Cardiology. Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology and 12 lead ECG Placement
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1 Cardiology Self Learning Package Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology and 12 lead ECG Placement Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 1
2 CONTENT Introduction.Page 3 How to use the ECG Self Learning Package..Page 4 ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography...Page 5 (Introduction I Leads, Rate, Rhythm & Cardiac Axis) ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography...Page 9 (Introduction II Basic Terminology) Understanding the 12 Lead ECG (Part 1).. Page 13 Understanding the 12 Lead ECG (Part 2).. Page 19 Precordial Electrodes Placement in Women Page 25 Taking a Quality 12 Lead ECG.Page 30 References Page 32 Module 2 Questions Page 33 Module 2 Evaluation...Page 35 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 2
3 INTRODUCTION Welcome to the ECG self learning package: Module 2. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart in exquisite detail. This process checks for problems with the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG translates the heart's electrical activity into line tracings on paper and interpretation of these details allows diagnosis of a wide range of heart conditions. These conditions can vary from minor to life threatening. This package covers basic electrophysiology and 12 lead electrode placements. The goal of this module is to review: Principles of electrophysiology The normal ECG complex Basic ECG interval measurements Measuring heart rate This module will form the foundation of your ECG knowledge and enable you to understand the components of the normal ECG. You cannot learn the abnormal without first understanding the normal. Learning outcomes form this module are: To state the measurements of ECG graph paper To identify the waveform components of the normal PQRST complex To state the normal PR interval measurement To state the normal QRS width measurement To describe three methods of measuring heart rate using ECG paper How to record a 12 lead ECG How to place a patient on telemetry. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 3
4 HOW TO USE THE ECG SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE Follow these steps to complete the self-learning module: 1) Complete the pre reading at the start: ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Introduction. I-lead, rate, rhythm and cardiac axis. ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Introduction. II-Basic terminology. Understanding the 12 Lead ECG (Part 1). Understanding the 12 Lead ECG (Part 2). Precordial Electrodes Placement in Women. Taking a Quality ECG. 2) Complete the multi-choice question and evaluation, then return to the Cardiology CNE/CNS Following the completion of this module you will receive 6 hours professional development time, which will be credited to your individual training database. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 4
5 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 5
6 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 6
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28 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 28
29 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 29
30 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 30
31 Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 31
32 References Aehlert, B 2006, ECGs Made Easy, 3 rd Cardiology/American Heart Association. edn, Mosby Elsevier, Missouri.American College of Conover, B 2003, Understanding Electrocardiography, 8 th edn, Mosby Elsevier, Missouri. Dubin, D 2000, Rapid Interpretation of EKGs, 6 th edn, Cover publishing Company, Florida. Hatchett, R. & Thompson, D. (ed) 2007, Cardiac Nursing: A Comprehensive Guide, 2 nd edn, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, London. Huszar, R 2002, Pockrt Guide to Basic Dysrhythmias; Interpretations & Management, 3 rd edn, Mosby Elsevier, Missouri. Woods, S, Froelicher, E, Motzer, S & Bridges, E 2005, Cardiac Nursing, 5 th edn, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 32
33 Name: Ward/Unit:. Date: Module 2: Understanding a 12 Lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology and 12 lead ECG placement. Questions: 1. The normal heartbeat is initiated in the 9. Which represents left axis deviation? a. SA node. c. bundle of His. a. QRS complex positive in leads I and avf b. AV node. d. Purkinje fibers. b. QRS complex negative in leads I and avf c. QRS complex positive in lead I and 2. The structure that briefly delays an negative in lead avf impulse (to let the ventricles fill) is the d. QRS complex negative in lead I and a. SA node. c. bundle of His. positive in lead avf b. AV node. d. Purkinje fibers. 10. Left axis deviation can be caused by 3. The QRS represents a. pulmonary embolism. a. atrial repolarization. b. right ventricular hypertrophy. b. atrial depolarization. c. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. c. ventricular depolarization. d. an inferior-wall MI. d. ventricular repolarization. 11. Which of the following leads view the 4. Which QRS duration indicates a bundlebranch horizontal plane of the heart? block? a. V1 through V6 a second c second b. I, II, III b second d second c. avr, avl, avf d. I, II, III, avr, avl, avf 5. The T wave represents a. atrial depolarization. 12. Which chest lead is placed at the right b. atrial repolarization. sternal border, fourth intercostal space? c. ventricular depolarization. a. lead V1 c. lead V3 d. ventricular repolarization. b. lead V2 d. lead V4 6. Which reveals information about the 13. R-wave progression refers to the QRS heart s oxygenation status? complex becoming progressively more a. PR interval c. ST segment a. positive from lead I to lead III. b. QT interval d. QRS complex b. positive from lead avr to lead avf. c. positive from lead V1 to V6. 7. Electrical energy generated during d. negative from lead V1 to V6. depolarization is called a. an axis. c. axis deviation. 14. Myocardial injury generally is represented b. a vector. d. the cardiac cycle. by an ST segment that is 8. Which of the following represents a. above the baseline. normal axis? b. level with the baseline. a. QRS complex positive in leads I and avf c. below the baseline. b. QRS complex negative in leads I and avf d. isoelectric. c. QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in lead avf 15. On the horizontal axis, a small box on d. QRS complex negative in lead I and positive in ECG paper is equal to lead avf a second. c. 0.1 millivolt. b. 0.1 second. d. 1 mm. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 33
34 16. A bundle-branch block occurs when 24. An anterioseptal MI would have ST one of two bundle branches can t conduct elevation in leads cardiac impulses to the a. V1 and V2 only. c. V5 and V6 only. a. atria. c. myocardial cells. b. V3 and V4 only. d. V1 through V4. b. bundle of His. d. atrioventricular node. 25. Which isn t a possible cause of sinus 17. The most common cause of a chronic bradycardia? bundle-branch block is a. atropine a. ischemic heart disease. b. beta-blockers b. an acute MI. c. acute MI c. an acute coronary syndrome. d. a well-conditioned heart d. trauma to one of the bundle branches. 26. Sinus tachycardia usually is related to 18. In addition to a QRS complex wider a. medications. han 0.12 second, which ECG abnormality b. an MI. is a key indicator of an RBBB? c. a physiologic cause. a. a negative R wave in lead V1 d. a posterior-wall MI. b. a positive R wave in lead V3 c. a negative R wave in lead V3 27. One hallmark of AF is d. a positive main R wave in lead V1 a. a regularly irregular rhythm. b. a prolonged QRS complex. 19. Which is one of the earliest changes c. an irregularly irregular rhythm. indicative of reversible myocardial d. a prolonged PR interval. injury? a. QT prolongation 28. Atrial contraction just before ventricular b. Q-wave deepening contraction is called c. ST-segment elevation a. atrial kick. c. synchrony. d. PR interval shortening b. repolarization. d. f waves. 20. Which leads view the inferior wall of 29. Which medication may be used to the heart? treat AF? a. V1 through V6 c. I and avl a. digoxin c. captopril b. I, II, and III d. II, III, and avf b. atropine d. diltiazem 21. Elevated ST segments in V1 and V2 30. Premature ventricular contractions indicate which type of MI? are characterized by wide, abnormal a. anterior wall c. lateral wall a. QRS complexes. c. P waves. b. septal wall d. inferior wall b. U waves. d. T waves. 22. Which heart wall is perfused by the 31. If your patient is in pulseless VT, circumflex branch of the left coronary which action would you take first? artery? a. Call the rapid response team. a. lateral c. anterior b. Obtain a stat 12-lead ECG. b. inferior d. septal c. Call a code (arrest code/green button). d. Ensure adequate vascular access. 23. A patient with ST-segment elevation in leads I, avl, V5, and V6 may have a. an anterior-wall MI. b. an inferior-wall MI. c. a lateral-wall MI. d. ischemic heart disease. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 34
35 EVALUATION FORM Topic: Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology and 12 Lead ECG Placement. We want to ensure that the training/education you have received is effective and relevant. We would be grateful if you would complete this evaluation. Please circle the most appropriate rating. Circle your choice (The response range from 1 for limited use, to 5 for very useful) 1. Please rate the overall value of the Self Learning Package Comments: 2. Please rate how relevant the information was to your practice Comments: Please rate the presentation of the Self Learning Package Comments: Please add any further comments you consider may improve the package. Module 2: Understanding a 12 lead ECG, Basic Electrophysiology & 12 lead ECG placement Page 35
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