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2 " #$ 2008 " $ #$ ISBN C : #$ "! 6 " 1010 % &: ' ( : spmu@osceorg ": ": 2

3 "7 " 9 ) 13 * 17 I II III III1 III ! 34 " 36! # 42 IV 44 3

4 IV1 44 $ 44 IV2 48 %! 49 & %$49 & 50 '! 50 ( V 56! ) 58 ) 60 * &65 VI +67 $ 69 % 69 +'

5 !! #! #! $#$ )/ $#$ () 1990) 5

6 6

7 0 #$ 1 #$ 1 " /! ( / " $! #$ #$! / : * * #$ 2 /! 3 ( * #$ #$ ) #! (#! 1994) 20 #$ 2 ($ 1999) 45 $ #$ C % 9 ' (# 2001)

8 / ) * * / ; ; ; // ) * )! * * " * 3! ) ) $! 1 #$ 8

9 $! #$ ) ) * #$ $ $! #$ / * & $ $! 4 #$ (CORE) 0 1 * " $! #$ " * : % 5 " (DCAF); %! "! #$; # % $! ; 6 7 ; 2 # + 6 6; $ # 8 #$ ); 9 # # 1 $7%; # 8 $! 8 : #; ;/ # 8 8 #! " / DCAF; # ) (CALEA) $7%; 9 # 4 (CoESPU); 9

10 ( ) $ (SPMU) $ #$; & " $ SPMU $ #$; ) ) ' #$; # ' : 1 # ; ) $! 1 8 #$ 2; ' ' ) $ 6 7 ; < 1 $ ICPO0; ) 1 6 6!; < ) 1 #$; % ) % 1 I $ ; ' ) /! 0 & ; * ) ) ; 8 ) + $ 8 * ); ) 8 $ SPMU $ #$; 8 ) / 1 / 8 $ "; * 6 / 6 / ; 2 ) 1 0; 20 * // " 1 #$; % ) 8 #! " / ) DCAF % $ / $ / 8 #$ ); 10

11 & $ $! 4 #$ (CORE) / ) SPMU $ #$; // & 8 $7% (ICITAP) $7%; ' & 1 8 #$ $ ; ) & 0 8 $7%; (ICITAP) $7%; 8 % " & 1 0; " " $ SPMU $ #$; % :! 0 # 1 $7%; 8 ; $ SPMU $ #$ 11

12 $! #$ 6 / : $ ( 0 ( = 6 ( 8 % ( $ ( 0 $ / ( ' ( 5 ( 6 $ 0 ( 8 ( 8 ( 6 ( ( 0/ > " " ( 12

13 !" # I $ % : ; ; $! : II & # $ :! #$ + : III & ' 3 / : / (! : 13

14 :! ; : +! IV & : ; ; # : 14

15 V % 1 // ( : ; ; ; 15

16 16

17 I $ % 1! 4 2 ; ; ; ; 5 «4 5 $ # ("! 2001) 13 &! (#! 1998) 2 $ = 6 (1949) = 6 %!!! (1966) ; $ (1979) % 1; = 6 )! # (1979) 1 2; $#$ (1990) 3; $ = 6 ( +/ ($ 1996) 5; $ Rec(2001)10 0 (2001) 1 12; = 6 «*» * 2002/13 % # 0'' # (2002); $ Rec(2003) 21 (2003); = 6! (2004); # * 6 1 "' (4 DS Print Media ; 2005) 33; 0 $ / : (6 2005)

18 » #$! + (" 2002) 4 $ $ R(87) 19 ' (1987); = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 5; $ Rec(2000) 20! (2000); $ ( 5) $ Rec(2006) 8 (2006) $ $ # 690 (1979) (1979) # 1; = 6 )! # ( 5) 1 ()); $ 0 ( 5) = 6 )! # ( 5) 8 (); $ )!! (2000) 52 $ * / )!? 10 (4 : ( ) 1994) 14; 8 % 10!!! (1998) 1; #$ ( 6) 6; #/6 ( 5) 21; 0 $ / ( 5) 16; & «:» & 6 ( 2005) 607 $ $ 0 ( 5) 18 18

19 5! / : 12 13! $! 16 ( 21) = 6 ( 5) 29 (2) $ '!: (* 1996) 14; " [#$]! (HCNM) (1 1994) 1 7 $ '! ( 13) 21 $ $ R (85) 4 (1985); : 9 ( 8 # : 9 ( 8 / (6 "! 1999) 1 ; $ )!! ( 9) 53; $ $ 0 ( 5) 23 $ ( 7) $ # ( 4) 14; = 6! &&2/ VII:! (6 ;) 3; : " 6 (OHCHR)! '? 5 (6 ;/5 1997) 48 19

20 17 8 // # /! 18 ( ) 9 ) ( ) " 19 ( ) $ &! ( 4) 2 $ 1 $ 2 ()! (DCAF ) 14 $ )!! ( 9) 42; $ Rec(2001) 10 0 ( 4) 43; # ( 4) 14; #/ 6 ( 4) 18; 0 $ / ( 5) 18 20

21 II & # 10 & 20 ( ) 21! ( ) ( /! )! 23 ( ) 12 «$ &!/ / / $ = 6 %!!! ( 5) %(3); $#$ 3 # (2 1975) 1 VII 7; = 6 )! # ( 5) 1 5; $ ( 5) 1; $ )!! ( 9) 41; $ 0 ( 5) 3 $ $ = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 1 $ 0 ( 5) 4 21

22 » 24 ( 9 139) $ (! )! 27 «$» 28 ( 26 90) 14! 15 "! $ 0 ( 5) 5; $ $ ( 5) B 9 11; )! ( 10) 14; ) 9 4 # ' (% 1999) 9 ; 0 $ / ( 5) 17 $ 0 ( 5) 38 $ ( 5) % 4 $ 0 ( 5) 39 $ = 6 )! # ( 5) 7 8; $ ( 5) % 7 10 $ 0 ( 5) 16 $ = 6 & # (1990) 10; $ 0 ( 5) 14 45; $ )! ) (2004) 7 39 #/ 6 ( 5) 37; $ 0 ( 5)

23 17 " /! //! «/» 31 «!» " «/ /!» /! / // / 19 ) «/» $ 0 ( 5) 8 9 " 2 + (1999) 10 $ = 6 &! (1985) $ 0 ( 5) 9 $ 0 ( 5) 10 23

24 III & ' III1 & ' 20 3 / / 36 $ : «!» 37 / (! 38 "! ( 7 118) 22 $ / $ $ = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 3; $ )!! ( 9) ; $ 0 ( 5) / # ( 24) 11 $ = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 3 $ )!! ( 9) 52 $ $ )!! ( 9) 23; ) (CALEA)!! (Fairfax 2006)

25 / $ / )! 44 # 26 $! 45 )! «!» $ $ )!! ( 9) $ $ )!! ( 9) 8 $ $ )!! ( 9) 13 $ 0 /!!/! (2002) 4; $ * (97) 24!! (1997) 2; $ ) # ($ 1999) $ = 6 )! # ( 5) 7; $ (1979) % 2; $ )!! (2000); $ 0 ( 5) 46 25

26 «/» 46 ( 13) 27 «!» 47 & 48 ( 111) 28 # // 49 (//! /! $ 0 /!!/! ( 43) 2; 2b 6 & 6 ( 2005) 589; $ )!! ( 9) $ & 6 : (? 110 $ ) 9 $ = 6 %! (1990) % 8; " 2 + ( 32) 5; = 6 )! # ( 5) 7 $ 0 ( 5) 21; : = 6 (UNODC))&&2 5 8(2) $ $! ( 44) 10; $ ) # ( 44) 19(1) (2); 6 ( 44) 46; 26

27 29 & «/» / / / 51!!! $ // ( 1 IV 1) # : $ )!! ( 9) 252; ' 2 ' 8 #$ ) (! 2005) 26 6 ( 48) 46; $ ( 5) " 4 5 $ 0 ( 5) $ 6 ( 48) 46 $ $! ( 44) 3 7; $ ) # ( 44) ; 0 /!!/! ( 44) 4(d) (f) UNODC )&&2 ( 49) 8(6) $ $ 0 ( 5) 46 UNODC )&&2 ( 49) 8(4) 27

28 / " // 56 ( 1 IV 2) III2 & 34 (! )! ( / // ) #! 57! $ $ ) # ( 44) 22 UNODC )&&2 ( 49) 32(1) $! ( 44) 16 $ 9 4 # ( 24) 1 10; $ 0 ( 5) / ; $ ) ( 29) = 6 ( 5); = 6 %!!! ( 5); = 6 )! # ( 5) 2; $#$! ( 5) 3 $ 0 ( 5) 3 28

29 36 " $ 60 # ! «! = 6 ( 5) 7; $#$ 3 # ( 20) 6; $ ( 5) % 2 8 # 4; $#$ )' # + () 1990) 59; $ '!: ( 13) ; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 1; $ )!! ( 9) 5(3) (2) 18; $ 0 ( 5) $ (E)*0) & 7 (2003) 1 % = 6 * 2106 (22) %! ' (1965) 5(b); = 6 ( 5) 2; = 6 )! ' (1979); $ ( 5) % 8 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 1; = 6 )! (1989) 2(2) 3(1); $#$! ( 5) 11; $#$ ( 59) 254; $#$ )' # + (8 1991) $

30 / [#$]! 62 / ( ) 40 «!» 65 " / / / ( ) 66 6 «() #$ ( 2) 19 $ '! ( 13) ; $ 0 ( 5) 30 $ 2 ( 59) 7 = 6 ( 5) 2; $ ) /)! (1950) 14 12; = 6 %! ' ( 60) 2 5; = 6 %!!! ( 5) 2 3; = 6 )! # ( 5) 1 2; = 6!! 0 (1993) 22 $ 0 ( 5) 40 # # ) ' «!» & 6 ( 2005) 549 " 2 + ( 32) 14; CALEA!! ( 40) 129; HCNM ( 13)

31 !» 67 «/ 68 #$ $! /!! $ $ 71 43! 72 / // 44 " () =! # /' «!» ( 65) 537 HCNM ( 13) #$ ( 2) 20 & 6 & $ ( ) 46 $ CALEA!! ( 40) 261 $ ( 5) % 8 $ 0 ( 5) 47 = 6 ( 5) 11(1); = 6 %!!! ( 5) 14(2); $#$ ( 59) 519; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 7; $ 0 ( 5) 48 2 ' ( 50) 23 31

32 45 (! )! $ /!! / (!! 5254) ) / 74! ( 77) /! # «!!! 78 5! $#$ ( 61) 23 ii iii; $ 0 ( 5) ; " 2 + ( 32) 12; 8 '!! (5 2002) 23; $ ) ( 29) #$ 8 ) (OMIK)! + 13 $ ) ( 29) 39 7 $ ) ( 29) 39 7 $ 0 ( 5)

33 79 48 " ( ) 80 $ / / 81 ( 98) 49 6! ( ) : (! )! ( / ) 84 ( 84) $ 2 ( 15); $ R (91) 11 0 ' (1991); $ R (2000) 11 #! 0 (2000) $ R (2001) 16 0 (2001) = 6 ( 5) 12; $ ( 5) 8; $ 0 ( 5) = 6 )! # ( 5) 4; $ ( 5) % 15 $ )!! ( 9) $ R (87) 15!! (1987) 6 ( 46) 582 $ Rec(2005) 10 «!!»!! (2005) $ $!! ( 82) 18; 33

34 ( 98) 50 $ / «/ /» 85 / / / «!» «$= /» 87! 52! / 88 $ / $ «&»!! ( 83) 13 $ 0 ( 5) 42; $ $!! ( 82) $ 0 *? AG2003RES04 '! (2003); 0 *? AG2005RES15 0 '! (2005); 0 '! (2005); $ «&»!! ( 83) 15 $ $!! ( 82) $ = 6! # (1985) %4 % 6(); 34

35 !!! /!! "! «/» 90 ) $ $ R (85) 11 (1985) 14; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 2; $ 0 ( 5) 52; $ ( 7) 2 3 $ (1985) 14 $ ( 7) $ R (97) 13 (1997) ; $ Rec(2005) 9 #! (2005) $ 3 #! ( 90) 3 $ 3 ( 90) 7; $ 0 ( 5) 51; $ 3 #! ( 90) 7 35

36 " 55 "!! 93 9! /!! = / 95 9!! 96 *! / «: / (/ / ) ; ; ; ;! = 6 ( 5) ; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 8; #/ 6 ( 5) 40; $#$ ( 61) 23; $ 0 ( 5) $#$ ( 61) 23 ii iii; $ 0 ( 5) 55 $ ) ( 29) ; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 6 7 $ 0 ( 5) 57 10; " 2 + ( 32) 12 8))) '!! ( 74) 23 36

37 ; /!» ! ( 77) 99 $ "! 102 / 103 : $ ) ( 29) 7 39 $ OMIK! ( 75) 13; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 8 $ ) ( 29) $ ) ( 29) % 10!!! ( 10) 6 8; $ 0 ( 5) 54 = 6!! # ## ' (1988) 12; CALEA!! ( 40) = 6!! # ## ' ( 103) 12(1) 37

38 ! !!! $! 108 ( 6774) 64 +! CALEA!! ( 40) 711 = 6 )! # ( 5) 6; $ ( 5) % 14; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 7; $ 0 ( 5) 56 $ = 6 % # (1955) 8() (d); = 6 )! ( 61) 37(); = 6 #!! (1990) 29; $ 0 ( 5) 54; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 8 = 6 & # ( 29) 15 $ ( 64) 5; $#$ ( 59) 515; 38

39 ! «"» 111 ( ) 66 // «#!!» 112 ( 6774) 67 6! 113 ( CALEA!! ( 40) 727 = 6 ( 5) ; $ ( 64) 10 11; $ )!! ( 9) 42; $ $ 0 ( 5) 43; # ( 4) 15 = 6 & # ( 29) 13; 8 % 10!!! ( 10) 4; $ 0 ( 5) 37 = 6 ( 29) 14; 8))) '!! ( 74) 16 = 6 ( 5) 3; 39

40 68 "! $ : «;! ; ;!! "» « $ ( 64) 10; = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 3; $ 0 ( 5) 35 = 6 )! # ( 5) 3() = 6 )! # ( 5) 3; $ ( 64) 2 = 6 ( 29) 5() (b); $#$ ( 61) 211; $ 0 ( 5) 37; = 6 ( 29) 9 40

41 » $! 119!! $ «/» 121 &!!! ( 89) & = 6 ( 29) 10 = 6 ( 29) 5() = 6 ( 29) 5(d) = 6 ( 29) = 6 ( 29) 19; $ 0 ( 5) 29 = 6 ( 29) 6; = 6 )! # ( 5) 3() 41

42 ( 89) # «! /!! / 127 ( 58) $ / ( 5) 27 = 6 )!!! #! (1984) 22 = 6 ( 5) 5; $ ( 64) 3; $ = 6 %!!! ( 5) 7; = 6 )!!! #! ( 125) ; = 6 )! # ( 5) 2 5; $#$ ( 59) ; $ ($ 2005) = 6 )!!! #! ( 125) 11; 0 $ / ( 5) 26 42

43 77 $ ) ( 45 58) 78 ) !! ( 8394) = 6 )!!! #! ( 125) 4(1) = 6 0''!!! (1989); = 6 %!! (2006) 43

44 IV & IV1 & 80 " 130 ( ) ( 116) 82 " 1990 ) #$ 132 ( 113) $ ( / = 6 )! # ( 5) / 8(); #$ ) #! ( 1) 20; 9 4 # ( 24) 9; $ 0 ( 5) 16 59; #$ ( 5) 5 6; HCNM ( 13) $ 0 ( 5) 20; $ ( 5) B 4 $#$ ( 59) 56 44

45 ) ( ) 133 () ) / / "! 134 ( 49) 85 #! " // #! / / 8!! ( ) )! $ 0 ( 5) # ( 4) 14 ; 8 / * (" 6 ; 2002) 3 ; ( ' / &* (" 6 ; 2002) 7; #/ 6 ( 5) # ( 24) 6064; 8 / * ( 133) 4; '/ &* ( 134) 7; 3 ) & ': 0'' $ (8 6 ; 2003) 9 45

46 87 &!! =! ( )! )! " 8!!! 136!! 0/! 137 * " /! $ / ( 5) / ( 133) 3; CALEA!! ( 40) $ ( 5) % 6; 2 ' ( 50) 24 46

47 / 89 // 139 ( 73 74) 90! ) 6 / 140 ( 13) 91 $! & ) / )! = 6 & # ( 29) 6 22 $ ( 5) % 6; = 6 & # ( 29) $ 8() (d) $ '/ &* ( 134) 6; 8 / ( 133) 5; #/ 6 ( 5) 38 ; HCNM ( 13)

48 / ! 143 ) / 94 " ( 6 / 144 IV2 & ( 95 4 & () # / / $ CALEA!! ( 40) 531 $ 0 ( 5) 61 = 6 2 # (*! %/*!/48/ ) $ EPPHR 2& ( 61) 9 $ 0 ( 5) #/ 6 ( 5) 27 48

49 %! 96 "! 6 / & /!! ( 6 52) & %$ 97 6 // / / ($80) / : /! / 6 / / / # 2 «$ :» # / (6 "! 1999) 4; $ 0 ( 5) 18 9 /( 8 ( 15) 1 = 6 )! # ( 5) 4; $ ( 5) % 15; $ )!! ( 9) ; $ 0 ( 5) 19; $ ( 5) 32; 2 ' ( 50) 24; 49

50 : $80 $ ( ) & 98 / ( 152 '! 99 (// " / ( ) " /! / / / (!! )! CALEA!! ( 40) 541 $ 0 ( 5) 19 $ = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 4; # ( 4) 14; 50

51 "!! /! : " / 102 ( / / / ( ) 156 ( / $ 4 * ( ) 171; " 2 + ( 32) 9; #$ ( 6) 4; = 6 ( 5) (d) () 21(); $ ( 5); HCNM ( 13) / > " " (SEESAC)(' (# 2006) 3 HCNM ( 13) ' ( 50) 30; 0 $ / ( 5) 76; 51

52 ! " / / ( ) 104 ' // = / 158 " / ( / ! %; #! *; + 9/ 9 '! : 2# (" 6 ; 2005) 16 $ ( < * : & 6 ( 2005) 237; 2!! ( 156) 7 = 6 ( 5) 17() (d) () 19 #$ ( 6) 3; 52

53 $ / 6!!! / ( ) / 160! 108 &!!!! 161 " )! 162 (")! $ 0 2 : $ & (#/ 1999) 42; #$ ( 6) 10; SEESAC (' ( 154) 5; HCNM ( 13) !! ( 156) 3 53

54 109! " 6 / 163 +! ! / 111 * 165 ( 27) 112 "!! / / & / = 6 ( 5) (d); $ ( 5); EPPHR 2& ( 61) 24 EPPHR 2& ( 61) 24 6 ( 48) 47; $ )!! ( 9) 20 54

55 = 6 ( 5) 6() (b) () 55

56 V %! 113 // ( 82) 167 1» 168 / / "! $!! (! "! $#$ ( 61) 251 #$ ) #! ( 1) 20 $ 0 ( 5) 13; #/ 6 ( 5) 22; 2 ' ( 50) 27 $ ( 5) % 4; $ 0 ( 5) 17; $ 0 ( 5) 15 60; «:» ( 10) 613; 2 ' ( 50) 25 #/ 6 ( 5) 24; 0 $ / ( 5) 42 56

57 ( ) ! ( ) 118! / (! 178 ( 21) 119 / 120 " ) #/ 6 ( 5) 24 2 ' ( 50) 27 0 $ / ( 5) 40 HCNM ( 13) #/ 6 ( 5) 38 $ )!! ( 9) 7; # /' «!» ( 65)

58 / 8 (TQM)!! * = 180 ( 87 92) 122 *! / $!! /! $ 182 ) 124 "! $ * (2006) 50 $ 0 ( 5) 20; $ ) ( 29) 50 16; #/ 6 ( 5) 29 = 6 & # ( 29) 24 CALEA!! ( 40)

59 ! 183 ) !! ( ( )! ( 129) 126 :!! ( ) 3!!! 186! 6!! !!! / $ '! ( 13) ; $ 0 ( 5) 18 = 6 )! # ( 5) / 8(); #$ ( 2) 44; $ 0 ( 5) 25 4 * ( 153) 306; #$ $ # 1 (# 2001) 20; $ 0 ( 5) 25 $ '! ( 13) ; $ 0 ( 5) 18 = 6 )! # ( 5) / 8(); #$ ( 2) 44; $ 0 ( 5)

60 188 ( 129) ) 128! / 189 ( ) 129 )! 190 "!!! 130! '! ( 13) 37; $ 0 ( 5) 25 30; HCNM ( 13) 4 10 = 6 ( 5) 21(2); = 6 %! ' ( 60) / (1)() 5(); = 6 %!!! ( 5) ; $#$ 3 # ( 21) VII 6; $ ( 5) # 2; = 6 )! # ( 5) / 8(); = 6 )! ' ( 60) / (d)(f) 3 5(a) 11(b) (); $ 0 ( 5) #$ ( 6) 10 / (EPPHR) 2 : (2004) 5 HCNM ( 13)

61 131!! ( ) () $! () 6! ! /;! / ! // ;! '! ( 13) 25 26; $ )!! ( 9) 24; $ 0 ( 5) 22 24; EPPHR 2 ( 191) 5; HCNM ( 13) 6 12 EPPHR 2 ( 189) 3; HCNM ( 13) 7 12 '! ( 13) 213; 61

62 * 134 "! / )! : "!! 197 $! "!!! / $ / ( ) 199 ( ) HCNM ( 13) 7 12 $ ( 5) # 4 #$ ( 6) 11; EPPHR 2 ( 191) 8; HCNM ( 13) 7 11 HCNM ( 13) 4 10 HCNM ( 13) 7 14 = 6 )! ' ( 60) 11(b) (); 62

63 138 ( )!! /! 200!! 201! 202 ( ) 139 «$ / " 203 ( 9 12) 140 «$» 204 / ) EPPHR 2 ( 191) 7 #$ ( 6) 42 #$ ( 6) 42 '! ( 13) ; $ 0 ( 5) 23 $ 0 ( 5) 31 $ 0 ( 5) 32 = 6 ( 5) 22 23(3) (4); $! (1961) ; $ ( 5) # ; " 2 + ( 32) 4; 63

64 141 $ / «/» / )!!! / 208 $! 143 «9!» 209 ) //» $ 0 ( 5) 32 $ ( 5) A 1b " 2 + ( 32) 4 = 6 )! # ( 5) 8(b) $ 0 ( 5) 33 $ ( 5) B 11; $ 0 ( 5) 33 34; #/ 6 ( 5) 42 $ 0 ( 5) 34 $ «&»!! ( 83)

65 213 & 146! $ /! (! 214 0! ! / / 216 " = 6 & # ( 29) 2 8 $ 6!: ( ) (%! 6 ; 1980); $/ 9! (1991); 8 9 ) 0 / (1995) 1418; 8 9 )) # 2# (2004) HCNM ( 13) 8 15 $ ( 5) B 3; $ 0 ( 5) ; &! ( 4) 3 65

66 ( ) / ! = / 150 / ;! ;! ; / ! 6 $ $ ( 5) % 13; $#$ ( 60) 164; = 6 ( +/ ( 5) 1 6 $ 0 2 : $ & ( 160) 94; $ 0 ( 5) 30; #$ ( 6) 9; HCNM ( 13) $ 0 2 : $ & ( 160) 93; $ 0 ( 5) 27 66

67 VI $" #$! 153 " /! // 155 ) //! 156 «! /» ( 47)

68 / 159 / «/!» 221! 160 ( 161 (// 6 * $ / ( 5) 79 68

69 ) $ / )! (1950) $! (1961) % $ # 690 (1979) (1979) $ R (85) 4 ) % (1985) $ R (85) 11 ) % (1985) $ R (87) 15 ) %!! (1987) $ R (87) 19 ) % ' (1987) $ R (91) 11 ) % 0 ' (1991) $ R (97) 13 ) % / (1997) $ R (97) 24 ) %!! (1997) $ ) # $? 173 ($ 1999) $ R (2000) 10 ) %!!! (2000) $ R (2000) 11 ) % #! 0 (2000) $ * Rec(2000) 20 ) %! (2000) $ Rec(2001) 10 ) % 0 (2001) $ * Rec(2001) 16 0 (2001) $ ()*0) & 7 (2003) $ Rec(2003) 21 ) % (2003) 69

70 $ ()) )! ) (2004) $ Rec(2005) 9 ) % #! (2005) $ Rec(2005) 10 ) % "!! "!! (2005) $ (2005) $ * Rec(2006) 8 ) % (2006) $#$ 3 # (2 1975) $#$ $ (" 1989) $#$! ( 1990) $#$ )' # + () 1990) $#$ )' # + (8 1991) "! #$ (2006) ( ) 0 *? AG2002RES01 /!!/! (2002) 0 *? AG2003RES04 '! (2003) 0 *? AG2005RES15 $ '! (2005) 0 '! (2005) : " 6 (HCHR) " 6 /4! $ /? 5 (6 ;/5 1997) #$ ) #! (#! 1994) #$ ($ 1999) #$ $ # 1 (# 2001) #$ # $ 8 ' /+! % 9 (# 2001) #$ + # «!» (" 2002) 70

71 #$ 8 ) (OMIK)! + (!) = 6! &&2 «1 VII:» (6 ;) = 6 )! & # (1990) = 6 ( *A /*/65 0''!!! (1989) = 6 ( * 2002/13 % # 0'' # (2002) = 6 ( * 2004/31! (2004) 1 % = 6 * 217 %(111) (1948) 1 % = 6 6 %/CONF/611 % # (1955) 1 % = 6 * 2106 (22) %! ' (1965) 1 % = 6 * 2200 %(22I) %!!! (1966) 1 % = 6 * %/*/34/169 )! # (1979) 1 % = 6 * %/*/34/180 )! ' (1979) 1 % = 6 * %/*/39/46 )!!! #! (1984) 1 % = 6 * %/*/40/32 &! (1985) 1 % = 6 * %/*/40/34! # (1985) 1 % = 6 * %/*/43/173!! # ## ' (1988) 1 % = 6 * %/*/44/25 )! (1989) 1 % = 6 * %/*/45/107 % (1990) 71

72 1 % = 6 * %/*/45/113 #!! (1990) 1 % = 6 * %/*/47/135!! 0 (1993) 1 % = 6 * %/*/48/134 2 # (1993) $ = 6 * %/HRC/1/L2 %!! (2006) $ = 6 (IPTF) ( +/ ($ 1996) : = 6 (UNODC) ) & &5! 2 (% 2003) 72

73 %* 8 % 10!!! (1998) : 8pdf ( ) [Amnesty International 10 Basic Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement Officials (1998)] # 2 «$ :» # / (6 0 > "! 1999) : ( ) [Bayley David H The Contemporary Practices of Policing: A Comparative View in: James Burack et al Civilian Police and Multidimensional Peacekeeping A Workshop Series A Role for Democratic Policing (National Institute of Justice Washington 1999)] # 2 : (6 0 > : 8 $7% "! 2001) : ( ) [Bayley David H Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do it (National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs US Department of Justice Washington 2001)] # # ' ) «!» & 6 ( 2005) [Bowling Ben/Phillips Coretta Policing Ethnic Minority Communities in: Tim Newburn Handbook of Policing (Portland 2005) pp ] # 6 * 1 "' (4 0 6 ; 2005) : ( ) [Bruce David/Neild Rachel The Police that We Want A Handbook for Oversight of Police in South Africa (Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation Johannesburg 2005)] ) 3 & ': 0'' $ (8 6 ; 2003) : http//wwwipacademyorg/pdf_reports/challenges_in_policepdf ( ) [Call Charles T Challenges in Police Reform: Promoting Effectiveness and Accountability Policy Report (International Peace Academy New York 2003)] 73

74 ) (CALEA)!! (Fairfax 2006) [Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) Standards for Law Enforcement Agencies (Fairfax 2006)] $ (8 2006) [Common Assessment Framework Improving an Organization through Self Assessment (Maastricht 2006)] 0 $ / : (6 2005) : _full_reportpdf ( ) [Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Police Accountability: Too important to Neglect Too Urgent to Delay (New Delhi 2005)] ) 8 9 $!! '# 0! (1995) : ( ) [Conner Marcia L Learning The Critical Technology A Whitepaper on Adult Education in the Information Age (1995)] ) 8 9 ) # (2004) : ( ) [Conner Marcia L How Adults Learn (2004)] )! * /? 10 (4 : ( ) 1994) [Crawshaw Ralph Human Rights and the Theory and Practice of Policing Papers in the Theory and Practice of Human Rights No 10 (Human Rights Centre University of Essex Colchester 1994)] / (EPPHR) 2 : (2004) : ( ) [European Platform for Policing and Human Rights (EPPHR) The Recruitment and Retention of Police Officers from Minority Communities: Points to Consider (2004)] / (EPPHR) 2& (2004) : s%20pdf ( ) [European Platform for Policing and Human Rights (EPPHR) Why and How Human Rights NGOs and Police Services Can and Should Work Together (2004)] '!: (* 1996) : 74

75 ter_%28english%29pdf ( ) [Foundation 'Policing for a MultiEthnic Society' Rotterdam Charter: Policing for a Multiethnic Society (Rotterdam 1996)] 1 2 $ ()! (5 (DCAF) ) : ( ) [Greenwood David/Huisman Sander (eds) Transparency and Accountability of Police Forces Security Services and Intelligence Services (The Geneva Centre for the DemocraticControl of Armed Forces (DCAF) Geneva 2005)] 2 ' ' (8 #$ )! 2005) [Harris Frank The Role of CapacityBuilding in Police Reform (OSCE Mission in Kosovo Department of Police Education and Development Pristina 2005)] " 2 + (#! 1999) : ( ) [Hungarian Helsinki Committee The Budapest Recommendations (Budapest 1999)] 8 '!! (5 2002) : PDF!Open ( ) [International Committee of the Red Cross Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Professional Policing Concepts (Geneva 2002)] 6 $ 0 2 : $ & (#/ 1999) : ( ) [Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland The Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland (Belfast 1999)] & 6 & $ ( ) [Jones Trevor/Newburn Tim/Smith David Democracy and Policing (Policy Studies Institute London 1994)] & «:» & 6 ( 2005) [Jones Trevor The Governance and Accountability of Policing in: Tim Newburn Handbook of Policing (Portland 2005) pp ] 75

76 2! %; #! *; + 9/ 9 '! : 2# (" 6 ; 2005) : ( ) [Khashu Anita/Busch Robin/Latif Zainab/Levy Francesca Building Strong PoliceImmigrant Community Relations: Lessons from a New York City Project (Vera Institute of Justice New York 2005)] 6 8 $!: ( ) (%! 6 ; 1980) [Knowles Malcolm S The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy (revised and updated) (Association Press New York 1980)] 9 ) 4 # ' (% 1999) [Lewis Collin Complaints Against Police The Politics of Reform (Annandale 1999)] 9 : 8 ( # ; 9 : 9 8 ( / (6 "! 1999) : ( ) [Lewis William/Marks Edward Overview in James Burack/William Lewis/Edward Marks Civilian Police and Multinational Peacekeeping A Workshop Series A Role for Democratic Policing (National Institute of Justice Washington 1999)] 9 $! (1991) : htip/adults2htm ( ) [Lieb Stephen Principles of Adult Learning (1991)] 8 / * (" 6 ; 2002) : ( ) [Miller Joel Civilian Oversight of Policing Lessons from the Literature (Vera Institute of Justice New York 2002)] 6 & :? ) [Newburn Tim Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature Police Research Series Paper 110 (London 1999)] 6 & 6 ( 2005) [Neyroud Peter Policing and Ethics in: Tim Newburn Handbook of Policing (Portland 2005) pp ] ' ( & / * (" 6 ; 2002) : ( ) 76

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