heterogeneous diusion equation is a superposition of our previous solutions. The

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Myra Cummings
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1 Chapter 6 Absorption and Scattering When we have both variations in both absorption and scattering, the solution to the heterogeneous diusion equation is a superposition of our previous solutions The Born Solution is and the Rytov is U sc (r d ; r s )= sc (r d ; r s )= + + U o (r d ;r s ) U o (r d ; r s ) drru o (r;r s )rg(r U o (r; r s )G(r r d ) D(r) (6) r d ) v a(r) ; (62) drru o (r;r s )rg(r U o (r; r s )G(r This leads us to the following matrices to invert, Born r d ) D(r) (63) r d ) v a(r) : (64) a (r ) U sc (r s ; r d ) U sc (r sm ; r dm ) BA W B ::: W BA n W BA m ::: W BA W BS ::: W BS n W BS m ::: W BS a (r n ) D(r ) D(r n ) 5

2 6 O'Leary, Imaging with Diuse Photon Density Waves W BA ij = U o (r j ; r si ) G(r di r j )vh 3 = (65) W BS ij = ru o (r j ; r si ) rg(r di r j )vh 3 = (66) Rytov sc (r s ; r d ) sc (r sm ; r dm ) RA W B ::: W RA n W RA m ::: W RA W RS ::: W RS n W RS m ::: W RS a (r ) a (r n ) D(r ) D(r n ) W RA ij = U o (r j ; r si ) G(r di r j )vh 3 =(U o (r di ; r sj ) ) (67) W RS ij = ru o (r j ; r si ) rg(r di r j )vh 3 =(U o (r di ; r sj ) ) (68) We use these matrices, and the save inversion techniques (SIRT, SD) to create separate images of absorption and scatttering 6 Simulation Results For the following simulations the forward data were generated using the exact solution for one or more spheres embedded in an otherwise homogeneous innite medium [] Random noise (5% amplitude and 5 o phase) was added to all simulated data Unless otherwise stated, the background optical properties of the medium were a = 5 cm, = cm s and the source modulation frequency is 5MHz The sources and detectors rotate around a 6 cm diameter cylindrical region making a measurement every 2 degrees The reconstructed area is broken up into 25 cm by 25 cm pixels and 2 SIRT iterations were performed The two-source subtraction technique was not used here For simplicity, the analytic solution for the incident wavewas subtracted as part of the simulation

3 Absorption and Scattering 7 We have reconstructed images of scattering and absorption simultaneously using the Rytov approximation The results of such a reconstruction are shown in gure 6, where 4 samples are considered In the rst sample, there is only an absorbing inhomogeneity asveried by the reconstruction In the second sample there is only a scattering inhomogeneity, however the reconstruction produced some noise in the absorption map We see that an absorbing and a scattering object can be individually imaged The third sample demonstrates that we can simultaneously image two objects, one absorbing object and one scattering object Note in the fourth panel a single sphere with dierent absorption and scattering factor is imaged We have displaced the scattering and absorption features in the gure to emphasize this point An important practical advantage of the Rytov approximation is its natural separation of the amplitude and phase As stated in equation 545, the scattered phase is the logarithm of the ratio of the measured signals; written sc = ln[u=u o ]=ln[aexp(i)=a o exp(i o )] = ln[a=a o ]+i( o ): (6:9) Thus the amplitude decay corresponds to the real part of the integral, and the phase shift to the imaginary Figure 62 shows that at 5 MHz, the amplitude ratio (ie amplitude with inhomogeneity relative to amplitude without inhomogeneity) and phase change for various objects with either a pure scattering change or absorption change We see that scattering and absorption changes aect the amplitude to the same degree However, scattering changes aect the phase a great deal more than an absorption change This suggests that the scattering (absorption) reconstructions might be done independently using just the phase (amplitude) of the measured wave The results of this procedure are presented in gure 63 This simulation suggests that while the scattering reconstruction using only phase data is quite successful, the absorption reconstruction using only amplitude data is quite noisy

4 8 O'Leary, Imaging with Diuse Photon Density Waves Absorbing Object µ a = cm- δµ a δµ s Scattering Object µ s = 5 cm- Figure 6: Simultaneous reconstructions of absorption and scattering

5 Absorption and Scattering 9 6 cm Source Detector Figure 62: Eect of absorption versus scattering variation on amplitude and phase At 5 MHz, the amplitude ratio (ie amplitude with inhomogeneity relative to amplitude without inhomogeneity) and phase change for various objects with either a pure scattering change or absorption change Scattering changes aect the phase a great deal more than an absorption change

6 O'Leary, Imaging with Diuse Photon Density Waves δµ a = 5 cm- δµ s = 5 cm - δµ a δµ s Amplitude and Phase Amplitude Only Phase Only Figure 63: Using the Rytov expansion, the amplitude and phase can be used separately to reconstruct the absorption and scattering When both amplitude and phase are used (top) the reconstructions give the correct positions of the object When the amplitude data alone is used (middle), both objects are seen at slightly oset positions However, the phase information alone (bottom) gives a very good reconstruction of the scattering for this high modulation frequency (5 MHz)

7. DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING 7.1 First order temporal autocorrelation function.

7. DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING 7. First order temporal autocorrelation function. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies the properties of inhomogeneous and dynamic media. A generic situation is illustrated