Early Earth History. 339 Hadean bombardment
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1 Early Earth History 339 Hadean bombardment
2 Key Events of Hadean ( by) Earth Accretes (4.55) Earth Differentiates Moon forms from giant collision (all by about 4.45 by) Oceans and early atmosphere (anoxic) form Magma ocean in mantle and thin skin tectonics
3 Accretion of Planets Earth accretes about 4.55 by ago
4 Layers in Earth (from seismic waves, based on density) crust (5-60 km thick) mantle (2900 km thick) core (3500 km radius) outer 2/3 is liquid inner 1/3 is solid Earth differentiates within <100 my
5 Formation of the Moon Fig Cartoon illustrating formation of the moon A B C collision moon ejected debris debris in orbit debris accretes Moon forms after giant impact (lack of high Fe -> after Earth core has formed)
6 Lunar Crater
7 Relative crater rate Lunar Crater History after Lang and Whitney (1991) Time (billion years) before present 0 Frequent impacts during Hadean
8 Heat Production in the Earth 5 Relative heat production Earth forms 4 Assumes present Th/U=4, K/U = Time before present (by) today greater heat production than today 0
9 Temperature Distribution in Earth Temperature ( C) mantle melts mantle mantle partial melt observed outer (liquid) Depth (km) core core melts inner (solid) Earth interior much hotter during Hadean -> 'magma ocean' in upper mantle, thin skin tectonics
10 338 Hadean picture- oldest rocks Oldest rocks (4.0 by) were initially sediments deposited in an ocean
11 Conditions on Early Earth Temperature Intense Bombardment by asteroids Sun was less luminous than today Liquid water present, but temperature not well constrained Atmosphere Contained N2, CO2, CH4 (?) Lacked free O2 No Ozone (O3) layer to screen UV from sun
12 Key Events of Archean ( by) Life appears (prokaryotes before 3.5 by) Eukaryotes probably evolve (biomarkers found at 2.7 by) Present style of plate tectonics begins (2-3 by) O2 in atmosphere is very low
13 Possible sequence for origin of life Hydrothermal systems (source of primordial soup?) have persisted through geologic time can synthesize amino acids inorganically provide source of hydrogen for metabolism have thermophiles (archea that love high temperature) Scenario Life appears (>3.5 by ago) Molecules needed are synthesized inorganically They are assembled into a structure Structure figures out how to catalyze reactions and extract energy Structure becomes self-replicating (probably RNA world at first) Clay minerals may have served as a template
14 Stromatolite Warawoona Fm Western Au 3.5 by
15 Shark Bay Stromatolites (#72) Cyanobacteria (prokaryote) -a living stromatolite
16 Key Events of Proterozoic ( by) Oxygen rises substantially about 2.2 by ago Earth endures a great ice age (about by) Metazoans develop (Ediacaran Fauna, multi-cellular, prior to 1.1 by) Supercontinent Rodinia forms (Grenville orogeny about 1 by) Earth again gripped in great ice age (snowball Earth) with glaciers extending nearly to equator (probably several events by) Rodinia breaks up Earth emerges from snowball state about 600 my)
17 Banded iron Pilbarra Banded iron deposits can only form if O2 is low
18 Banded iron Pilbarra Hammersley, Australia (2.2 by banded iron)
19 Banded Iron Deposits through Time Atmospheric O2 rises rapidly about 2 by ago
20 355 Grand Canyon Redbeds redbeds abundant last 2 by
21 349 Eukaryote, Euglenea=Protozoa Eukaryote fossils appear (about 2.2 by)
22 Earth plunges into a severe ice age Glacial deposits called tillites appear by
23 What regulates atmospheric O2 abundance? (a dynamic system) Kinetic Balances: At steady state, rate of input = rate of loss so mass in reservoir does not change with time input Reservoir Mass loss
24 The O2 Cycle Dynamics Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O ---> CH 2 O (plant matter to bury) + O 2 (to atmosphere) Respiration CH 2 O (plant matter not buried or weathered from rocks) + O 2 (from atmosphere) ---> CO 2 + H 2 O These reactions are nearly in balance.
25 Kinetic Balance for O2 (shows effect of negative feedbacks) Rate of production or Rate of removal equilibrium between supply and demand removal (weathering) net production (burial of plant remains) Atmospheric oxygn concentration Kinetics of production (by organic carbon burial) and removal (by weathering) regulate O2 abundance. A change in the efficiency of either would change O2 abundance.
26 Kimberella (Vendian), ucmp.berkeley metazoans evolve (>1.1 by) Kimberella (Vendian) ucmp.berkeley
27 Dicinsonia (Vendian), ucmp.berkeley Dickinsonia (Vendian) ucmp.berkeley
28 Supercontinent Rodinia forms about 1.1 by (Grenville orogeny) Rodinia breaks up
29 Severe ice age ( by) -> Snowball Earth 748Unconformity at Blacktail Canyon
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