Analytical and fast pyrolysis studies of lignin
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1 Analytical and fast pyrolysis studies of lignin Daniel J. Nowakowski and Anthony V. Bridgwater BERG, Aston University, Birmingham, UK International Biomass Valorisation Congress, Amsterdam, April 2010
2 Presentation content Part 1 Analytical pyrolysis of lignin Analytical pyrolysis using Py-GC-MS Quantification of pyrolysis products Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin Conclusions Part 2 Fast pyrolysis of Alcell lignin Modifications of 300 g/h rig and test runs Modifications of 100 g/h rig and test runs Conclusions and future work
3 Part 1 Analytical pyrolysis studies Varian CG-450 and 220-MS and FID system with liquid autosampler coupled with CDS 5000 Series pyrolyser Dual channel (column) system, with two factorfour 30 m columns MS NIST library ver Autosampler for liquid samples, 15 positions
4 CDS pyroprobe (Py-GC-MS) CDS Pyroprobe 5000 series coupled to MS-FID analyser Screening of pyrolytic decomposition products lignin and biomass Programmable pyrolysis to 1400ºC in 1ºC increments Heating rates programmable from 0.01ºC/min to 20,000ºC/sec, Pyrolysis time programmable from 0.01sec to min Auto multi-step pyrolysis Reactant gas option for pyrolysis (e.g. oxidative pyrolysis)
5 Analytical pyrolysis of lignin Sample size: ~ 1.0 mg of lignin. 20 mm quartz tubes used. Lignin samples were placed between quartz wool. The sample was pyrolysed in pyroprobe at a set point temperature range between 400 o C and 800 o C at a ramp rate of 20 o C/ms with the final dwell time of 15 s. At each temperature, two pyrolysis experiments were performed. The reported data was the average of the two experiments.
6 Quantification of pyrolysis products Py-GC-MS tests were performed using a CDS 5200 pyrolyser coupled to a Varian 450-GC gas chromatograph with Varian 220-MS mass spectrometer. GC column: Varian factorfour (14% cyanopropylphenyl, 86% dimethylpolysiloxane; 30 m, 0.25 mm id., 0.25 µm df). GC temperature program: 45 o C for 5 min - programmed at 5 o /min. to 250 o C - held for 5 min. The mass spectrometer: electron impact ionisation at 70 ev, with an interface temperature of 250 o C and mass range from 45 to 300. Main peaks assignments - from mass spectral detection (NIST05 MS library) and the retention time of the standard compounds.
7 GC standards used for quantification GC Standard used: phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, eugenol, vanillin, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 3-methylcatechol, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and syringaldehyde. Concentrated stock solution: 0.5 g of each individual compound, dissolved in 50 ml of GC grade ethanol. Aliquots of the µg/ml stock solution were then diluted to concentrations of 500, 800, 1200, 2000, 4000 µg/ml in ethanol. 1 µl of each diluted calibration standard solution was transferred to the glass wool in a pyrolysis quartz tube. The Pyroprobe was set to heat up to 280 o C with a heating rate of 100oC/min to evaporate the solution and introduced into GC column via Tenax trap.
8 Quantification results for Alcell lignin RT (min) Quantified compounds 400 o C 500 o C 600 o C 700 o C 800 o C Phenol Guaiacol Catechol methoxy-1,2-benzenediol Methoxy-4-vinylphenol Syringol Pyrogallol Vanillin Hydroxyvanillin Methoxyeugenol Other Total
9 Catalyst studies using Py-GC-MS Catalysts used: HZMS-5 Zirconium hydroxide, sulphated Zirconium hydroxide, sulphated / Formic acid Criterion CoMo-534 SO 4 2- / TiO 2 The same Py-GC-MS conditions were used as for lignin decomposition temperature studies. Pyrolysis temperature: 600 o C. No effect of applied catalysts on thermal decomposition of lignin was observed.
10 Conclusions from analytical pyrolysis of Alcell lignin The product distribution of lignin pyrolysis depends on pyrolysis temperature. The maximum yield of the phenolic compounds can be obtained at 600 o C for both lignins, which is higher than cellulose and whole biomass. At higher temperatures, demethylation, demethoxylation, decarboxylation and alkylation occurs, leading to the change of product distribution towards alkylphenol and polyhydroxybenzene. The yields of most of the compounds are less than 1%. For Alcell lignin, 5-hydroxyvanillin has the highest yield of 4.29%. For Asian lignin, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol has the highest yield of 4.15%.
11 Part 2 Fast pyrolysis studies Aston-BERG 300 g/h rig was used for the fast pyrolysis studies of Alcell lignin. Problem: Alcell lignin has a low melting point range of o C Diagram of the fluid bed rig before modification
12 Modifications of 300 g/h rig Diagram of the modification of the feeding system of the 300 g/h rig Blockage of the lignin feedstock in the screw groove Feeding rate of the lignin controlled by the rotation speed of the stirrer and the nitrogen flow rate Feeding rate: 1 g/min, 60 rpm Time: 5 min.
13 Modifications of 300 g/h reactor The thermocouple port in the reactor was used as a feeding port The lignin was introduced from the entrainment feeder into the feeding tube via one port of the tee connection Nitrogen was introduced into the feeding tube from rotameter via another port Inlet of lignin of the tee connection. Cooling water return Cooling water Inlet of blowing nitrogen
14 Test run after modification The free sand and the agglomerated sand after running the rig The feeding rate was 1.0 g/min. 150 g silica sand with a particle size of µm was used. Nitrogen flow rate for blowing the lignin into the reactor was 8 l/min. The flow rate of fluidising nitrogen was 8 l/min. After 4 minutes running, the sand was agglomerated at the bottom of the reactor, while the upper part remained free.
15 Schematic diagram of the bed after running the rig and temperature profile of reactor reactor temperature (oc) bed temperature freeboard temperature reaction time (min)
16 Modification of the 100 g/h rig for feeding lignin 300 g/h rig is heated using a slip-on heater with the maximum temperature of 600 o C Furnace used for 100 g/h rig can be heated up to 800 o C Modification: feeding from the side of 100 g/h reactor The test run was not successful The temperature was difficult to control Modifications applied to 100 g/h rig
17 Modifications of 100 g/h rig (incl. entrainment feeder and cooling top feeding tube) Feeding tube Cooling coil Fluidising gas tube
18 Test run after modification 150 g of sand was ( microns). Nitrogen flow: 6 l/min. Bed temperature: 600 o C Freeboard temperature: 580 o C The lignin powder can be fed into the reactor. However, no liquid products were collected. After ~10 minutes the feeding tube was blocked. The sand was relatively clean after the run. This indicates that most of the lignin did not reach the bed.
19 Further modifications of 100 g/h rig (new approach to lignin feeding) The lignin paste is prepared by mixing lignin and methanol with a mass ratio of 1:1. This paste is then compressed into the reactor from the top. This modification was successful and is being tested. Liquid samples have been produced and are being analysed Diagram of the 100 g/h fluid bed rig with new lignin feeding system
20 Further modifications of 100 g/h rig (new approach to lignin feeding, cont.) 100 g/h fluid bed rig with new lignin feeding system
21 Conclusions and future work In order to feed lignin, the feeding systems of 100 and 300 g/h rigs were modified and tested. A breakthrough has been made in the feeding method (paste use of methanol). Aston plans to do pyrolysis of Alcell lignin at different temperatures and reactive atmosphere and then quantify products of the pyrolysis oil. Future work for analytical pyrolysis will include oxidative pyrolysis studies of the thermal decomposition pathways of lignin (Py-GC-MS).
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