The Road to War. Civil War and Reconstruction

Transcription

1 The Road to War Civil War and Reconstruction

2 The 1850s: Crisis and Compromise Page 1 As the North became more industrialized, slavery begin to die out in the northern states. However, South became more and more dependent on slaves with the development of the cotton gin. The big question in the United States was what to do with slavery in the western territories. Congress passed new laws every few years to try to solve the problem Northwest Ordinance Missouri Compromise Missouri is not northwest of Ohio, so what to do? Northern states don t want more slave states, will disrupt the balance of slave and free; final decision: in future, all states North of 36'30' will be free; all states South of 36'30' will be slave Texas Annexation & the Mexican-American War (1848) results in more land being added to the United States, south of 36-30, would give Slave states an advantage. What should be done? 1846 Wilmot Proviso Compromise of Kansas-Nebraska Act People in the new territories (Kansas and Nebraska) should decide for themselves whether to be slave or free popular sovereignty: Two results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Creation of the Republican Party 1856 Bleeding Kansas Groups in favor of slavery and opposed to slavery ( free-soilers ) both move to Kansas, trying to sway the vote

3 May 21 Sack of Lawrence: Page 2 May 24 Pottawatomie Creek: Raids and counter-raids continued all summer, Kansas is bleeding Dred Scott Decision Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that (1) (2) 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates Series of debates over the issue of slavery during the campaign for Illinois Senate seat Lincoln lost the race for the Senate, but became the Republican Party candidate for president in 1860 Lincoln warned: October 16, 1859 John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry, Virginia John Brown (a white abolitionist) and 18 others (5 black and 13 whites) attacked the Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry

4 The Road to the Civil War Page 3 South. Directions: Place the events below in chronological order, identify the events, and then explain how that event contributed to war between the North and Missouri Compromise Bleeding Kansas Northwest Ordinance Fugitive Slave Law Tariff of Abominations Dred Scott Decision Election of 1860 Lincoln-Douglas Debates Uncle Tom s Cabin Birth of Republican Party Kansas-Nebraska Act Mexican War Nullification Crisis Harper s Ferry Compromise of 1850 Date Event What Happened? How did it lead to war?

5 Name Date Pd Sectionalism and Slavery: Change-Over-Time Analysis Page 8 Event 1 st importation of African slaves into America via Jamestown. VA Slaves replaced indentured servants as the primary colonial labor system Introduction of the Barbadian Slave Code to South Carolina The African-American slavery population became selfsustaining in America Stono Rebellion in South Carolina Date Effect on Sectionalism in America (Consider the North, South, and/or the West) All thirteen colonies use slavery 1776 American Revolution Northwest Ordinance outlawed slavery in the NW territories Philadelphia Convention postponed discussion of slavery until 1808 Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin is invented The USA banned the trans- Atlantic slave trade 1808 American Colonization Society is formed 1817

6 All northern states have outlawed slavery by state constitution 1820 Missouri Compromise 1820 William Lloyd Garrison s American Anti-Slave Society is formed Nat Turner Rebellion in Virginia Mexican-American War added the Mexican Cession to the USA King Cotton makes up 60% of all U.S. exports 1830s Compromise of Stephen Douglass proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Discussion Questions: 1. Based upon the information in the timeline, what were the top 3 most significant events in the history of American slavery as it pertains to sectionalism? #1 #2 #3 2. Knowing what we know now about sectionalism in America, were the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 helpful or harmful to the U.S.? Explain. 3. Knowing what we know now, at which point on the timeline do you think would have been the best time to permanently address the issue of slavery? Explain.

7 Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War Page 12 Secession in the South Lincoln s election led to secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean civil war Two things had to happen first: One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South -- The North had to use its military to protect the Union -- The Decision to Secede Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of America Who Succeeded First? Who was the president of the Confederate States of America? First shots were fired where? Adjusting to Total War Northern Advantages At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages: Larger population for troops Greater industrial capacity Huge edge in RR transportation Problem for the North: Had to invade the South to win Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time Southern Advantages Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: President Davis knew that they did not have to win the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit Had the best military leaders o Robert E. Lee o o JEB Stuart England & France appeared more willing to support the South War Strategy Southern strategy was an : drag out the war & strategically attack the North to destroy Northern morale Northern strategy Winfield Scott s Three Parts Northern Generals - - Army of the Potomac and - In the West Political Leadership During the Civil War Lincoln expanded his powers: declared martial law imprisoned subversives briefly closed down a few newspapers Davis was less effective: concerned mainly with military duties neglected the economy Fighting the Civil War Battle of Bull Run - Battle of Antietam - Fighting Total War The Civil War was the world s 1 st total war in which the entire economy was devoted to winning: North & South drafted soldiers North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands New weapons, old tactics, & sheer numbers of troops in battle led to massive casualties Battle of the Ironclads (1862): CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor- Confederate Prison Camp in Andersonville, GA obstructed by state governors who resisted conscription Mobilizing the Home Fronts Both the North & South faced problems supporting the war: Both sides began running out of troops; in 1862, the North & South began (draft) Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money ( ) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9,000% in the South)

8 The Coming of Emancipation At the beginning of the war, the North was fighting to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipation Congress refused a gradual plan Many thought immediate freedom for slaves would lure England & France into alliance Southern victories pressured the North to strike back Page 13 The Emancipation Proclamation Union success at Antietam led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863: Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate territories This did not free a single slave but it gave the North a new reason fight the Civil War Inspired slaves to flee North Pushed for the 13 th Amendment Passed The Tide Turns in 1863 By early 1863, the North & South both faced morale problems: South economic & diplomatic collapse, runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight North consistent losses against Lee, draft riots in NYC, anti-war Copperheads played on war failures & racial anxieties Fight to the Finish But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of the North: Northern supremacy in industry & manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200,000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effort Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Gettysburg Sherman s March to the Sea Gettysburg Address - Election of 1864 Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-election in 1864 against General George McClellan: War failures were a key issue Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln from the ticket But, when Atlanta fell during Sherman s March to the Sea, Lincoln regained support and was overwhelmingly reelected Second Inaugural Address Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865 Appomattox Courthouse - The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-southerner - Effects of the War Social changes: 618,000 troops were dead Women in both the North & South were forced to take on more non-domestic roles 13 th Amendment ended slavery Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in Civil War Political changes: The Civil War established that the national gov t is supreme over the states With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies, & a national banking system Conclusions The turning point of the war: 1863 The Civil War began as a conflict to preserve the Union, but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued) The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 ( ) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South

9 Page 14 Episode 5: CIVIL WAR Introduction: America reached a crossroads as the Civil War intensified. Strict discipline and advances such as the minie ball bullet have welded General Robert E. Lee s Confederate army into a formidable force. Lee s victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run in August of 1862 leads him to within 20 miles of Washington and President Abraham Lincoln realizes that the Union could lose the war. But the tide turns during a series of pivotal events that advance the Union forces. Following the battle of Antietam, the bloodiest ever on American soil, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, freeing slaves forever; former slaves join the Union army in droves. With the help of the telegraph and President Lincoln s unwavering attention to the tactics of battle, the industrial capacity of the North is harnessed. The Battle at Gettysburg and Sherman s March to the Sea are among key turning points leading to Union victory. The industrial might which sees the Union prevail now leaves America poised to expand its reach across North America and take the stage as a world power. Discussion Questions: 1. How did the invention of the minie ball bullet shape the Civil War? What were some other important inventions that affected the course of the war? 2. Who was Clara Barton, and why was she significant? 3. How did the telegraph help the Union side achieve victory in the Civil War? 4. When was the Emancipation Proclamation signed, and how did it shape the Civil War? 5. What were three outcomes of the Battle of Gettysburg? Why Gettysburg is still remembered as a turning point in the Civil War? 6. How many casualties were there in the Civil War? How do these numbers compare with other American wars? Terms to Know: Cavalier- Chloroform- De facto- Emancipation- Minie ball- Munitions- Pragmatist- Telegraph-

10 Name: Date: / / Period: DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Charts. Use the chart on the back of this sheet to answer the following questions. You may also use your book (Chapter 11, pp ) 1) Which battle proved to be the most costly to the Confederacy (South)? Page 15 2) How many killed and wounded were there on both sides as a result of the Battle of Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg)? 3) In which battle did the Union (North) suffer the fewest number of losses, yet still won the battle? 4) In which battle that took place on southern soil did the Confederacy (South) suffer the most losses? 5) Which battles ended in draws (no clear winner)? 6) Which was the longest battle fought during the war? 7) In which battle did both the Union (North) and Confederacy (South) sides combined for the fewest casualties? 8) Which Florida battle was the largest? 9) Looking on the chart, on whose soil were most of the battles fought during the war, the North or South? 10) Judging from the chart, did it payoff to be an attacking army? 11) Which area was the site of two battles and who was victorious? 12) Which battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War? 13) Which southern state clearly was the site of most battles?

11 Major Battles of the Civil War Page 16 Battle Date Location Southern (Confederate) Northern (Union) Losses Result Losses First Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861 Virginia 2,000 1,200 Northern attack Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) April 6-7, 1862 Tennessee 11,400 13,000 Southern attack Seven Days Battle June 26-July 1, 1862 Virginia 20,000 16,000 Southern counterattack successful Second Bull Run (Second Manassas) Aug , 1862 Virginia 9,000 10,000 Northern attack Antietam (Sharpsburg) Sept. 17, 1862 Maryland 12,000 12,000 Draw, ending in Southern retreat Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862 Virginia 5,000 12,000 Northern attack Stones River Dec. 31, 1862 Jan. 2, 1863 Tennessee 9,000 9,000 Southern attack partially successful Chancellorsville May 1-4, 1863 Virginia 11,000 11,000 Northern attack Vicksburg May 22 July 4, 1863 Mississippi 10,000 9,000 Northern attack successful Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Pennsylvania 23,000 19,000 Southern attack Chickamauga Sept , 1863 Georgia 17,000 12,000 Southern attack successful Olustee Feb. 20, 1864 Florida 950 1,900 Northern attack Wilderness May 5-6, 1864 Virginia 10,500 18,000 Draw, but Northern attack Spotsylvania May 10-12, 1864 Virginia 9,000 11,000 Northern attack partially successful Cold Harbor June 3, 1864 Virginia 2,000 6,000 Northern attack Winchester Sept. 19, 1864 Virginia 4,000 5,300 Northern attack successful Natural Bridge Mar. 6, 1865 Florida Northern attack

12 Civil War Battle Brochure- Page 17 Your task today is to create a brochure for a civil war battle that you will be given (Fort Sumter, Bull Run I, Ironclads, Shiloh, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman s March to the Sea). You need to research the information using internet. Be sure to get a second source, as there are a lot of sites with bad information. Your brochure needs to include the following information: the event assigned (the front cover), when and where it occurred (one page), the people involved (one page), the significance of the event and winner (one page), the casualties (one page) and an interesting fact about the event (one page). Remember the information you present in the brochure, needs to be significant and more than a sentence. Each page of the brochure needs to include a picture as well. Take your time and be creative, you have the full class period to complete it. You will need to turn it in NEXT CLASS. If you don t finish in class today, it is your responsibility to finish on your own. Use the outline below to help you organize your brochure Battle Assigned to Me: Location of Battle: People involved: Confederate: Union: Who Won: Significance: Causalities: Confederate: Union: Interesting Fact about Battle:

13 Reconstruction Lecture Page 18 The Big Question: How should we re-build the United States after the Civil War? Should the South be punished or forgiven? How shall freed slaves be treated? A. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln was looking for malice towards none 1. Lincoln s 10% Plan & the Wade-Davis Bill Pardon all Southerners, except leaders, if they would As soon as, the state was back in the Union All states (abolishing slavery) Republicans didn t like the plan and ; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln 2. Freedmen s Bureau (1865) Established to deal with problems of freedmen and war refugees supposed to help freedmen find jobs and protect them from exploitation 3. Johnson s plan Lincoln s assassination brings Johnson to the presidency (white supremacy) Southern States had to that voided secession and By the end of 1865, white Southerners had re-established all but one of their state governments. Additionally, the states had passed to ensure that the freed slaves would remain socially separate and economically dominated Black codes & Share-cropping Examples of Black Codes: forbid African-Americans to gather after sunset, carry arms, marry whites or be idle or unemployed. Tenant Farmer Sharecropper -- B. Congressional Reconstruction 1. (led by and ) The Northerners in Congress, however, did not approve of Johnson s Reconstruction plan. When Congress refused to recognize the delegation from the Southern states and would not let them have their seats. The Radical Republicans believed that All of these acts were passed over Johnson s veto. Some of the Radicals were truly trying to help blacks achieve equal rights; some were just trying to use the political power.

14 Page Civil Rights Act of th Amendment submitted 1866, ratified 1868; made the Civil Rights Act constitutional All persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens No state can abridge the rights of citizens 4. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 all southern states must be reconstructed again South divided into 5 military districts -- each under control of army 5. Tenure of Office Act and Impeachment Radical attempt to get rid of Johnson Tenure of Office act President must have the approval of Senate to fire appointees th Amendment ratified 1870 C. Retreating from Reconstruction 1. African American politicians Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels( ) 2. Carpet-baggers and Scalawags Carpet-baggers -- buy up plantations. etc. Scalawags also profited 3. Ku Klux Klan started by, to intimidate blacks and white republicans and maintain the pre-war social status 4. Hayes-Tilden Election (1876) Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) ran for the presidency. Tilden won the but the electoral votes were contested in three states (oddly enough, the only three states who still had Reconstruction governments). One of those states was Florida! 5. Compromise of 1877 ; Reconstruction would be over; Hayes was referred to as his fraudulency

15 Page 20 Name Period Date Chapter 11, section 5: Guided Reading The Legacy of the War Directions: As you read about the economic, political, military and social consequences of the Civil War, answer the following questions (start on page 366). 1. How did the power of the federal government increase during the war? 2. Why was inflation worse in the Confederacy than the Union? 3. How did the war widen the economic gap between the North and South? 4. How much did the Civil war cost in terms of lives? How much money was spent? 5. How did technology affect military strategy during the Civil War? 6. What did the 13 th Amendment say? 7. What were some of the effects of the war on individuals? 8. Who was Clara Barton? What did she do? 9. Who was John Wilkes Booth? What did he do?

16 Name Period Date Page 21 Chapter 12, section 1 and 2: Guided Reading The Politics of Reconstruction Directions: As you read about presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies, answer the following questions 1. What was President Lincoln s planned approach to Reconstruction? 2. Who were the Radical Republicans and what was their Reconstruction plan? 3. Who was Thaddeus Stevens? What did he do? 4. What did the Wade-Davis bill say? What happened to it? 5. What was the Freedmen s Bureau? 6. What were black codes? 7. How did the black codes help bring about the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866? 8. What did the Fourteenth Amendment say? 9. Why was President Johnson impeached?

17 10. What did the Fifteenth Amendment say? 11. What role did African Americans play in Grant s election? 12. What were the main problems that Reconstruction governments in the South had to solve? 13. Who were the Scalawags? 14. Who were the carpetbaggers? 15. What were the similarities in the goals of the scalawags and carpetbaggers? 16. How did freed African Americans try to improve their lives? 17. Who was Hiram Revels? 18. What is sharecropping? 19. What is tenant farming? 20. What factors contributed to the stagnation of the Southern economy?

18 Civil War And Reconstruction Review Sheet 1. What does manifest destiny mean? Page The new territory gained from Mexico after the Mexican-American War that included New Mexico, California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming was collectively known as the: 3. In the 1840s and 1850s, the friction between the North and South intensified due to this growing trend in U.S. history: 4. What did the unsuccessful Wilmot Proviso propose? 5. Name 3 of the 4 major provisions of the Compromise of 1850: 6. What is popular sovereignty? 7. What person most responsible for the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 & arguing for popular sovereignty in the West? 8. In order to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, this law had to be repealed: 9. The Republican Party was formed as a result of Northern anger over this new law: 10. Why did Northern Republicans refer to themselves as free-soilers rather than abolitionists? 11. The most popular book of the 19 th Century that depicted the horrors of slavery was written by. 12. What caused free-soilers and pro-slavery residents in Kansas to have a bloody civil-war from 1854 to 1858 ( Bleeding Kansas )? 13. What precedent did the Supreme Court establish regarding rights of African-Americans in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case? 14. The two candidates who ran for the Illinois Senate in 1858 were: 15. Who was the leader of the Harper s Ferry, Virginia raid who hoped to use the attack to end all slavery in the South? 16. Book written by (a white Southerner) that argued that slavery hurt small yeoman farmers in the South called 17. What was the most significant reason for the irreconcilable differences between the North and South in the 1850s & cause for the outbreak of Civil War in 1861? 18. Who was president of the United States when South Carolina seceded? 19. Name 2 advantages the North had at the outbreak of the Civil War 20. Name 2 advantages the South had at the outbreak of the Civil War 21. Northern anti-war Republicans who criticized Lincoln and the Union s participation in the Civil War were called: 22. (a) Name the Northern war strategy (designed by Winfield Scott) and (b) Name 3 of the 4 major components of this plan

19 23. Name the two ships that fought the Battle of the Ironclads (1862): Page Before Antietam, Lincoln said the North was fighting Civil War to but after Antietam, the focus of the North became. 25. According to Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation, all the slaves living (location) were freed. 26. All the slaves in the United States were freed upon ratification of the. 27. The only two Civil War battles fought on Northern soil were: 28. What was the battle was the turning point in the north for the Union Army and Why? 29. Grant s army was able to take control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of 30. What was the battle was the turning point in the south for the Union Army and Why? 31. Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865 at (location) outside of Richmond, VA 32. Who assassinated Lincoln? 33. Two part question: (a) What was Lincoln s reconstruction plan called? and (b) What was one provision of this plan? 34. What was the Wade Davis Bill? 35. Name one provision of Andrew Johnson s reconstruction plan 36. Southerners oppressed freedmen & got by reconstruction efforts creating these discriminatory laws against African-Americans: 37. Who was the first African-American Senator 38. What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag? 39. Name two provisions of Thaddeus Stevens Radical Reconstruction Plan that went in place in To replace slavery after the Civil War, the primary labor system for black farmers in South was 41. Name and describe each of the three reconstruction amendments 42. The most famous Radical Republican in Congress was: 43. Which party controlled Congress throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction era? 44. Which demographic group in America was most upset with the passage of the 15th Amendment? 45. What ended Reconstruction?