AP Biology. Endocrine System Hormones & Reproduction. Male reproductive system. Reproductive hormones Testosterone from testes.
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1 Endocrine System Hormones & Reproduction Sex & Growth Hormones Large scale body changes how do they work turn genes on start new processes in the body by turning genes on that were lying dormant AP Biology Reproductive hormones Testosterone from testes sperm production & secondary sexual characteristics Estrogen from ovaries egg production, preparing uterus for fertilized egg & secondary sexual characteristics Male reproductive system Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! ~2.5 million released per drop! Male reproductive system spermatocytes seminiferous tubule sperm Testes & epididymis sperm production & maturation Glands seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethal produce seminal fluid nutrient-rich 1
2 Male reproductive system Testicles produces sperm & hormones Scrotum sac that holds testicles outside of body Epididymis where sperm mature Vas deferens tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper s (bulbourethal) glands nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm Female reproductive system Female reproductive system Ovaries produces eggs & hormones Uterus nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month Fallopian tubes tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina birth canal for birthing baby Female reproductive system Egg maturation in ovary releases maintains uterus lining Menstrual cycle Controlled by interaction of 4 hormones FSH & LH estrogen egg development estrogen LH FSH ovulation = egg release corpus luteum lining of uterus produces estrogen days
3 ovary Female reproductive cycle FSH & LH pituitary gland estrogen GnRH hypothalamus no egg matures & is released (ovulation) pregnancy builds up uterus lining maintains uterus lining corpus luteum breaks down drops menstruation yes corpus luteum maintains uterus lining Feedback fertilized egg (zygote) HCG corpus luteum Female hormones FSH & LH released from pituitary stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation) Estrogen released from ovary cells around developing egg stimulates growth of lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Progesterone released from corpus luteum in ovaries cells that used to take care of developing egg stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Fertilization Fertilization Joining of sperm & egg sperm head (nucleus) enters egg Cleavage Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote 1st step to becoming multicellular unequal divisions establishes body plan different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals Cleavage zygote morula blastula establishes future development zygote gastrulation morula blastula 3
4 Gastrulation Establish 3 cell layers ectoderm outer body tissues skin, nails, teeth nerves, eyes, lining of mouth mesoderm middle tissues blood & lymph, bone & notochord, muscle excretory & reproductive systems endoderm inner lining digestive system lining of respiratory, excretory & reproductive systems protostome vs. deuterostome gastrulation in primitive chordates ectoderm endoderm mesoderm Neurulation Formation of notochord & neural tube develop into nervous system Neural tube Notochord develops into vertebral column develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord) Organogenesis Mammalian embryo Chorion Bird embryo Amnion Umbilical blood vessels Placenta Food & gases diffuse across blood vessels Allantois Yolk sac Fetal blood vessels Placenta Maternal blood vessels 4 weeks 7 weeks 10 weeks 4
5 The fetus just spends much of the 2 nd & 3 rd trimesters just growing and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid Week weeks 20 weeks 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester) 30 weeks (7.5 months) fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix umbilical cord Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months) positive feedback Birth The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming 5
6 Birth (36 weeks) The end of the journey! Intestine Placenta Umbilical cord And you think 9 months of AP Biology is hard! Wall of uterus Bladder Cervix Vagina 6
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