The American Civil War: A House Divided HOCPP 1181 Published: August, 2007

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2 Thank you for your purchase from In the Hands of a Child Your Premiere Lapbook Provider since 2002!! The American Civil War: A House Divided HOCPP 1181 Published: August, 2007 Authors: Katie Kubesh Niki McNeil Kimm Bellotto For information about other products available from In the Hands of a Child Call or visit our website at Entire contents of this Project Pack 2007 In the Hands of a Child Pierce Street Coloma, MI Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce student materials in this project pack for noncommercial individual or classroom use only. In the Hands of a Child gives permission for one copy of all written material to be copied and or printed. Classroom teachers have permission to reproduce one copy for each student in class. Members of co-ops or workshops have permission to reproduce one copy for up to 10 children per unit. Reproducible graphics may be reprinted as many times as needed. Permission is not granted for school wide or system wide reproduction of materials. 2 Page Printed in the USA.

3 Bringing Laughter and Learning Together In the Hands of a Child From the day we first began using and creating Project Packs we fell in love with them. We knew that this type of hands-on learning experience was just the thing that was needed to make boring unit studies not only educational but fun and exciting too! To help you get started with your Project Pack, we have included some of the most frequently asked questions we receive about our Project Packs. What is a Project Pack? A Project Pack contains both the activities and the lesson plans or research guide needed to complete the activities. Imagine your child not only learning about the life cycle of a butterfly, but also creating a cocoon of his or her own. Students don t just read the story, Blueberry Sal by Robert McCloskey- they enjoy a blue day complete with a recipe for blueberry pancakes, making a blue collage, and don t forget painting a blue picture! Why is this a better way to learn? How does this help me? Student learning improves when lessons incorporate hands-on projects or crafts. Children learn by doing. Project Packs put learning into their hands! The possibilities are endless when your student begins a lapbook with a Project Pack from In the Hands of a Child. There are no age or skill limits and any topic or subject can be worked into a Project Pack. When you purchase a Project Pack from In the Hands of a Child, all the work is done for you-the parent/teacher, but not for the student. In addition, Project Packs are easy to store, are an instant review tool, scrapbook, and a ready-made portfolio of all your student s studies. How do I make a Project Pack? A Project Pack is simply a file folder refolded into a shutter-style book. Open a file folder flat, fold each side into the middle and crease the fold neatly. There you have it! What supplies do I need? You need file folders, paper in different colors and weights*, your student s favorite coloring tools, tape, glue, scissors, and a stapler. *For a more colorful and appealing Project Pack, it is suggested you print some of the reproducible graphics on colorful, multi-purpose paper. We recommend 24# weight or cardstock. 3 P age

4 I have a Project Pack, NOW what? We hope you are delighted with your new purchase, we d like to share a few tips with you that we ve found beneficial to other customers. Here is a brief introduction to our product layout. Table of Contents Guide Core Concepts Graphics Folder Instructions Sample Pictures Each unit starts with a Table of Contents and is followed by a Research Guide. The Research Guide contains all of the lessons needed to complete the activities laid out in a chapter-like format. This format helps to build students listening, reading, and comprehension skills. Included in the Research Guide is a Bibliography, which also makes a great resource for finding information for any rabbit trails you may choose to follow during your study. Related books and websites are included in the Research Guide. Next, you will find a list of core concepts to be covered during the study, each of the concepts is represented by a graphic organizer or template. Each graphic organizer or template helps students take bite-sized pieces of information learned in the Research Guide and complete a hands-on activity to help retain that information. If you implement graded assignments in your curriculum the list of concepts will be essential for you, the parent/teacher, to know what to test the student on. Under each concept you will find the folding instructions for each of the graphic organizers or templates. Each one has a corresponding activity number to make following along easy. Reproducible graphics for the graphic organizers and templates follow. You may want to make a copy of each graphic for each student completing the unit. An instruction sheet for folding file folders and photos of sample lapbooks are included in the back section of each Project Pack. If you and your students are visual learners you will find the folder instructions and sample photos quite helpful. Project Packs from In the Hands of a Child make great stand-alone unit studies or can easily be added as a supplement to an existing curriculum. When using as a stand-alone product we recommend completing 2-3 activities per session (30-45 minutes). Start out by reading through 2-3 sections of the Research Guide and then complete the corresponding hands-on activities. The hands-on activities correlate to each section in the Research Guide. 4 P age

5 Vocabulary and Timeline activities do not have to be completed in one day. Vocabulary words can be learned throughout the entire study. We recommend that your student learn a few new vocabulary words each day or learn them as they are written in the Research Guide (all words in bold are vocabulary words). We also recommend Timeline activities be completed a little each day. Choose the vocabulary words and time periods you are going to add to your vocabulary books and timelines as you read them in the Research Guide. If you are working with young children or a group of children, cut out all of the graphics a day or two before beginning the lapbook and store them in a zip-top bag. It is also helpful to have all materials organized before beginning. All of our early childhood Project Packs include a full supplies list on one of the very first pages! Your student s completed Project Pack does not have to look like the photo featured at the end of the Pack. The photo is simply a reference to help you understand the folds and the process of putting the file folder together. If you run out of room or things do not fit, add another file folder or an extension! Allow children to take an active role in designing the layout of their project so that it becomes personal for them. The personalizing of their projects aids in the reinforcement of the study. Your students may choose to attach the various activities to their folders as each one is completed or they may choose to wait until all activities are completed and then attach them to the file folder. If you choose to do the latter, simply store the activities in a zip-top bag, expandable file, or folder until you are ready to assemble them in a file folder. Should you have any questions as you go about your study please do not hesitate to contact us, we are here to help you bring laughter and learning together in the Hands of Your Child!! Niki, Kimm, and Katie Niki can be reached at Niki@HandsofaChild.com or HANDS-01 Kimm can be reached at Kimm@HandsofaChild.com Katie can be reached at Katie@HandsofaChild.com 5 P age

6 Adapting a Project Pack to Fit the Needs of Your Student Adapting a Project or Research Pack is key to ensuring that you provide the best lesson for your student. At first glance, some might just skip over an activity because they feel it is too easy or too difficult for their student. We want you to use all the activities we provide they are easily adaptable! For example, if you have a PK-3 student the vocabulary activities might be difficult for him or her to complete. Here are some tips to help you adapt the activities that require your student to write: 1. Have your student dictate vocabulary words and their meanings as you write them. 2. Have your child draw a picture instead of writing. 3. You write the word or sentence first so your student can see how it is written (many of our Project Packs also include activities with dotted lines for easy copy work). 4. Practice. Practice. Practice. In the car, on a walk, in the shopping cart! Practice saying the vocabulary words and what they mean. Before you know it your preschooler will be telling others what those words mean! 5. Contact us. We would be happy to give you ideas for adapting specific units to a grade level. On the other hand, some of the activities may seem too easy for your student. Does your 5 th grade level student want to learn about butterflies, but the Project Pack seems too easy? Try it anyway; just change things up a bit to suit your student s grade level and skill. Here are some tips to help you adapt the activities to make them a little more difficult: 1. In addition to writing down vocabulary words and their meanings, ask your student to use the word in a sentence; either verbally or written. 2. Give your student one hour (or reasonable time frame) to research the topic on his or her own either online or at the library. Give your student a set of questions and see what he or she can find without your guidance. 3. Encourage your student to expand on the topic or choose a related subject to learn about. 4. Take a look at some of our preschool units there is a lot of clipart related to each topic included. Have an older student cut these out and write a story or play about the pictures. 5. Contact us. We would be happy to give you ideas for adapting specific units to a grade level. These are just few ways you can adapt a Project Pack to meet the needs of your student. Let your student be the judge if something is too easy or too difficult you just might be surprised! 6 P age

7 The Website links we have included in our guides are references we found that contain relevant information. However, the sites are not owned or maintained by In the Hands of a Child. The content may have changed or become a dead link. If you find the site contains inappropriate material or is no longer a relevant site, please let us know. Thank you. Educator Notes: 7 P age

8 Table of Contents Guide Page 10 Timeline Page 10 Causes of the Civil War Page 11 Economic & Social Factors Page 15 A Nation Divided Page 15 Political Factors Page 16 The Civil War Begins Page 17 The First Major Battle of 1861 Page 17 Major Civil War Battles of 1862 Page 20 Battle Spectators Page 20 Emancipation Proclamation Page 21 Major Civil War Battles of 1863 Page 23 The Gettysburg Address Page 24 Major Civil War Battles of 1864 Page 25 Abraham Lincoln Page 26 Signing Up Page 26 Honest Abe Page 27 Military Units Page 27 Union Army Page 27 Confederate Army Page 29 Civil War Leaders Page 29 Women of the War Page 30 The War at Sea Page 31 Civil War 1865 Page 32 Civil War Remedies Page 32 Appendix Page 33 Vocabulary Page 35 Activity List Page 38 Activity 1 Page 42 Activity 2 Page 47 8 P age

9 Activity 3 Page 51 Activity 4 Page 52 Activity 5 Page 53 Activity 6 Page 54 Activity 7 Page 55 Activity 8 Page 56 Activity 9 Page 57 Activity 10 Page 59 Activity 11 Page 57 Activity 12 Page 57 Activity 13 Page 60 Activity 14 Page 62 Activity 15 Page 64 Activity 16 Page 66 Activity 17 Page 57 Activity 18 Page 68 Activity 19 Page 69 Activity 20 Page 71 Activity 21 Page 72 Activity 22 Page 74 Activity 23 Page 75 Activity 24 Page 77 Activity 25 Page 78 Folder Instructions Page 80 Sample Pictures Page 81 9 P age

10 The American Civil War A House Divided A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently, half slave and half free. It will become all one thing, or all the other. ~Abraham Lincoln Civil War Timeline Pre Civil War 1619: Slaves are sold in Virginia. 1808: Slave importing is outlawed. 1820: The Missouri Compromise. 1852: Uncle Tom s Cabin is published. 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act. Pick up any newspaper or watch a world newscast on television and you are sure to find something about a civil war somewhere in the world. How often do you read about a civil war in the United States? Well, if you went to the library and tried to find a newspaper article about the most recent civil war in the United States, you would have to find a newspaper dated 1861! The American Civil War, which was also called the War Between the States, was a war between the United States of America (the Union) and the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). The American Civil War lasted for four years and was fought by three million Americans. It began on April 12, 1861 when Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina was fired on and it ended on May 26, 1865 when the last Confederate army surrendered. More than 620,000 soldiers died in over 10,000 battles and clashes across the country. The American Civil War had more deaths than all other wars in United States history combined. More than 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War. About 200,000 soldiers were killed in battle and the rest died of wounds or disease. 1857: The Dred Scott Decision. 1859: John Brown raids Harpers Ferry. 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected President of the United States. South Carolina secedes from the United States. 1861: Civil War Begins February: Confederate States of America is formed. March 4: President Lincoln is inaugurated. April 12: Attack on Fort Sumter. July 21: Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). 10 P age

11 Causes of the Civil War Slavery The main cause of the war was slavery. In 1861, slavery was legal in 15 of the 34 states in the United States. The Southern states depended on slavery to sustain their economy. Slaves were used to work crops, especially cotton, which contributed greatly to the south s economy. In the Northern states, slavery was illegal. Although America was united, the North and South began to split over the issue of slavery. Many factors contributed to the slavery issue including: The Missouri Compromise: Before the Civil War the Constitution of the United States did not give the federal government authority to interfere with slavery within the states. The Missouri Compromise of 1821 was an effort to try and satisfy both the North and the South. This compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and admitted Maine as a free state to make sure that the Senate was balanced. The Missouri Compromise also stated that slavery would not be allowed in certain unorganized territories in the north. 1862: Robert E. Lee becomes commander of the Confederate Army February 6: General Grant captures Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. February 16: Fort Donelson surrenders to Grant. March 9: Naval Battle of the Monitor and the Virginia. April 6-7: Battle of Shiloh. April 25: New Orleans falls to Admiral Farragut. May 4-June 9: Jackson s Shenandoah Valley Campaign. May 31-June 1: Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks). June 26-July 2: The Seven Days Battles. August 29-August 30: Second Battle of Manassas (Second Bull Run). September 17: Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). September 22: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. December 13: Battle of Fredericksburg. December 31-January 2, 1863: Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro). 11 P age

12 The Compromise of 1850: This compromise admitted California as a free state. It also gave territories acquired from Mexico the authority to decide to allow slavery or not. There were five measures of the Compromise. 1. It authorized the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. 2. It admitted California to the Union as a free state. 3. It provided for the return of runaway slaves to their masters, called the Fugitive Slave Law of It divided territory east of California into New Mexico (New Mexico and Arizona today) and Utah and opened it to slaveholders and antislavery settlers. 5. It allowed Texas to be a slave state. Uncle Tom s Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the antislavery novel, Uncle Toms Cabin. This novel, originally published as a series in the newspaper in 1851 and then as a book in 1852, motivated many to join the abolition movement. Kansas-Nebraska Act: This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers in the territories to implement the slave system. This doctrine was called popular sovereignty and it allowed slavery to be instituted in territories that were considered free soil by the Missouri Compromise. This act caused political upheaval in the North and antislavery groups met to form a new party, called the Republican Party January 1: Emancipation Proclamation. May 1-6: Battle of Chancellorsville. May 15: Lee plans invasion of the North. May 18: Siege of Vicksburg begins. June 3: Lee s army marches northward. June 28: Meade takes over the Army of the Potomac. July 1-3: Battle of Gettysburg. July 4: Vicksburg falls. September 19-20: Battle of Chickamauga. November 19: Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address. November 23-25: Battle of Chattanooga (Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge). 12 P age

13 Dred Scott Case: In 1857, Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom stating that when his master took him through free states he was no longer a slave. The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were considered property and could be taken anywhere in the United States. Scott could not file suit in federal court because he was not considered a citizen of the United States. The justices declared that Congress did not have the power to exclude slavery from the territories and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: In 1858 Stephen Douglas ran for reelection to the Senate. His opponent was Abraham Lincoln, who was the leader of the Republican Party in Illinois. The Lincoln- Douglas debates consisted of seven debates including discussions about slavery. Douglas believed in the doctrine of popular sovereignty and Lincoln argued that slavery was morally, socially, and politically wrong. Douglas was reelected to the Senate, however Lincoln gained national popularity. 1864: Ulysses S. Grant is named commander of the Union Army. March 9: Grant becomes Generalin-Chief of the Union armies. May 5-6: Battle of the Wilderness. May 8-12: Battle of Spotsylvania. May 11: Battle of Yellow Tavern. June 3: Battle of Cold Harbor. June 18: Siege of Petersburg begins. July 11-12: Confederates raid under Jubal. July 30: Battle of Crater, Petersburg. August 5: Farragut enters naval battle of Mobile Bay. September 2: Atlanta falls to Sherman. November 8: Lincoln is reelected President. November 15: Sherman s March to the Sea begins. November 30: Battle of Franklin. December 15-16: Battle of Nashville. December 21: Sherman receives Savannah. 13 P age

14 John Brown s Raid: On October 16, 1859 raiders seized the federal armory and arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (West Virginia today). John Brown, an outlaw wanted for raids in Kansas and Missouri, led the raid. Brown and his army planned to march into the South to free slaves, but he was arrested, tried, and convicted. His raid made southerners fear what Northern abolitionists might do to put an end to slavery. Election of 1860: Slavery overshadowed the Presidential election of Delegates from the various states could not agree on candidates because of the candidate s positions on slavery. Political parties were split on their decisions of who should be the next president. Because of this division, Lincoln won the presidency with a majority of the popular vote. The Secession of the South: During the presidential campaign for the 1860 election, many southern states threatened to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected president. They feared that Lincoln and his administration would try to abolish slavery. As soon as Lincoln won, South Carolina held a special convention and on December 20, 1860 it was the first state to secede from the Union. Other states followed including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas February 6: Lee becomes General-in-Chief of Confederate armies. March 25: Confederates try to break out of Petersburg and fail. April 2: Confederates abandon Petersburg and Richmond. April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox. April 14: John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln. April 15: President Lincoln dies. Andrew Johnson becomes president. April 26: Johnston surrenders to Sherman. John Wilkes Booth is shot. May 4: Last Confederate army surrenders. May 26: Last Confederate troops surrender. The Confederacy: The first six states to secede from the Union met in Alabama on February 4, They set up a temporary government for the Confederate States of America and four days later, they adopted a new constitution. On February 9, 1861 the Confederate Congress elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as temporary president and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia as vice president. On February 22, 1862 both men were given permanent office. 14 P age

15 Lincoln s Inauguration: Abraham Lincoln took office as President on March 4, President Lincoln and his administration did not accept the secession of the southern states and believed the actions of the southern leaders were against the law. In his inaugural address Lincoln stated that he would hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government. He pleaded with the South to give his administration a chance to prove itself and gave them an opportunity to return to the Union. Economic and Social Factors Slavery was a big cause of the Civil War, but it was not the only reason for it. The Northern and Southern states were very different regions even before the Civil War. Some said that they were like two different countries. In the South, cotton was the chief crop and contributed to 57% of all U.S. exports. (Other important crops of the South were rice, sugar cane, and tobacco). Known as King Cotton, the cotton industry of the South relied on plantation systems, which used slavery. The North however, was an industrial society. Here, labor was needed to work in factories and build railroads to the West, but not slave labor. The Northern states encouraged European immigrants to settle and work in the region. A Nation Divided States That Seceded Before April 1861 Texas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Georgia Florida South Carolina States That Seceded After April 1861 Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Virginia Slave States Loyal to the Union Delaware Kentucky Maryland Missouri West Virginia (Western counties of Virginia refused to secede and pulled away to form the new state of West Virginia). 15 P age

16 The southern states did not have a big manufacturing industry and relied on the import of goods, but they did not like to pay high the tariffs or taxes that the North placed on imported goods. The North had to charge taxes on the imported goods to protect its own products from foreign competition. In addition, the main source of revenue for the federal government was the tariff. The money collected from tariffs paid for roads, turnpikes, and canals, which the South did not want. The Northwestern states of the Northwest Territory, needed these improvements in order to expand, so they began to side with the Northeastern states. Political Factors If you lived in the United States in the early 1800 s and someone asked you what country you lived in, you would have named the state you in which you lived. For example if you lived in Virginia, you would say, Virginia is my country. At that time, a person s loyalty to his state was greater than his loyalty to his country. States belonged to the Union and it was not uncommon for a particular state to become unhappy with the Union and threaten to secede or leave the Union. In the War of 1812, many New England states threatened to secede because they were unhappy when trade was cut off with England. As the northern and southern regions of the Union began to differ more and more, both economically and socially, their political ideas began to differ as well. The North believed in a central government to control such things as trading and national currency; as well as to build roads and railways. The South did not rely as heavily on the federal government and southern politicians feared the government would interfere with the institution of slavery. Free States Maine New Hampshire Vermont New York Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Jersey Delaware Maryland Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa California Oregon *The rest of the nation consisted of the Free Territories. *************************** Also Known As The North The United States The Union Yankees The South The Confederate States The Confederacy Rebels 16 P age

17 The Civil War Begins Fort Sumter On April 12, 1861 Confederate soldiers fired on Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the Union Army and block all Confederate ports. Soon, four more states (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) joined the Confederacy. The Civil War began when the Union tried to regain these states. TRIVIA***TRIVIA***TRIVIA Northern soldiers were called Billy Yank and wore dark blue jackets. Southern soldiers were called Johnny Reb. They wore cadet gray jackets. The First Major Battle 1861 First Bull Run (July 16-21, 1861/Manassas Junction, Virginia) The first major battle of the Civil War was at Bull Run near the Potomac River. Each side had different names for each battle and the Confederates called this battle Manassas. On July 21, 1861, General Irwin McDowell of the Union Army attacked the Confederates led by Joseph E. Johnston. The Rebels won the Battle of Bull Run and President Lincoln replaced General McDowell with Major General George B. McClellan. Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname during the Battle of Bull Run. His name was Brigadier General Thomas J. Jackson and as the South fled, he stood his ground and held his line. When the Southern General spotted him he said, There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. 17 P age

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20 Major Civil War Battles of 1862 Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862/ Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee) The Battle of Shiloh was a deadly fight. Over 100,000 soldiers fought at Shiloh near Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee and almost 25% of them were wounded, killed, or missing. Ulysses S. Grant led the Union to victory over the Confederates, who were led by Albert S. Johnston. The Battle of Hampton Roads (March 9, 1862) In the 1860 s most navy ships were built with wood. Two ships, the Union Monitor and the Confederate Merrimack (also called the C.S.S. Virginia), were ironclads. The two ships met in a three-hour battle in March Neither ship sustained serious damage from the cannonball hits. The battle ended when the ships crews became too tired from loading the cannons. Capture of New Orleans (April 24-25, 1862/New Orleans, Louisiana) In April 1862, Admiral David G. Farragut destroyed the Confederate fleet on the Mississippi River and took the city of New Orleans, which was the largest city of the Confederacy. Battle Spectators Some people spend their Friday nights at hometown football games. During the Civil War, spectators gathered to watch battles between the Union Army and the Confederate Army. They packed picnic lunches, dressed in their finest clothes, and sat by to observe the fighting. Imagine how many frightened civilians there would be if the battle came too close to them! Battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, 1862/Oustide Richmond, Virginia) Also called the Battle of Seven Pines, Joseph E. Johnston led the Confederacy to stop George B. McClellan and the Union army s advance on Richmond, Virginia. Shenandoah Valley (March-June, 1862/Shenandoah Valley, Virginia) Thomas J. Jackson led the Confederates to defeat small Union armies and block reinforcements for the Union army that was attacking Richmond, Virginia. 20 P age

21 Seven Days' Battle (June 26-July 1, 1862/Outside Richmond, Virginia) The week of June 26 to July 2, 1826 is known as the Seven Days Battle. This weeklong battle moved from town to town. Robert E. Lee s army of Northern Virginia drove George B. McClellan and his army back in an effort to capture Richmond. Second Bull Run (August 29-30, 1862/Manassas Junction, Virginia) The Second Battle of Bull Run occurred August 29-30, Here, Major General John Pope was in command of the Union Army and was defeated by a smaller Confederate Army led by Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. Jackson. Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862/Sharpsburg, Maryland) On September 13, 1862 a Union soldier found a copy of General Lee s orders. He gave them to General McClellan who launched an attack at Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg) on the Potomac River on September 17. The Rebels were outnumbered, but Lee decided to stand and fight. Both sides suffered casualties of about 12,000 soldiers. General Lee and his troops were forced to retreat back across the Potomac. Battle of Perryville (October 8, 1862/Perryville, Kentucky) Braxton Bragg led the Confederate invasion on Kentucky but was forced to turn back by Don Carlos Buell and his Union army. Emancipation Proclamation When the Civil War first began, President Lincoln claimed the war was to save the Union and not to end slavery. African Americans tried to join the Union army but they were told that they could not fight; that it was a white man s war. A year after the war began; Lincoln changed his mind about the reason for war and wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. He wrote it in secret and waited to deliver it. The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in all states that remained in the Union. This allowed freed slaves to join the Union army and many African American troops wanted to fight in the war. Lincoln was told to wait for a battle victory before announcing his plan so he waited three months until after the Union victory in the Battle at Antietam. First, President Lincoln told the Confederate states that he would free their slaves if they did not return to the Union by January 1, When the Confederates ignored him, President Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation. On New Year s Day, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln declared all slaves in all Confederate areas were forever free. 21 P age

22 Battle of Fredericksburg (December 13, 1862/Fredericksburg, Virginia) After the Battle of Antietam, McClellan did not follow Lee s army and President Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E. Burnside. Burnside and his army launched an attack on December 13 at Fredericksburg and Robert E. Lee s army beat them back. General Burnside resigned after the loss. 22 P age

23 Stones River (December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863/Murfreesboro, Tennessee) Also called the Battle of Murfreesboro, Braxton Bragg s invasion of Tennessee was defeated by William S. Rosecrans and his Union army. Major Civil War Battles of 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-4, 1863/Chancellorsville, Virginia) After Burnside resigned, Lincoln replaced him with Fighting Joe Hooker. Hooker planned to attack the Rebels from the rear at Fredericksburg, but Lee was too smart. Lee and Jackson marched to meet Hooker and reached his army camp on May 2, Three days later, Hooker ordered a retreat. This was another victory for Generals Lee and Jackson. Jackson, however, had been accidentally shot by his own men and died a week later. His death was a huge misfortune for the Confederacy. 23 P age

24 The Gettysburg Address It was November 19, 1863 when President Abraham Lincoln gave his famous speech at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg, the most devastating Civil War battle, had taken place in this location just four months earlier. People were gathered at the battlefield to dedicate part of it to the men who had been killed in the battle. Lincoln s Gettysburg Address is known as one of the best speeches ever given in the history of the United States. Sometimes politicians give long, boring speeches, but the Gettysburg Address was short and to the point. The speech was very moving to the people who listened to it on November 19, 1863 and it still moves people who hear it today. Lincoln began his speech by saying: Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863/Gettysburg, Pennsylvania) Halfway through the Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg took place near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. George G. Meade led the Union army and Robert E. Lee led the Confederates. The war s greatest battle, it lasted three days with a loss of 46,000 to 51,000 soldiers. In November of that year, President Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Lincoln s opening words meant that our ancestors created our nation with the idea that all people are created equal. He commemorated the men who died in battle and the sacrifice they made to protect that idea. *See appendix for the full speech 24 P age

25 Day 1: July 1, 1863: The Confederates won the first day of battle at Gettysburg. There were about 25,000 Confederate soldiers and 19,000 Union soldiers pushing each other through the streets of Gettysburg and south of the town. By that evening, 6,500 Confederate soldiers and 12,000 Union soldiers were killed, injured, or missing. Day 2: July 2, 1863: More soldiers arrived through the night and both armies were stronger on day two of the Gettysburg battle. There was vicious fighting at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil s Den, the Peach Orchard, Cemetery Hill, and Culp s Hill. General James Longstreet led the Confederate attack on the Union s fishhook shaped formation, but the Union soldiers held their line. Day 3: July 3, 1863: Fighting resumed on day three at Culp s Hill as cavalry soldiers fought to the east and south. The main battle was an infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the middle of the Union line located on Cemetery Ridge. On this final day, Lee and his army retreated back to Virginia. Battle of Vicksburg (April-July, 1863/Vicksburg, Mississippi) Ulysses S. Grant and John C. Pemberton fought the Battle of Vicksburg. The Union won control of the Mississippi in the Fall of Vicksburg. Battle of Chickamauga (September 19-20, 1863/Chickamauga Creek, Georgia) Braxton Bragg won a Confederate victory and stopped William S. Rosecrans and the Union from invading Georgia. Battle at Missionary Ridge (November 23-25, 1863/Chattanooga, Tennessee) In the Battle at Missionary Ridge, Ulysses S. Grant s Union victory forced Braxton Bragg and the Confederate soldiers to retreat into Georgia. Major Civil War Battles of 1864 Battle at Spotsylvania and Wilderness (May 4-20, 1864/Near Fredericksburg, Virginia) In the Battle of Spotsylvania, Grant was unable to break through Robert E. Lee and his soldiers to Richmond. Grant moved southeast. Battle at Cold Harbor (June 3, 1864/Cold Harbor, Virginia) In the Battle at Cold Harbor, Grant and the Union attempted to break Lee s Confederate line. This battle resulted in 8,000 casualties in just eight minutes. Battle at Atlanta (July 18-September 1, 1864/Atlanta, Georgia) William T. Sherman led the Union in capturing the key to the Deep South, Atlanta, Georgia from John Bell Hood. Battle of Nashville (December 15,1864/Nashville, Tennessee) 25 P age

26 In the Battle of Nashville, John Bell Hood and his Confederate army was desperate to regain the offensive before being defeated by George H. Thomas and the Union. Battle of Petersburg (June 15, April 2, 1865/Petersburg, Virginia) Ulysses S. Grant and Union soldiers forced Robert E. Lee and the main Confederate army to surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, Signing Up! Most Confederate soldiers were farmers used to working with both guns and horses, but many Union soldiers were from big cities and had never even fired a gun before! Cities and states from both sides offered bonuses to men who enlisted in the army. These bonuses were quite an incentive to sign up; they could be several hundred dollars, which was much more than a year s pay for a soldier. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky. His father, Thomas, was a farmer and Abraham was required to work on the farm. He and his sister were allowed to go to school periodically. When Abraham was 21 years old his family moved to Decatur, Illinois. After helping his family settle, Abraham left and traveled to New Orleans and eventually moved to New Salem, Illinois. Abraham Lincoln studied law for three years and then moved to Springfield, Illinois to become a lawyer. Lincoln was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1834 and elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in On November 4, 1842 he married Mary Todd and they had four boys. Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16 th president of the United States on November 6, He was the first president to be born in Kentucky and the first Republican to be elected president. He was reelected to president on November 8, John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865 and President Lincoln died the next day. 26 P age

27 Military Units A regiment was a military unit that consisted of about 1,000 soldiers divided into ten companies. Men who served in an infantry regiment fought alongside men from their hometowns and communities. There were three kinds of military units during the Civil War: 1) The Infantry were also called foot soldiers. These were the men who marched, on foot, into battle. Most of the soldiers who fought in the Civil War were infantry soldiers. 2) The Cavalry was made up of soldiers who rode horses. 3) Artillery soldiers were in charge of firing the cannons. Union Army The North produced 75% of the wealth of the United States. The North had a bigger army that included thousands of black soldiers, better equipment, and more supplies than the South. Union Soldier Uniform I n 1862, all Union Soldiers were required to wear Union army uniforms. Uniforms were blue with brass buttons and made from wool. Up until 1862, each of the northern states was responsible for outfitting their soldiers with uniforms. Some states could not obtain enough blue fabric and used gray instead. This caused problems because their uniforms resembled the Confederates and Union soldiers were firing on their own men. Honest Abe Many times we hear stories about people who impacted U.S. history long ago. For example, there is a story that says George Washington chopped down a cherry tree. While we do not know if that story is indeed true, we do know that the story about Honest Abe is true. There were hundreds of examples of Abraham Lincoln s honesty and decency documented throughout his life. As a lawyer he was known to send money back to his clients if he felt they paid him too much. He also was known for convincing clients to settle out of court to save them money (earning nothing himself). Abraham Lincoln s father was a Baptist, but there is no historical proof or documentation that Abraham practiced a certain religion as an adult. While he was president, he attended New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. He did not talk about religion very much and he did not belong to any particular church or denomination. In fact, he was the only president known to have never joined a church. Yet, he was a man of Christian faith as can be seen by the following quotes: When presented with a Bible on September 7, 1864, by the Loyal Colored People of Baltimore, he was quoted as saying, In regard to this Great Book, I have but to say, it is the best gift God has given to man. All the good the Savior gave to the world was communicated through this book. 27 P age

28 Soldiers also wore wool caps with leather brims. In the Union Army, one only had to look at a soldier s cap to determine what kind of soldier he was. For example, infantry soldiers wore caps with a brass bugle insignia on top. Union Soldier Salary A Union private earned approximately $12.00 per month. Most soldiers sent money home to their families. Accommodations Union soldiers spent most of the Civil War outdoors. They slept in two-man tents, which they took apart and carried as they marched to each destination. If soldiers had a long way to march or were in the middle of fighting a battle, they simply slept on the ground. There were not many battles fought during the winter months so many soldiers built huts to live in. Some had stoves inside to keep them warm. Union soldiers were fed well, but poorly canned meat and other spoiled food caused many to die from ptomaine poisoning. Weapons Many of the weapons used by the Union Army were made in Connecticut. They used Sharps rifles, which could be loaded quickly and fired faster than muskets. Colt Firearms made revolvers that could fire six shots without having to reload. These revolvers were most popular with cavalrymen who had trouble reloading while riding. The three most popular weapons used by Union soldiers were: 1) The Springfield rifle 2) The Sharps carbine 3) The Colt 1858 Navy pistol "That I am not a member of any Christian Church is true; but I have never denied the truth of the Scriptures; and I have never spoken with intentional disrespect of religion in general, or any denomination of Christians in particular." July 31, Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity "The will of God prevails. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, and one must be, wrong." September Meditation on the Divine Will "If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God." April 4, Letter to Albert Hodges "We hoped for a happy termination of this terrible war long before this; but God knows best, and has ruled otherwise. We shall yet acknowledge His wisdom and our own error therein." September 4, Letter to Eliza Gurney 28 P age

29 Confederate Army The Confederate Army had the advantage of most of the Civil War being fought in Southern territory; they did not have to travel as far as Union soldiers. The South also had better generals including Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. Most Confederate soldiers were in their early 20 s. Confederate Soldier Uniform The Confederate Army had gray wool uniforms, but not every soldier was outfitted with a uniform and the uniforms were not all the same style. Some wore the clothes they had on when they left home, and some were even without shoes! If a soldier did own a pair of shoes, he would nail horseshoes to the bottom to keep the soles from wearing out. Some wore navy blue uniforms, which was confusing and caused some Confederate soldiers to fire on their own men. Many uniforms were the wrong size and had buttons missing causing many Confederate soldiers to look unkempt. By the end of the war, most soldiers wore gray uniforms to show they were Rebels. Confederate Soldier Salary Confederate soldiers joined the army to defend their ideals and not for the salary it paid. This was a good thing because the Confederates were poorly funded. A soldier waited months to be compensated for his service to the army. Many southern families suffered while waiting for their husbands or fathers to send home money. Civil War Leaders Union Roll Call President Abraham Lincoln ( ) Former President James Buchanan ( ) Senator Stephen A. Douglas ( ) Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant ( ) Major General Don Carlos Buell ( ) Major General Amborse E. Burnside ( ) Major General Henry W. Halleck ( ) Major General Joseph Hooker ( ) Major General George B. McClellan ( ) Major General Irvin Mc Dowell ( ) Major General George G. Meade ( ) Major General John Pope ( ) Major General William S. Rosecrans ( ) Major General William T. Sherman ( ) 29 P age

30 Accommodations Confederate soldiers slept outside or in tents. Many were poorly fed, going weeks without meat. Others went without food at all and died from starvation and exhaustion. Weapons Southern soldiers used muskets or flintlock rifles. Muskets, also called Confederate Springfields, were more inaccurate and took longer to load than the Confederate Armies artillery. To load a musket, the soldier had to insert gunpowder and a lead ball into the muzzle and a small amount of powder in the priming pan of the gun. When the trigger of the muzzle gun was pulled, a hammer struck a pin to ignite the powder and fire the musket. Women in the War Most women stayed home during the Civil War, but some wives followed their husbands. They would cook meals, wash and mend clothing, and take care of the sick and wounded. It was also not uncommon for a woman to dress as a man and join the army! Major General George H. Thomas ( ) Admiral David G. Farragut ( ) Confederate Roll Call President Jefferson Davis ( ) General Robert E. Lee ( ) General Pierre G.T. Beauregard ( ) General Braxton Bragg ( ) General John Bell Hood ( ) General Albert Sidney Johnston ( ) General Joseph E. Johnston ( ) Lt. General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson ( ) Lt. General John C. Pemberton ( ) The War at Sea The Confederacy did not have a large navy and had to buy ships from Europe and from private owners. The North had about 90 ships and also used armed merchant vessels to The 30 P age

31 The War at Sea Confederacy did not have a large navy and had to buy ships from Europe and from private owners. The North had about 90 ships and also used armed merchant vessels to enforce its blockade of Confederate ports. The North was able to take southern ports successfully throughout the war. In August 1864, Farragut closed one of the last remaining Confederate ports in the Battle of Mobile Bay. Navy soldiers carried guns, but had little use for them, as there was very little hand-to-hand combat between ships crews in battle. It was much safer to be a Civil War soldier in the Navy. Approximately 10,000 men served in the Union navy and less than 200 were killed during the Civil War. Civil War Ballads All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight The Battle Cry of Freedom The Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie The Girl I Left Behind Home Sweet Home My Old Kentucky Home The Yellow Rose of Texas Playing the Bones Civil War soldiers liked to sing and play instruments to help them pass the time and keep them from getting homesick. If they did not have any instruments to play, they made their own! Instead of saving the meat bones for the dogs, they saved them to play! Major General George H. Thomas ( ) Admiral David G. Farragut ( ) Confederate Roll Call President Jefferson Davis ( ) General Robert E. Lee ( ) General Pierre G.T. Beauregard ( ) General Braxton Bragg ( ) General John Bell Hood ( ) General Albert Sidney Johnston ( ) General Joseph E. Johnston ( ) Lt. General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson ( ) Lt. General John C. Pemberton ( ) Try to play the bones yourself. Save two rib bones. Clean and dry thoroughly. Cup one in your hand and hit it with the other, rhythmically. Or hold both bones in one hand and shake your hand to a rhythm to make the bones sound like castanets. 31 P age

32 Civil War 1865 Surrender at Appomattox General Grant and General Lee met at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, It was a Sunday. Grant was generous to Lee with the terms of surrender. For example, Lee told Grant his soldiers owned their own horses and would need them for the spring plowing so Grant agreed they could keep them. In addition, Grant offered to supply the Confederate soldiers with rations. The two generals shook on their agreement and General Lee rode his horse Traveler to tell his troops goodbye. The Rest Surrender General Lee, who was Commander-in-Chief, could have surrendered for the entire Confederate army, but he thought of himself only as the commander of Virginia. Johnson surrendered to Sherman on April 26, 1865 and the last Confederate army surrendered on May 4, Throughout America, church bells rang out to celebrate the end of four years of fighting. It was the end of the Civil War. Civil War Remedies You may have heard of home remedies, but these remedies are probably not any you have ever heard! Civil War soldiers did not have the same comforts or medicines they would have received at home so if someone was sick or wounded, they had to improvise. Do not try this at home! Sore Throat: Mix 2 teaspoonfuls of pulverized charcoal and ten drops of spirits of turpentine. Soften the charcoal with a few drops of milk first. Gargle frequently. Also used for Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever. Headache: One teaspoonful of pulverized charcoal and one-third teaspoon of soda mixed in very warm water. Toothache: Powdered alum mixed with salt relieved the toothache and helped prevent tooth decay. Burn: Add wheat flour and cold water until it is a soft paste. Continue to apply before it dries. 32 P age

33 Appendix Civil War Battle Outcomes Battle Date Union Victory Confederate Victory 1 st Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861 Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 New Orleans April 24-25, 1862 Fair Oaks May 31, 1862 Shenandoah March-June, 1862 Valley The Seven Days June 26-July 1, Battle nd Battle of Bull Run August 27-30, 1862 Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862 Battle of Perryville October 8, 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Battle at Stones River December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863 May 1-4, 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville Battle at July 1-3, 1863 Gettysburg Battle of July 4, 1863 Vicksburg Battle of September 19-20, Chickamauga 1863 Battle at November 23-25, Missionary Ridge 1863 Battle at June 3, 1864 Spotsylvania Battle of Cold June 1864 Harbor Battle at Atlanta July 18- September 1, 1864 Battle at Nashville December 15, 1864 Battle of June 15-April 3, Petersburg P age