A Health Physics Overview of Handheld and Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers. James Blute, CHP Health and Safety Manager, RSO
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1 A Health Physics Overview of Handheld and Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers James Blute, CHP Health and Safety Manager, RSO
2 Topics What is X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and how does it work? Applications of Handheld XRF Radiation Safety Considerations Regulatory Compliance Questions 2 Proprietary & Confidential
3 Atom 3 Proprietary & Confidential
4 Ionization 4 Proprietary & Confidential
5 Hole in K Shell M L K 5 Proprietary & Confidential
6 Fluorescence Fluorescent X-Ray 6 Proprietary & Confidential
7 Shells M L K 7 Proprietary & Confidential
8 Example Gamma & X-Ray Emitters Isotope (or Device*) Fe-55 Cd-109 Am-241 X-Ray Tube* Gamma or x-ray energy (kev) , 25.1 & and 59.5 Spectrum up to 50 Half-Life (years) not applicable Other manufacturers use Co-57 for lead paint. 8 Proprietary & Confidential
9 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill KeV 9 Proprietary & Confidential
10 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Backscatter (Compton Scattering) with embedded Tin peaks Tin KeV 10 Proprietary & Confidential
11 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Calcium Proprietary & Confidential KeV
12 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Titanium Proprietary & Confidential KeV
13 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Iron Proprietary & Confidential KeV
14 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Zinc Proprietary & Confidential KeV
15 X-Ray Spectra of an Adult Multi-Vitamin Pill Molybdenum Proprietary & Confidential KeV
16 Example of Analysis Results Screen 16 Proprietary & Confidential
17 Applications 17 Proprietary & Confidential
18 Lead Paint Max Scatter Dose Rate about cm 18 Proprietary & Confidential
19 Models using X-Ray Tubes 19 Proprietary & Confidential
20 Metal Alloy Analysis QA/QC Scrap Metal Max Scatter Dose Rate Less Than 1 5 cm 20 Proprietary & Confidential
21 Precious Metals Cash for Gold Pawn Shops Max Scatter Dose Rate Less Than cm 21 Proprietary & Confidential
22 Consumer Products e.g., Toys Max Scatter Dose Rate up to 40 5 cm (plastic samples) 22 Proprietary & Confidential
23 Soil Clean-up, Mining, and Exploration Max Scatter Dose Rate up to 10 5 cm 23 Proprietary & Confidential
24 Analysis of Prepared Soil Samples Max Scatter Dose Rate Less Than 1 5 cm 24 Proprietary & Confidential
25 Art and Archeometry Max Scatter Dose 5 cm Varies by Sample Type 25 Proprietary & Confidential
26 Camera - Small Spot - Weld Alloy Analysis 26 Proprietary & Confidential
27 Camera - Small Spot Circuit Board 27 Proprietary & Confidential
28 Dose and Risk in the Primary Beam 0.25 mr/hr > kvp, 0.04 ma max rating? 28 Proprietary & Confidential
29 Measurement Challenges Tube Voltage range is 6 to 50 kvp Beam area 0.3 to 1 cm2 29 Proprietary & Confidential
30 Limitations of Handheld Dose Rate Meters Detector calibration and energy response Calibrations are at 662 kev and tend to go out below 30 kev with few exceptions. Detector Volume Averaging The few models accurate below 30 kev are all greater than 1 cm Proprietary & Confidential
31 Other Options TLDs Volume averaging, biased response at very low energies, no estimate of EDE Monte Carlo Computer Modeling (MCNP) Benchmarking 31 Proprietary & Confidential
32 Soft Tissue MCNP Model of Finger Exposure looking for TEDE 4 Bone Air 2 X-ray tube Proprietary & Confidential
33 Contact Dose Rates (Rem/Hr) - 50 kvp X-Ray Tube Quantity (US NRC Limit) Dose Rate (rem/hr) * (various device settings) Quantity Describes Absorbed Dose (NA) What a TLD would measure in the beam Total Effective Dose Equivalent (5 rem/yr) Deep Dose Equivalent (50 rem/yr) Shallow Dose Equivalent (50 rem/yr) to 0.01 (maximum from finger exposure to primary beam) (100 5,000 with 10 cm 2 averaging) stochastic risk of cancer and hereditary effects Non-stochastic risk such as tissue damage & skin burns Non-stochastic risk such as tissue damage & skin burns 33 Proprietary & Confidential
34 Maximum Sealed SourceIn-Beam Dose Rates millirem per hour Distance 50 mci Cd mci Am mci Fe 55 5 cm Proprietary & Confidential
35 Chosen Measurement Methods Scatter - Handheld detectors Primary Beam - TLDs or OSL for DDE & SDE Used MCNP for EDE and estimates of TLD error at lower energies. 35 Proprietary & Confidential
36 Dose & Risk Potential Conclusion Non-stochastic dose limits and effects are more limiting than stochastic effects Training and authorization is the foundation of the safety program for handheld open-beam use 36 Proprietary & Confidential
37 Safe Use of Thermo Scientific Niton XRF Analyzers 37 Proprietary & Confidential
38 Safe Use of Thermo Scientific Niton XRF Analyzers Know where the beam is Primary-Beam - High Dose Rate! 38 Proprietary & Confidential
39 Safe Use of Thermo Scientific Niton XRF Analyzers Know where the beam is Scatter Radiation 39 Proprietary & Confidential
40 Safe Use of Thermo Scientific Niton XRF Analyzers Know when the primary beam is open Shutter Open LED indicators Release Trigger Press Trigger 40 Proprietary & Confidential
41 Safe Use of Thermo Scientific Niton XRF Analyzers #1 Rule Never hold samples or aim the primary beam at yourself or others!! 41 Proprietary & Confidential
42 Safety Features PIN security to control access to trained authorized operators Sample proximity sensors as interlocks Shielded test stands and accessories 42 Proprietary & Confidential
43 Proximity Button Interlock 43 Proprietary & Confidential
44 Backscatter Proximity Interlock 44 Proprietary & Confidential
45 ALARA Accessories 45 Proprietary & Confidential
46 Challenging Situations 46 Proprietary & Confidential
47 Small Samples 47 Proprietary & Confidential
48 Small Samples 48 Proprietary & Confidential
49 Safe Use of Niton Bench Top XRF Analyzers Know where the beam is Inaccessible in the Model DXL Series 49 Proprietary & Confidential
50 Safe Use of Niton Bench Top XRF Analyzers Know where the beam is Inaccessible in the Model FXL Series 50 Proprietary & Confidential
51 Safe Use of Niton Bench Top XRF Analyzers Know that x-ray on indicator lights mean the x-ray tube is producing x-rays within the shielded cabinet 51 Proprietary & Confidential
52 Safe Use of Niton Bench Top XRF Analyzers Know that x-ray on indicator lights mean the x-ray tube is producing x-rays within the shielded cabinet x-ray on indicator lights 52 Proprietary & Confidential
53 Safe Use of Niton Bench Top XRF Analyzers Never tamper with interlocks. Make sure they are always functioning properly. 53 Proprietary & Confidential
54 Safe Sample Handling Summary There is always a safe way to take a measurement. Never measure with the primary beam aimed at yourself or others Never hold a sample during analysis Consider test stands, sample holders, and sample placement Use common sense 54 Proprietary & Confidential
55 Heath Physics Summary Applications are diverse consider all available safety features, test stands, accessories Training and authorization is the focus of the safety program. Recognize the low cancer risk and focus on risk of skin, tissue, and possible eye damage from extended exposure to the primary beam Samples should never be handled during analysis 55 Proprietary & Confidential
56 Licensing, Registration & Compliance 56 Proprietary & Confidential
57 Licensing Radioactive Sealed Sources Two License Types Specific License (SL) Requires submittal and approval of license application, and issuance of license document, in advance of receipt of radioactive material. Issued by Agreement State or NRC. General License (GL) Where allowed, is granted automatically upon receipt of a properly distributed GL device. No licensing document. 57 Proprietary & Confidential
58 General Licensing in the U.S. GL Not Allowed GL Allowed at Fixed Sites Only GL Allowed WA MT ND OR ID SD WY FSE NE NV UT CO CA KS OK AZ NM MN FSE WI IA IL MO AR IN MI TN KY OH WV SC PA VA NC NY VT NH CT NJ DE MD ME MA RI TX LA MS FSE AL GA FSE AK FL HI 58 Proprietary & Confidential
59 X-Ray Tube XRF State Regulations* Registration of Radiation Machines, Facilities, and Services Radiation Safety Requirements for Analytical X-Ray Equipment * As established in the majority of US states, based in large part on CRCPD SSR 59 Proprietary & Confidential
60 Open Beam & Safety Device Circular Logic Definition: Open-beam configuration means an analytical x-ray system in which an individual could accidentally place some part of his body in the primary beam path during normal operation. Sec. H.3 Equipment Requirements a. Safety Device, A device which prevents entry of any portion of an individual s body into the primary x-ray beam path or which causes the beam to be shut off upon entry into its path shall be provided on all open-beam configurations. 60 Proprietary & Confidential
61 X-Ray XRF Radiation Safety Program Requirements Operator training (recommended) Written program (some states) Finger or wrist dosimetry (most states) Safety device exemption (some states) Equipment survey (some states) 61 Proprietary & Confidential
62 Open Beam Equipment Surveys What is the objective? Measure Leakage Radiation? Scatter Radiation? In-beam? Are there pass/fail limits? What are they? 62 Proprietary & Confidential
63 Equipment Survey Technique 63 Proprietary & Confidential
64 International Guidance Document IEC IEC Nuclear instrumentation Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis equipment utilizing a miniature X-ray tube Edition 1.0 April Proprietary & Confidential
65 Highlights of IEC Does not imply any prohibition of open beam use Requires interlocked sensor detecting sample proximity, prevents X-rays from being generated for more than 2 s if a solid sample is not in close proximity Low Count Rate Safety Sensor Infrared Sensor (max 5mm) Electromechanical Sensor (max 5mm) Secondary Push Button High Voltage Safety Switch Describes how to make survey measurements 65 Proprietary & Confidential
66 The End Questions? 66 Proprietary & Confidential
67 Quantifying Potential Risk DDE is typically measured to estimate EDE DDE Severely Overestimates EDE 67 Proprietary & Confidential
68 Radiation Protection Basics Practice ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) 69 Proprietary & Confidential
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