 2 Research progress 3 What s next? copyright LMS International -
More informationARP5765 : Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and Evaluation Prasanna Bhonge, PhD Cessna Aircraft Company Wichita, KS 7 August 2012
SAE Aircraft SEAT Committee ARP5765 : Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and Evaluation Prasanna Bhonge, PhD Cessna Aircraft Company Wichita, KS 7 August 2012 Industry group (including the FAA,
More informationSpine Anatomy and Spine General The purpose of the spine is to help us stand and sit straight, move, and provide protection to the spinal cord.
Spine Anatomy and Spine General The purpose of the spine is to help us stand and sit straight, move, and provide protection to the spinal cord. Normal List Kyphosis The human spine has 7 Cervical vertebra
More informationBiomechanics of the Lumbar Spine
Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine Biomechanics of the Spine 6 degrees of freedom Extension & Flexion Translation Rotation Compression & Distraction The disc/annulus/all/pll complex is the major restraint
More informationDetermining the Posture, Shape and Mobility of the Spine
Determining the Posture, Shape and Mobility of the Spine The World of Biomechanics Assessment of the Mobility Function Using a special Triple Cervical marker set comprising miniature ultrasound transmitters,
More informationA Systematic Approach for Improving Occupant Protection in Rollover Crashes
SAE 2011 Government / Industry Meeting A Systematic Approach for Improving Occupant Protection in Rollover Crashes Jingwen Hu, PhD University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute King H. Yang,
More informationMechanics of the Human Spine Lifting and Spinal Compression
Mechanics of the Human Spine Lifting and Spinal Compression Hamill and Knutzen: Chapter 7 Nordin and Frankel: Ch. 10 by Margareta Lindh Hall: Ch. 9 (more muscle anatomy detail than required) Low Back Pain
More informationVivian Gonzalez Gillian Lieberman, MD. January 2002. Lumbar Spine Trauma. Vivian Gonzalez, Harvard Medical School Year III Gillian Lieberman, MD
January 2002 Lumbar Spine Trauma Vivian Gonzalez, Harvard Medical School Year III Agenda Anatomy and Biomechanics of Lumbar Spine Three-Column Concept Classification of Fractures Our Patient Imaging Modalities
More information.org. Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. Cause. Description
Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Page ( 1 ) Spinal fractures can vary widely in severity. While some fractures are very serious injuries that require emergency treatment, other fractures can
More informationField Accident Data Analysis of 2 nd Row Children and Individual Case Reviews
Field Accident Data Analysis of 2 nd Row Children and Individual Case Reviews David C Viano, Chantal S Parenteau ProBiomechanics LLC SAE 2008-01 01-18511851 CSS 38% U 50% Front 45% Background Children
More informationPedestrian protection - Pedestrian in collision with personal car
Pedestrian protection - Pedestrian in collision with personal car Authors: Jiří Svoboda, Ing; Zdeněk Šolc, Ing. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automotive
More informationAssessment of Whiplash Protection in Rear Impacts. Crash Tests and Real-life Crashes
Assessment of Whiplash Protection in Rear Impacts Crash Tests and Real-life Crashes Maria Krafft, Anders Kullgren Folksam Anders Lie, Claes Tingvall Swedish National Road Administration June 24 Summary
More informationBiomechanics of the Neck in Rear Impacts for improved Seat Design
Biomechanics of the Neck in Rear Impacts for improved Seat Design Dr.-Ing. Tjark Kreuzinger Regulatory & Technical Affairs Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA Studiedag BEPALING VAN MENSELIJKE SCHADE DOOR SLINGERLETSELS
More informationThoracolumbar Fratures R1: 胡 家 瑞 指 导 老 师 : 吴 轲 主 任
Thoracolumbar Fratures R1: 胡 家 瑞 指 导 老 师 : 吴 轲 主 任 Patient Data Name: 苏 XX Gender: Female Age:47 years old Admission date: 2010.06.09 Chief complaint Fell down from 4-54 5 meter tree and lead to lumbosacral
More informationProposing a 2D Dynamical Model for Investigating the parameters Affecting Whiplash Injuries
Proposing a 2D Dynamical Model for Investigating the parameters Affecting Whiplash Injuries Seyed Mohammad Rajaai i, and Mohammad H Farahani ii ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a 2D dynamical model for evaluating
More informationBioRID II Dummy Model Development -- Influence of Parameters in Validation and Consumer Tests
9 th International LS-DYNA Users Conference Crash/Safety (2) BioRID II Dummy Model Development -- Influence of Parameters in Validation and Consumer Tests S. Stahlschmidt*, B. Keding*, U. Franz*, A. Hirth**
More informationOn Predicting Lower Leg Injuries. for the EuroNCAP Front Crash
On Predicting Lower Leg Injuries for the EuroNCAP Front Crash Thomas Hofer, Altair Engineering GmbH Peter Karlsson, Saab Automobile AB Niclas Brännberg, Altair Engineering AB Lars Fredriksson, Altair Engineering
More informationA multi-body head and neck model for low speed rear impact analysis
12th IFToMM World Congress, Besançon (France), June18-21, 27 A multi-body head and neck model for low speed rear impact analysis S. Himmetoglu *, M. Acar, A.J. Taylor, K. Bouazza-Marouf Mechanical and
More informationThe safety of child wheelchair occupants in road passenger vehicles
TRL Report TRL667 The safety of child wheelchair occupants in road passenger vehicles C Visvikis, M Le Claire, O Goodacre, A Thompson and J Carroll The safety of child wheelchair occupants in road passenger
More informationCRASH PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN IN AMBULANCES Recommendations and Procedures* Marilyn J. Bull, M.D., Kathleen Weber, Judith Talty, Miriam Manary
CRASH PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN IN AMBULANCES Recommendations and Procedures* Marilyn J. Bull, M.D., Kathleen Weber, Judith Talty, Miriam Manary A joint project of the Indiana University School of Medicine
More informationSpine Trauma: When to Transfer. Alexander Ching, MD Director, Orthopaedic Spine Trauma OHSU
Spine Trauma: When to Transfer Alexander Ching, MD Director, Orthopaedic Spine Trauma OHSU Disclosures Depuy Spine Consultant (teaching and courses) Department education and research funds Atlas Spine
More informationCOMPARISON OF BIORID INJURY CRITERIA BETWEEN DYNAMIC SLED TESTS AND VEHICLE CRASH TESTS
COMPARISON OF BIORID INJURY CRITERIA BETWEEN DYNAMIC SLED TESTS AND VEHICLE CRASH TESTS David A. Aylor David S. Zuby Insurance Institute for Highway Safety United States Paper No. 11-235 ABSTRACT The Insurance
More informationSEAT BELT Installation Manual
SEAT BELT Installation Manual You have purchase a premium set of Simpson Seat Belts. They are designed with attention to detail, just like your entire Simpson safety system. WARNING: THIS ARTICLE IS SOLD
More informationBiomechanical Analysis of the Deadlift (aka Spinal Mechanics for Lifters) Tony Leyland
Biomechanical Analysis of the Deadlift (aka Spinal Mechanics for Lifters) Tony Leyland Mechanical terminology The three directions in which forces are applied to human tissues are compression, tension,
More informationWHIPLASH INJURIES, NOT ONLY A PROBLEM IN REAR-END IMPACT
WHIPLASH INJURIES, NOT ONLY A PROBLEM IN REAR-END IMPACT Hans Cappon Michiel van Ratingen Jac Wismans TNO Automotive The Netherlands Wolf Hell and Dina Lang German Institute for Vehicle Safety (GDV) Germany
More informationSkeletal System. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column and Ribs
Skeletal System Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column and Ribs Functions Regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Primary & secondary curvatures There are three major functions of the vertebral column. First,
More informationDigges 1 INJURIES TO RESTRAINED OCCUPANTS IN FAR-SIDE CRASHES. Kennerly Digges The Automotive Safety Research Institute Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
INJURIES TO RESTRAINED OCCUPANTS IN FAR-SIDE CRASHES Kennerly Digges The Automotive Safety Research Institute Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Dainius Dalmotas Transport Canada Ottawa, Canada Paper Number
More information40,46 16,22 16,25. no fx thoracic sp. Fx lumbar spine. no fx lumbar. spine
Spine injuries in motor vehicle accidents an analysis of 34188 injured front passengers with special consideration of injuries of the thoracolumbar in relation to injury mechanisms C. W. Müller, D. Otte,
More informationCORRELATION OF VEHICLE AND ROADSIDE CRASH TEST INJURY CRITERIA
CORRELATION OF VEHICLE AND ROADSIDE CRASH TEST INJURY CRITERIA Douglas Gabauer Rowan University United States Robert Thomson Chalmers University Sweden Paper Number 5-3 ABSTRACT The vehicle safety and
More informationGuidelines for Use of Secondary Postural Support Devices by Wheelchair Users During Travel in Motor Vehicles
Guidelines for Use of Secondary Postural Support Devices by Wheelchair Users During Travel in Motor Vehicles Many individuals who use wheelchairs for mobility require the use of postural support or control
More informationCervical-Spine Injuries: Catastrophic Injury to Neck Sprain. Seth Cheatham, MD
Cervical-Spine Injuries: Catastrophic Injury to Neck Sprain Seth Cheatham, MD 236 Seth A. Cheatham, MD VCU Sports Medicine I have no financial disclosures Contact sports, specifically football, places
More informationBiomechanics of Lifting and Lower Back Pain S.N. Robinovitch
Biomechanics of Lifting and Lower Back Pain S.N. Robinovitch Outline Epidemiology of lower back pain Strength of spinal segments Lifting models: muscle and intervertebral joint forces (compression and
More informationAvoid The Dreaded Back Injury by Proper Lifting Techniques
Avoid The Dreaded Back Injury by Proper Lifting Techniques If you ve ever strained your back while lifting something, you ll know the importance of lifting safely. Agenda Introduction About the Back The
More informationSTUDY OF COMPRESSION-RELATED LUMBAR SPINE FRACTURE CRITERIA USING A FULL BODY FE HUMAN MODEL
STUDY OF COMPRESSION-RELATED LUMBAR SPINE FRACTURE CRITERIA USING A FULL BODY FE HUMAN MODEL Ning Zhang Jay Zhao Takata (TK Holdings) United States Paper Number 13-288 ABSTRACT A detailed lumbar spine
More informationBest Practice Guide 2007. Vehicle Ergonomics Best Practice Guide
Best Practice Guide 2007 Vehicle Ergonomics Best Practice Guide Introduction About 80% of us will experience back pain at some stage in our lives. A number of work and leisure activities can contribute
More informationMechanism of Injury 1
Mechanism of Injury 1 Objectives At the end of this lecture the participant will be able to: Describe the importance of the mechanism of injury in history taking of the trauma patient. Identify patterns
More informationCervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Associated with Kyphosis or Sagittal Sigmoid Alignment: Outcome after Anterior or Posterior Decompression
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Associated with Kyphosis or Sagittal Sigmoid Alignment: Outcome after Anterior or Posterior Decompression 1 Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine November 2009, Volume 11, pp.
More information1 REVISOR 5223.0070. (4) Pain associated with rigidity (loss of motion or postural abnormality) or
1 REVISOR 5223.0070 5223.0070 MUSCULOSKELETAL SCHEDULE; BACK. Subpart 1. Lumbar spine. The spine rating is inclusive of leg symptoms except for gross motor weakness, bladder or bowel dysfunction, or sexual
More informationUS FMVSS 202 Final Rule
Comparison of Regulations FMVSS 202 (Current standard, Final Rule, and ) A. Application 1. Vehicles Front outboard seating positions in passenger cars, MPVs and trucks with a GVWR 4536 kg 2. Requirements
More informationImpact Kinematics of Cyclist and Head Injury Mechanism in Car to Bicycle Collision
Impact Kinematics of Cyclist and Head Injury Mechanism in Car to Bicycle Collision Tadasuke Katsuhara, Hiroshi Miyazaki, Yuichi Kitagawa, Tsuyoshi Yasuki Abstract The number of cyclist fatalities is the
More informationCompression Fractures
September 2006 Compression Fractures Eleanor Adams Harvard Medical School Year IV Overview Spine Anatomy Thoracolumbar Fractures Cases Compression Fractures, Ddx Radiologic Tests of Choice Treatment Options
More informationThorsten Adolph, Marcus Wisch, Andre Eggers, Heiko Johannsen, Richard Cuerden, Jolyon Carroll, David Hynd, Ulrich Sander
IRC-13-17 Analyses of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries in Frontal IRCOBI Impacts Conference 13 Thorsten Adolph, Marcus Wisch, Andre Eggers, Heiko Johannsen, Richard Cuerden, Jolyon Carroll, David Hynd,
More informationPatient Information. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery (ACDF).
Patient Information. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery (ACDF). Understanding your spine Disc Between each pair of vertebrae there is a disc that acts as a cushion to protect the vertebra,
More informationNecessary Components of Whiplash Injuries
A STUDY OF CURRENT NECK INJURY CRITERIA USED FOR WHIPLASH ANALYSIS. PROPOSAL OF A NEW CRITERION INVOLVING UPPER AND LOWER NECK LOAD CELLS. D. Muñoz 1, A. Mansilla 1,2, F. López-Valdés 1,2. R. Martín 1
More informationComplications in Adult Deformity Surgery
Complications in Adult Deformity Surgery Proximal Junctional Kyphosis: Thoracolumbar and Cervicothoracic Sigurd Berven, MD Professor in Residence UC San Francisco Disclosures Research/Institutional Support:
More informationInfo. from the nurses of the Medical Service. LOWER BACK PAIN Exercise guide
Info. from the nurses of the Medical Service LOWER BACK PAIN Exercise guide GS/ME 03/2009 EXERCISE GUIDE One of the core messages for people suffering with lower back pain is to REMAIN ACTIVE. This leaflet
More informationABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED INJURY CRITERIA WITH VARIOUS DUMMIES TO DETERMINE THEIR ABILITY TO PREDICT THE LEVELS OF SOFT TISSUE NECK INJURY SEEN IN REAL WORLD ACCIDENTS Frank Heitplatz Raimondo
More informationInjury Prevention for the Back and Neck
Injury Prevention for the Back and Neck www.csmr.org We have created this brochure to provide you with information regarding: Common Causes of Back and Neck Injuries and Pain Tips for Avoiding Neck and
More informationObjectives. Spinal Fractures: Classification Diagnosis and Treatment. Level of Fracture. Neuro exam Muscle Grading
Objectives Spinal Fractures: Classification Diagnosis and Treatment Johannes Bernbeck,, MD Review and apply the understanding of incidence and etiology of VCF. Examine conservative and operative management
More informationDynamic Analysis of Child in Misused CRS During Car Accident
Dynamic Analysis of Child in Misused CRS During Car Accident T. KOIZUMI, N. TSUJIUCHI, and R. KAWAMURA Department of Mechanical Engineering Doshisha University Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321 JAPAN Abstract
More information2016 Evolocity High Schools competition Technical regulations
2016 Evolocity High Schools competition Technical regulations (Amended gratefully from Greenpower F24 regulations, UK) MULTI (3 + )WHEELED VEHICLES All vehicles are subject to scrutineering and compete
More informationACTIVE SEATING FOR PEOPLE WITH A KYPHOTIC SPINE. - backrest cushion for the kyphotic spine
ACTIVE SEATING FOR PEOPLE WITH A KYPHOTIC SPINE - backrest cushion for the kyphotic spine Netti Kyphotic is designed for users who require optimum stabilization of their spinal curvature. The upholstery
More informationMinor Vehicle Collision and Injury Analysis. André M. Loyd, Ph.D. Biomechanical Engineer
Minor Vehicle Collision and Injury Analysis André M. Loyd, Ph.D. Biomechanical Engineer Personal Bio Education Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic - Helmets and Neck Guards in Hockey Ph.D. and
More informationSpinal Anatomy. * MedX research contends that the lumbar region really starts at T-11, based upon the attributes of the vertebra.
Spinal Anatomy Overview Neck and back pain, especially pain in the lower back, is one of the most common health problems in adults. Fortunately, most back and neck pain is temporary, resulting from short-term
More informationLife Changing Spinal Innovation. Product Catalog. Upper & Lower Spinal Orthotics
Life Changing Spinal Innovation Product Catalog Upper & Lower Spinal Orthotics OVER 25 YEARS of Research & Development Aspen Medical Products is a leader in the development of innovative spinal bracing
More informationSafety and Construction Requirements for Pre 1978 Schedules K, T&C and CR. Part One. Part Two
Section Seven - Schedule AA Safety and Construction Requirements for Pre 1978 Schedules K, T&C and CR. Contents Part One Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8
More informationHELPFUL HINTS FOR A HEALTHY BACK
HELPFUL HINTS FOR A HEALTHY BACK 1. Standing and Walking For correct posture, balance your head above your shoulders, eyes straight ahead, everything else falls into place. Try to point toes straight ahead
More informationBODY BODY PEDICLE PEDICLE TRANSVERSE TRANSVERSE PROCESS PROCESS
Learning Objective Radiology Anatomy of the Spine and Upper Extremity Identify anatomic structures of the spine and upper extremities on standard radiographic and cross-sectional images Timothy J. Mosher,
More informationMaking motorcycle helmets safer I N C T I N S T I V E. PlaquetteAnglaise.indd 1 5/12/06 17:13:50
Making motorcycle helmets safer SAFETY SHARK OT E R C P T I V E I N C T I N S T PlaquetteAnglaise.indd 1 5/12/06 17:13:50 Shark integrates safety into its helmets in this sequential way: 1. SAFETY RESEARCH
More informationLumbar Spine Anatomy. eorthopod.com 228 West Main St., Suite D Missoula, MT 59802-4345 Phone: 406-721-3072 Fax: 406-721-2619 info@eorthopod.
A Patient s Guide to Lumbar Spine Anatomy 228 West Main St., Suite D Missoula, MT 59802-4345 Phone: 406-721-3072 Fax: 406-721-2619 info@eorthopod.com DISCLAIMER: The information in this booklet is compiled
More informationLumbar Spondylolisthesis or Anterolisthesis Patient Educational Information
Lumbar Spondylolisthesis or Anterolisthesis Patient Educational Information What is a Spondylolisthesis or Anterolisthesis? Spondylolisthesis is a condition of the spine when one of the vertebra slips
More informationThoracic Spine Anatomy
A Patient s Guide to Thoracic Spine Anatomy 228 West Main, Suite C Missoula, MT 59802 Phone: info@spineuniversity.com DISCLAIMER: The information in this booklet is compiled from a variety of sources.
More informationA retrospective analysis of injuries among aircrew involved in helicopter accidents
Original Article A retrospective analysis of injuries among aircrew involved in helicopter accidents Dr Sasirajan Jeevarathinam*, Wg Cdr Narinder Taneja +, Sqn Ldr YS Dahiya** ABSTRACT Despite advancements
More informationMARTIN CHARLES HILLIER
HEAD ACCELERATION AND ASSOCIATED PAIN FELT IN THE NECK REGION DURING A SIMULATED AUTOMOBILE LOW VELOCITY REAR-END COLLISION AS A FUNCTION OF SEAT BACK ANGLE By MARTIN CHARLES HILLIER A THESIS PRESENTED
More informationSpine Injury and Back Pain in Sports
Spine Injury and Back Pain in Sports DAVID W. GRAY, MD 1 Back Pain Increases with Age Girls>Boys in Teenage years Anywhere from 15 to 80% of children and adolescents have back pain depending on the studies
More information2005 Chevrolet Cavalier Owner Manual M
2005 Chevrolet Cavalier Owner Manual M Seats and Restraint Systems... 1-1 Front Seats... 1-2 Rear Seats... 1-7 Safety Belts... 1-8 Child Restraints... 1-27 Airbag System... 1-46 Restraint System Check...
More informationDivisions of the Skeletal System
OpenStax-CNX module: m46344 1 Divisions of the Skeletal System OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this
More informationABSTRACT INJURY CRITERION TO ASSESS WHIPLASH INJURY IN FMVSS NO. 202 DYNAMIC TEST OPTION
KINEMATICALLY BASED WHIPLASH INJURY CRITERION Shashi Kuppa, James Saunders, Jason Stammen National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Ann Mallory Transportation Research Center Inc. U.S.A 05-0211 ABSTRACT
More informationPatient Information. Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery (LLIF).
Patient Information. Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery (LLIF). Understanding your spine Disc Between each pair of vertebrae there is a disc that acts as a cushion to protect the vertebra, allows
More informationContents. 1. What types of car restraints are available? 3. 2. Buying a car child seat- checklist 5. 3. Tips for fitting car seats 6
Child Car Safety Contents 1. What types of car restraints are available? 3 2. Buying a car child seat- checklist 5 3. Tips for fitting car seats 6 4. How to use car seats 6 5. Legislation for child safety
More informationPredicting throw distance variations in bicycle crashes
304 Int. J. Vehicle Safety, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2006 Predicting throw distance variations in bicycle crashes S. Mukherjee and A. Chawla* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
More informationSafe Lifting/Back Safety Training. Presented by Rita Gagnon Occupational Health Outreach Coordinator Benefis Health Systems 406-731-8328
Safe Lifting/Back Safety Training Presented by Rita Gagnon Occupational Health Outreach Coordinator Benefis Health Systems 406-731-8328 Risk Factors Involved with Manual Handling Tasks: Bending at Trunk
More informationProper Workstation Setup
Proper Workstation Setup A Step by Step Guide to help you organize your workstation and reduce the risk of injury Step 1 Review Work Habits Working in a stationary position for long periods will increase
More informationThoracic Injury Criterion for Frontal Crash Applicable to All Restraint Systems
Stapp Car Crash Journal, Vol. 47 (October 2003), pp. 323-348 Copyright 2003 The Stapp Association Stapp Car Crash Journal 2003-22-0015 Thoracic Injury Criterion for Frontal Crash Applicable to All Restraint
More informationTHE LUMBAR SPINE (BACK)
THE LUMBAR SPINE (BACK) At a glance Chronic back pain, especially in the area of the lumbar spine (lower back), is a widespread condition. It can be assumed that 75 % of all people have it sometimes or
More informationCHILD BOOSTER SEAT. Instructions for Installation & Use Series No. 4050/A/2013 IMPORTANT: KEEP THIS BOOK IN THE PLACE PROVIDED ON THE CHILD RESTRAINT
CHILD BOOSTER SEAT Instructions for Installation & Use Series No. 4050/A/2013 IMPORTANT: KEEP THIS BOOK IN THE PLACE PROVIDED ON THE CHILD RESTRAINT INDEX PAGE 3 4 6 7 9 10 14 19 21 22 INTRODUCTION WARNINGS
More informationThoracolumbar Spine Fractures. Outline. Outline. Holmes Criteria. Disclosure:
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures C. Craig Blackmore, MD, MPH Department of Radiology Virginia Mason Medical Center Affiliate Professor, University of Washington Disclosure: Book Royalties, Springer-Verlag
More informationSide Impact Causes Multiplanar Cervical Spine Injuries
Side Impact Causes Multiplanar Cervical Spine Injuries 1 The Journal of Trauma, Injury, infection and Critical Care Volume 63(6), December 2007, pp 1296-1307 Maak, Travis G. MD; Ivancic, Paul C. PhD; Tominaga,
More informationPILATES Fatigue Posture and the Medical Technology Field
PILATES Fatigue Posture and the Medical Technology Field Marybeth Kane May 2014 Course: 2014, Pacific Palisades, CA 1 ABSTRACT A medical laboratory scientist (MLS) (also referred to as a medical technologist
More informationMotor Vehicle Collision Form
Patients Name: Date: / / 1) Please choose the date of the MVC: / / 2) Please the time of the MVC: : am / pm 3) Please enter the number of vehicles involved in the MVC: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4) In dollars,
More informationIMPAIRMENT RATING 5 TH EDITION MODULE II
IMPAIRMENT RATING 5 TH EDITION MODULE II THE SPINE AND ALTERATION OF MOTION SEGMENT INTEGRITY (AOMSI) PRESENTED BY: RONALD J. WELLIKOFF, D.C., FACC, FICC In conjuction with: The chapter on the spine includes
More informationIntegrated Approach Of Ergonomics And Fem Into Truck Drivers Seat Comfort
Integrated Approach Of Ergonomics And Fem Into Truck Drivers Seat Comfort Kedar Chimote Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur, India. kedarchimote@gmail.com
More informationTHUMS User Community
THUMS User Community Project Overview Th. Fuchs 1, K. Zhou 1, Prof. Dr. S. Peldschus 1,2 1 Biomechanics Group, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich 2 Hochschule Furtwangen University Stuttgart,
More informationas modified by Flight Structures, Inc., will have novel or unusual design features associated with
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 09/30/2015 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2015-24727, and on FDsys.gov [4910-13] DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
More informationEffect of Loading Rate on Injury Patterns During High Rate Vertical Acceleration
Effect of Loading Rate on Injury Patterns During High Rate Vertical Acceleration Brian D. Stemper, PhD 1, Jamie L. Baisden, MD 1, Narayan Yoganandan, PhD 1, Frank A. Pintar, PhD 1, John DeRosia, PhD 1,
More informationPERFORMANCE OF SEATS WITH ACTIVE HEAD RESTRAINTS IN REAR IMPACTS
PERFORMANCE OF SEATS WITH ACTIVE HEAD RESTRAINTS IN REAR IMPACTS Liming Voo Bethany McGee Andrew Merkle Michael Kleinberger Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory United States of America
More information